What are the "most" cultures of coins in China?

in the long history of our country, there are many "the best coins".

1. The earliest coins in China

In primitive society, our ancestors initially used barter as a means of commodity exchange. However, with the continuous development of productive forces, there are more and more surplus goods, and the types of exchanged goods are increasing, so it is not convenient to exchange goods in kind. Since then, it is necessary to use some natural objects as a means of exchanging goods. Because shellfish itself has a natural unit, and it is light, strong and easy to carry, and at the same time, in primitive society, ancestors used shellfish as an ornament and were familiar with it, so it is the most convenient and appropriate to use shellfish as a means of exchanging goods. Therefore, it can be said that shellfish is the earliest currency in China. Natural shellfish were used at the beginning, and then artificial bone shellfish, stone shellfish, pottery shellfish and copper shellfish were produced.

2. The earliest gold coins in China

Gold was used in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties in China, but at first it was only used as an ornament or as a reward or gift. In our country, the gold version of Chu in the Warring States period should be the earliest as the currency of gold.

This gold plate is shaped like pieces of dried bean curd, with many marks on it, including five or six kinds such as "Cheng Cheng", "Chen Cheng" and "Cheng Cheng", which are temporarily cut when used. Because the imprint on the gold plate is mostly the word "Ying Cheng", it is called "Ying Cheng Gold Plate" or "Ying Cheng Gold Cake". These marks are like seals, and later some people called them "seal gold".

3. The earliest silver coin in China

In the autumn of p>1974, farmers in Gucheng Village, Fugou County, Henan Province found a three-legged copper tripod with a cover, which contained 18 pieces of silver coins weighing 372.9 grams. Silver qiong are all shovel-shaped. The hole of the handle on the shovel is cylindrical, except for one that is unprecedented, the rest are solid heads. According to the size of the cloth, it can be divided into three types: long, medium and short, of which the largest one is 15.7 cm long, 5.8 cm wide and weighs 188.1 g; The smallest one is 8.4 cm long, 5.8 cm wide and weighs 134 grams. The third issue of China Coin was introduced in 1983. According to the characteristics of modeling and production, this batch of silver cloth coins belongs to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period and is the earliest silver currency discovered for the first time in China.

4. The earliest unified currency in circulation in China

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, due to the political situation of numerous governors, the economic development in various places was unbalanced, and various currency forms with different characteristics were produced, forming different types of currency circulation fields, basically four currency systems with different shapes, namely, Beibi system, Bubi system, Daobi system and Yiqian system.

after Qin Shihuang unified China, he abolished the policy of giving knives, cloth, shells and money, reformed China's monetary system, and issued decrees for this purpose. "Qin law is the same as the law of the world, and Qin currency is the same as the currency of the world." It is stipulated that gold is the upper currency and half a penny is the lower currency. Gold is used for large payment or reward, while half a penny is the daily currency. Qin Banliang, the earliest unified currency in China, is "as good as Zhou Qian, and as good as its prose".

5. The earliest gold square hole round coin in China

In August p>198, a five-baht gold coin was unearthed under the northern tableland of Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province. Its shape was the same as that of the common bronze five baht in the Western Han Dynasty. The round square hole and the front and back sides of the coin were outlined, with a diameter of 2.55 cm, and the front side was pierced with a horizontal Guo. The gold coin weighed 9 grams, and the fineness of the gold was 95% after testing. According to the expert's appraisal, this five-baht gold coin of the Western Han Dynasty was cast between the fifth year of Emperor Wudi's inaugural ceremony and the fourth year of Emperor Xuan Di's reign. It has a history of more than 2, years, and it is the earliest gold square hole round coin seen in China.

6. The earliest silver square-hole round coin in China

In p>1955, two pieces of silver five baht were unearthed from the tomb of the Six Dynasties at No.5 Huangjiaying outside Guanghuamen, Nanjing. Their shape was five baht in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which may have been copied in the Six Dynasties. It should be the earliest silver square-hole round coin found so far in China, and it may be a martyrdom coin.

7. The earliest iron coins in China

According to historical records, the earliest iron coins in China were five baht cast by Gongsun Shu when he proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, Sichuan at the end of the Western Han Dynasty. Now this statement has been denied. After liberation, a large number of iron half-taels were unearthed in the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty in Changsha, Hunan, Hengyang and Xi 'an, Shaanxi. Only 32 iron half-taels were unearthed in the tombs of the Western Han Dynasty in Changsha, and the word "half-taels" was used in the face script, with no or no Guo in the square hole, which was very similar in shape and weight to the four-baht half-taels of Emperor Wen. Therefore, it can be said that this kind of half iron in the early Western Han Dynasty is the earliest iron money in China.

8. The earliest lead money in China

Various kinds of lead money in tombs or cellars have been unearthed in various parts of China, such as lead money, lead money, lead spring 5, lead five baht, etc. However, these lead money are either mingbi or counterfeit money privately minted by the people, and they are not really official currency. The official lead coins in circulation in China should be the lead Kaiyuan Tongbao Xiaopingqian, which was cast by Fujian Wang Shenzhi in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in the second year of Zhenliang in 916. There are three types of lead coins: bare back, back "Fu" and back "Min".

9. China was the first to use coins with the wrong gold technology.

In the second year of Jushe (AD 7), Wang Mang carried out the first monetary system reform. In addition to the original five baht, three new currencies were issued, namely, Daquan 5, Qidao 5 and Qiping 5.

The shape of a knife with a flat five thousand is very similar to that of the present key. The money body consists of a knife ring and a handle. The ring says "one", the next word is "knife", and the handle says "flat five thousand". Among them, the word "one knife" in the ring is inlaid with gold, commonly known as "Jin Cuodao", and each piece is worth five baht and five thousand yuan.

Five thousand with one knife is the earliest coin used in China, and it is also the only coin made by the wrong gold technology. Because of its exquisite production, peculiar shape and rare existence, it is cherished by coin collectors. In ancient Chinese poetry, there are many praises for Jin Cuodao, such as Du Fu's poem: "The golden fault is exhausted, and the silver pot of wine is easy to be credited".

1. Coin with the shortest use time in China

In July p>1861, Emperor Xianfeng of Qing Dynasty was critically ill in chengde mountain resort, Jehol, and eight people, including Su Shun, Zai Yuan and Duan Hua, were specially appointed as Zanxiang's ministers of state affairs. Soon after, Emperor Xianfeng died of illness, and eight ministers obeyed the testamentary edict, made Zai Chun emperor, drew up the following year's reform of "Qi Xiang" and made "Qi Sample" coins. Cixi, on the other hand, in the name of her and Ci 'an, contacted Prince Gong Yixin, who was staying in Beijing at that time, launched a palace coup on September 3, arrested eight ministers and executed Su Shun and other three people. This is the famous "Xin You coup", also known as "Qi Xiang coup". Soon, Cixi adopted the memorial of the great scholar Zhou Zupei, abolished the title of "Qi Xiang", stopped casting "Qi Xiang" money, changed to "Tongzhi" title, and cast "Tongzhi" coins. The title of "Qixiang" was determined on July 26th, the 11th year of Xianfeng, but it was abolished on October 5th of that year, and it only existed for 69 days. It can be said that "Qixiang Money" is the shortest used coin in China.

11. The earliest nianhao money in China

The use of nianhao by China emperors began in the Western Han Dynasty, but the earliest nianhao money in history was Hanxing money made by Li Shou in the Sixteen Kingdoms Period. Li Shou was the nephew of Te Li, the leader of the rebel army at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty. In the fourth year of Xiankang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (338), he proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, changed his country name to Han, took Hanxing as the year name, and cast Hanxing money. Han-Xing line can be divided into two ways according to Qian Wen arrangement: one is up and down arrangement, commonly known as "vertical Han-Xing" or "straight Han-Xing", and the other is left and right arrangement, commonly known as "horizontal Han-Xing".

12. China's earliest title and year number and coined money

In 419 AD, Helian Bobo, the king of Daxia, also unified Wan (now Baichengzi, Jingbian, Shaanxi), changed the yuan to Zhen Xing and coined the money of Zhen Xing in Daxia. Daxia is the title of the country, and Zhenxing is the title of the year. "Great summer is really prosperous" money is the earliest coin in China with the country name and year number cast together.

13. China was the first to cast a round coin with a place name.

The sage of Lingling said, "Liu Bei's army in Chengdu is insufficient, so I am very worried about it. Liu Ba said,' it's easy to hear, but it's time to cast a hundred dollars straight to equalize prices.' Prepare for it. In a few months, the treasury was enriched. "The straight hundred dollars mentioned here refers to the straight hundred and fifty baht. There is a kind of straight 15 baht with the word "Wei" on the back, which was cast by Liu Bei in Qianwei, Sichuan Province. It is the earliest square-hole round money with place names in China.

14. China's earliest coins with dates on their backs

Since the seventh year of Chunxi, Emperor Xiaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty (118), China coins have been engraved with dates on their backs. For example, seven years' money was cast with the word "Qi" on the back, and eight years' money was cast with the word "Ba" on the back, all of which were capitalized. From nine years later to lowercase, until sixteen. This method continued until the end of the Southern Song Dynasty. Therefore, Chunxi Yuanbao is the earliest coin with a back-casting date in China.

15. China's initial annual money in the Tang Dynasty

Most people mistakenly think that Kaiyuan Tongbao was the first annual money in the Tang Dynasty in China, but this is actually wrong. Kaiyuan was renamed by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty in 713 AD, and Kaiyuan Tongbao was first cast in Wude, Tang Gaozu in 621. The word "Kaiyuan" in Kaiyuan Tongbao Qian Wen is not the year number, but the meaning of "creating a new era". So what was the first annual money in the Tang Dynasty? It was the first year of Ganfeng in Tang Gaozong (666), and it was used for only one year.

16. The most precious Buddhist temple in China provides money

Wutai Mountain in Shanxi is one of the four famous Buddhist mountains in China and a world-famous Buddhist shrine. In the spring of 1988, when the stupa was built, a number of Chunhua Buddha statues were dug up, with gold texture and fineness of over 9%. The diameter of money is 2.4 cm, the thickness is .12 cm, the diameter is .5 cm, and each piece weighs about 12 grams. On the front, Qian Wen is the running script "Chunhua Yuanbao", and on the back, there are two statues of Buddha, Zuo Li and sitting on the right. There is a Buddha light screen on the back of the Buddha, and the Buddha is Wei Tuo, holding Ruyi. There are lotus seats under the two Buddha statues. The Buddha statue is lifelike in shape and posture. The Buddha's three-dimensional bulge is .2 cm, and the five senses are clearly identifiable.

Chunhua is the title of Taizong in the Northern Song Dynasty. This batch of Chunhua Yuanbao money, backed with Buddha statues, has a strange shape. Obviously, it was specially cast and worshipped by the royal family at Wutai Mountain Temple at that time. It is the first time that a batch of gold Buddhist temples like this has been found in China, so it has high historical and cultural value.

17, China's earliest money

The so-called money-checking means that the two Qian Qian languages are the same, the casting places are the same, and the shapes such as size and outline are exactly the same, but the difference is the two scripts. Kaiyuan Tongbao Xiaopingqian, which was cast by Li Jing in the Southern Tang Dynasty, has two styles: seal script and official script, which is the earliest money exchange in China. It is said that the seal script Kaiyuan Tongbao was written by the great calligrapher Xu Xuan.

18. The earliest imperial book coins in China

Many Qian Wen coins in ancient China were written by the emperor himself, called imperial book coins. For example, in the Northern Song Dynasty, Daguan Tongbao, Chongning Tongbao and Xuanhe Tongbao with the word "Shaanxi" were written in thin gold by Song Huizong. The earliest imperial calligraphy money in China was Chunhua Yuanbao in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, and Qian Wen was written by Song Taizong Zhao Huan personally, which was divided into three styles: real calligraphy, running calligraphy and cursive calligraphy.

19. A coin with the most complicated name in the history of China

Jiading money in the Southern Song Dynasty is one of the most complicated names in the history of our country. According to denomination, it can be divided into four types: Xiaoping, Folding 2, Folding 3 and Folding 5 * * *, and each denomination has different names, including Yuanbao, Yongbao, Zhibao, Jinbao, Xingbao, Anbao, Xinbao and Xingbao.

2. The metal coin with the largest face value in China

National Treasure Jingui Zhiwan is a kind of coin with a very strange shape. The money body consists of two parts: the upper round square hole, the seal script directly reads the word "National Treasure Jingui", the lower part is a shovel shape, and the seal script is the word "Zhiwan". This money is recognized as the currency of Wang Mang's period. Because Qian Wen, Jin Cuodao, is "even five thousand", that is, one piece is worth five thousand baht, then this Qian Qian word is "straight ten thousand", that is, one piece is worth ten thousand baht. Therefore, the national treasure Jingui Zhiwan is the largest metal coin in China.

21. The earliest lead carved mother money in China

According to historical data, only Guangxu Tong Bao Su, Bao Dun and others have not been seen. However, it is the first time in China that the national treasure of the Yuan Dynasty was carved with ten lead coins. The money is 4.6 cm in diameter and weighs 53.3 grams. It is carved after the ten coins of Taihe and Chongbao in the Jin Dynasty. The two are exactly the same in terms of production style, size and thickness, and text thickness. After the money is carved, it is ready to be used for casting copper coins. Perhaps the word "national treasure" is not suitable for the name of coins, or for other reasons, such copper coins are not used. This Dayuan national treasure has been used as a lead carving mother coin for more than 7 years, and it is the earliest lead carving mother coin in China.

22. The earliest carved mother-in-law coins made of copper in China

The carved mother-in-law coins were made of copper, ivory, lead and tin, and were carved by hand. It is used to cast mother money, and then it is used to cast circulating coins. Therefore, the coin industry also calls carving mother money as the ancestor of money.

The earliest mother money of bronze carving in China should be 1 yuan for Jiajing Tongbao of Ming Dynasty in Nanjing Museum. This money has a golden copper color, fine texture, smooth and smooth surface, no air holes and sand holes, sharp words, and knife marks. There were many carved mother coins in China in the Qing Dynasty, only a few in the Ming Dynasty, such as Wanli Tongbao and Chongzhen Tongbao, and this Jiajing Tongbao was the earliest and the best in quality, so it can be called a treasure of coins.

23, China's earliest peasant uprising coins

In the fourth year of Chunhua, Taizong of the Northern Song Dynasty (993), Wang Xiaobo and Li Shun in Qingcheng, Sichuan led a peasant uprising and put forward the slogan "I am ill with the inequality between the rich and the poor, and now I am equal to you", and farmers all over the country responded. After Wang Xiaobo died in battle, Li Shunji became the leader, and his momentum grew day by day. In the second year, when the peasant uprising army captured Chengdu, Li Shun became the king, and the founding of the People's Republic of China was named Dashu, so the year designation came into being. Soon the rebel army was suppressed by the ruling clique in the Northern Song Dynasty, and Li Shun died when the city was broken. When Li Shun became king, he once cast an ingot and a small flat coin, which are extremely rare in the world. This money is now in Shanghai Museum, which is more than 1 years ago. It is the earliest peasant rebel coin in China.

24. China's earliest coins with reduced strokes

The earliest coins with reduced strokes in China were the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's "sacred treasures" cast during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. The Chinese characters in Qian Wenzhong are neither traditional Chinese characters nor simplified Chinese characters, but "Guo".

25. China's largest and heaviest coin

A Taiping Heavenly Kingdom's extraordinarily expensive coin is hidden in the Hunan Provincial Museum, which has been damaged. Now only half of it is left, with a diameter of 33.5 cm and a thickness of .8 cm, and the half of it weighs 217 grams. This extra-large money is made of brass, covered with gold, and only the word "Taitian" is left on the front. The edge is the pattern of two dragons playing with beads, and there is still a word "Sheng" on the back, with a double phoenix pattern next to it, and the edge is the eight treasures decoration. If the Qian Wen of this money is complete, it may be that the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is carrying a "holy treasure". Obviously, money as big as this is not currency in circulation, but a special commemorative coin. If the money is intact, it will weigh about 45 grams, the size of which is like a tea tray. Therefore, it is well-deserved to say that it is the largest and heaviest coin in China.

26. The lightest and smallest coin in China

There have been small coins in all dynasties in China. Small coins are sometimes called "evil money", which is a manifestation of currency depreciation. For example, the elm pod in the Western Han Dynasty, the five baht for a chicken's eye and Dong Zhuo's penniless money are all very small, but the lightest and smallest coin is the goose's eye money cast by Liu Songjing in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the first year (465). This kind of money "does not grow by three inches for a thousand dollars, does not sink into the water, and is easily broken, and hundreds of thousands of dollars do not make a profit." Because it is too light and small to be preserved, it is difficult to see its physical object today after 15 years.

27. The earliest silver coins with figures in China

During the Guangxu period in the late Qing Dynasty, British Indian Rupee flowed into Tibet in large quantities and penetrated into Sichuan, Yunnan and other places, which seriously damaged the economy of the southwest frontier. In order to resist Indian Rupee's invasion