What are the styles of garden design?

Garden design - garden style

Style is the garden design needs to prioritize the establishment of content, this chapter focuses on the characteristics of various styles and how to choose the applicable style.

I. Classification and Characteristics of Garden Style

(1) Layout is divided into three major categories: regular, natural, mixed

1. The composition of the regular style is mostly geometric, and the vertical elements are often regular spheres, cylinders, cones, etc. The regular style is also divided into symmetrical style, and symmetrical style is also divided into symmetrical style. Regular style garden is divided into symmetrical and asymmetrical style, symmetrical style has two axes, intersecting in the center of the garden, the garden is divided into four completely symmetrical parts, the rules of symmetrical garden solemn atmosphere, giving a person a sense of serenity, stability, order; asymmetrical style garden two axes are not intersected in the center of the garden, a single element is often an odd number of elements of different geometric shapes of the composition of the elements of the layout focuses on adjusting the visual gravity of the garden without adjusting the visual gravity of the garden, but not on the vertical elements. Adjust the visual center of gravity of the garden without emphasizing the repetition. Compared to the former, the latter is more dynamic and lively.

2, natural garden is completely imitating the wild beauty of the natural landscape, do not use the structure and materials with obvious traces of artificiality. The design of the pursuit of the aesthetic realm, although done by people, just like heaven. Even if the hard structures must be built, natural wood or local stone is used to integrate into the surrounding environment.

3, most of the garden both regular and natural features, which is a hybrid garden. This has three types of manifestations, one is the rule of the composition of elements in a natural layout, the European classical aristocratic gardens have such characteristics; the second type is the natural composition of elements in a regular layout. Such as the north of the courtyard garden; the third category is the rule of hard structures and natural soft elements of natural connection, the new Shanghai villa courtyard most of the site despite the asymmetry, but close to the residential part is still regular, you can square or round hard paving and natural plant landscape and the outer edge of the irregular lawn combined together. If a piece of land is neither strictly geometric nor oddly shaped in its natural state, this method can find a balance in it.

(2) In terms of cultural characteristics, it is divided into three major categories: Chinese, Japanese and European

1. There are three tributaries of Chinese gardens: the courtyard gardens in the north, the written landscapes in the south of the Yangtze River, and the gardens in the south of the Yangtze River; among which the gardens in the south of the Yangtze River are the most highly accomplished and the most numerous. Chinese garden has a strong classical ink landscape painting mood. Composition on the curve-based, pay attention to the winding path, avoid a glimpse, pay attention to feng shui "gathering gas", garden is composed of architecture, landscape, flowers and trees **** with the composition of the work of art, the building to wooden pavilions, platforms, corridors and pavilions, mainly, the moon hole door, lattice window type of tiles and pink walls play a role or blocking or guiding or dividing the line of sight and paths and roles. Garden plants have a clear meaning and strict location. Such as bamboo planted behind the house, the hall in front of the planting of laurel, flower beds planted peony, peony, step in front of the sycamore, corner plantain, slope white pine, pond planted lotus, point landscape with bamboo, stalagmite, vignettes with stone tables and chairs, stone, and so on.

2, Japanese garden originated in China Qin and Han culture, so far the traces of classical Chinese gardens are still vaguely recognizable, Chinese gardens from the imitation of natural landscapes to the literati landscapes in the process of Japanese gardens gradually get rid of the poetic and romantic interest, to the realm of the dry, silent, wabi-sabi, the garden with the rustic material, the abstract method of expression of subtle profound Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, the legal reasoning. The garden uses simple materials and abstract methods to express the profound Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. The garden language is used to explain the realm of "the elders and the sons, out of the fire of the three worlds, sitting in the cool dewy land".

(1) Chikuzanting and Pinting

Pond and spring style refers to the garden structure to ponds and springs combination of the main landscape, Chikuzanting is emphasized in the terrain of the earth for the mountains, Pinting corresponds to Chikuzanting refers to the garden planning on a flat base, in the pursuit of the deep mountain valleys of the exquisite on the flat, the coast of the island of the effect of the miaomang; Chikuzanting and Pinting are true, rows, grasses, the three forms, the true Pinting is a full range of imitation of real mountains and real water. The true court is an all-round imitation of the real mountain and water, while the row court is a partial simulation and a small amount of omission; grass court is a large number of omissions.

(2) Kusansui and Ikebukuro

Kusansui is the essence of Japanese gardens, the essence of sand instead of water, stone instead of island practice. With very few compositional elements to achieve a great charm effect, the pursuit of Zen silence beauty. Kusansui has two kinds of symbolic objects, one is a mountain stream or waterfall, Japan called Kutaki; the other is the coast and islands; pool spring is a miniature of the real landscape, the pool spring is generally the center of the garden, Kusansui and the pool spring are in the natural layout of the pool set up creek pit stone on behalf of the island, and the bank connected to the barge is called in the island in accordance with the different locations were known as Turtle Island, Tsurushima, Ponlai, etc., the standing in the water or the sand in the rock there are more name, will not repeat here.

(3) tea court

Tea court is also known as the open ground is derived from the tea ceremony culture of a form of gardening, so far, the tea court of the landscape role has been greater than the practical function. Tea court garden is generally in a space into the tea room, according to a certain route layout of the landscape, to the simple step stone symbolizes the rugged mountain stone path, to the ground of the pine refers to the lush forest, to squatting hand washing mantle associated with the fresh and cold mountain springs, to the vicissitudes of the heavy stone lanterns to create and, silent, clear, quiet tea ceremony atmosphere. There is a strong Zen mood.

(4) sit and watch type, boat tour type, back to the tour type

Japanese gardens are mostly quiet to watch the main, especially small gardens, the ornamental angle is only one, although in the garden road, but also just to see instead of letting people walk into the enjoyment, so it is called sit and watch type garden. Back to the tour type and this corresponds to, is available for people to go into the enjoyment of play, its viewing angle has more than one, can be done step by step to change the scenery. Boat tour is a boat as a means of transportation back to the garden. In large gardens is generally a combination of the three ways, some of the larger courtyards can also be used back to the style.

3, the style of European gardens have five branches: Italian-style terrace garden, French-style water garden, Dutch-style rules garden, British-style natural garden, British theme garden. From the former to the latter countries of the development of the garden in the same line.

The Italian peninsula is very mountainous, and the buildings are mostly built according to the situation. In front of the garden, there is a "terrace" type of terrace, and in the middle of the terrace, there is a central axis, and on both sides of the central axis, there are towering fir and pine trees, and there are symmetrical arrangements of platforms, flowerbeds, sculptures and other small articles. ┃Italian courtyard myth sculpture Features: Terrace sculpture fountain design concept: Renaissance Italy, built in the suburbs of the villa garden, which inherited the ancient Roman garden features, the use of planning layout and the Department of highlighting the axis. Because the Italian peninsula is bordered by the sea on three sides, more mountainous hills, and thus its gardens are built on the slopes. Along the hillside led to a central axis, opened up a layer of terraces, fountains, statues, etc., plants using boxwood or cypress tree pattern tree beds, highlighting the evergreen trees and less flowers. Necessary elements: sculpture, fountains, steps waterfall Italian courtyard on the treatment of water is extremely important, borrowing terrain steps into channels, high convergence of water sources lead to put down, the formation of layers fell waterfalls, the use of different heights of the pressure of the fall, the formation of a variety of different shapes of fountains, tower, or statues installed on the wall to form a wall fountains. As a decorative embellishment of the shape of a variety of vignettes, there are carved stone railings, stone altar pots, inscriptions, as well as classical myths as the theme of the marble statues, thus forming a very own style of the Italian Terrace-style garden. Italian-style garden is mostly in the main scenery of the axis of the wide road set sculpture or flower beds, few water features, even if there is also a small basin fountain. Italian-style terrace garden into France, France to the plains and more rivers and lakes, so the garden is designed as a flat on the axis of symmetry and uniform rules of the layout, the difference is that the French garden is often circular or rectangular large pond designed in the axis, along the pond on both sides of the set of straight and narrow roads. Later the Dutch pruned the trees into geometric shapes and various animal shapes. In contrast, the British prefer natural bushes and grass, especially pay attention to the integration of borrowed scenery and the natural environment outside the garden, pay attention to the shape of the flowers, color, taste, flowering period and bush planting, the emergence of the main configuration of flowers, the content of the "garden", and even a flower as the theme of the specialized types of gardens, such as "Rose Garden", "Lily Garden", "Iris Garden" and so on, so that a mention of the European-style garden, will be associated with a large lawn, planted trees, pieces of the beauty of the flower path.

Second, the choice of garden style

In addition to personal preferences, do what style of garden is mainly by the terrain, architecture, family members and other aspects of the restrictions. When you measure and analyze the site, you will find that the uniqueness of the site has predicted the style of the garden, in general, the irregular site is more suitable for Chinese style, especially "L" shape, "back" shape, "receptacle" shape of the courtyard, "L" shape, "back" shape, "receptacle" shape, "L" shape, "back" shape, "receptacle" shape, "L" shape, "back" shape, "back" shape, "receptacle" shape. In general, irregular sites are more suitable for Chinese style, especially "L"-shaped, "back"-shaped, "receptacle"-shaped courtyards, and the Chinese style's technique of shifting steps and changing landscapes can create the mood of "how many times is the depth of the courtyard". Small and square courtyard is more suitable for Japanese style garden, large and square and the building in the center of the courtyard with European style is better