Politics: What are the characteristics of China culture?

First, there is hierarchy, not equality. No matter at the family level, or at the social and national levels, China culture shows a strong hierarchy. Family hierarchy is based on blood. The social and national hierarchy is a further deduction of the family hierarchy. The essence of hierarchy is that people of different grades have different rights to allocate resources, especially different rights to allocate surplus. Generally speaking, the higher the level, the greater the distribution right and the higher the treatment enjoyed. In this case, the so-called equality can only be equality at the same level, not equality in the whole society. Therefore, there must be no equality if there is hierarchy. Because equality should be a whole category, not a local category. Second, there is strength and no weakness. The essence of China culture is to serve the strong. This is also the inevitable result of the cultural hierarchy. Jun Jun, minister, father and son all have their own rights and obligations, but their rights and obligations are asymmetric. For the strong, rights are greater than obligations; For the weak, obligations are greater than rights. You want me to die, I have to die; But the other way around is absolutely impossible. Some comrades think that China culture is people-oriented, but this is actually an inaccurate statement. People-oriented and people-oriented are two fundamentally different categories. People-oriented is a whole category, and China culture only embodies the category of people-oriented. The purpose of people-oriented is for the strong, and ultimately for the interests of a few people; The ultimate goal of humanism is everyone. Therefore, people-oriented is only a local category. Of course, the realism spirit of China culture is very obvious, but this realism leads to people-oriented rather than people-centered; Because this kind of people-centered is only centered on a few people, only on the strong, not on all people. Third, there is tradition and no innovation. The immutability of ancestral law is a stubborn feature of China culture. Due to the lack of innovation, the essence of China culture is static culture or circular culture. Although there are local changes, at best, it can only be regarded as pruning of branches and leaves or a decoration of the whole. The result of its modification is often a further deepening of the original essence, rather than a substantive change. The fundamental reason why China culture is not innovative here is not itself. Any culture itself is extremely innovative. The fundamental reason for the lack of innovation in China culture is the suppression of external forces, especially the suppression of powerful interest groups. Innovation means changing and adjusting the traditional interest pattern, so innovation will always be resisted and destroyed by the original interest groups. In the feudal society of China for thousands of years, the pattern caused by the imbalance of social structure is that the strong are too strong and the weak are too weak. Therefore, in China feudal society, unless innovation is conducive to strength, the outcome of innovation can be imagined. Fourth, some people are cured, but not cured. Thousands of years of feudal society, the essence is the rule of man. The society ruled by man is embodied in culture, and it must be a culture ruled by man. On the other hand, the culture of ruling by man enhances life and consolidates the society ruled by man. Rule by virtue is the inevitable requirement of rule by man. Moral self-discipline is the key link to realize the effectiveness of rule by man. Duke Zhou summed up the lesson of Shang Yang's demise and said, "If you don't respect morality, you will die early." Confucianism believes: "If you want to govern the country, you must first put your family in order. If you want to reunite with your family, you must first repair your body. " Cultivation here is the starting point, and finally we can rule the country and level the world. Besides, rulers always prefer the rule of man to the rule of law. Because the rule of man provides a great plunder space for the rulers, but the rule of law cannot, because the rule of law is also a constraint on the rulers. Therefore, the autocratic system and the culture of rule by man came into being. The culture of rule by man is a parasite of autocratic system and a further deduction of the culture of rule by man. 5. Etiquette and irrationality. China culture is rich in "rites". All social activities of China people are included in the category of "ceremony". There are auspicious gifts, fierce gifts, military gifts, guest gifts and gifts. In ancient China, each dynasty had its own official position to manage the etiquette system. In the Zhou Dynasty, the management of the ritual system belonged to Zongbo, and later generations gradually evolved into the ritual department. The essence of "courtesy" is "benefit". "Rite" is the form and means, while "profit" is the content and purpose. In China, the essence of "ceremony" is inequality, which is a feudal hierarchy. If you can't be polite to Shu Ren, you can't punish the doctor. "Rite" has become a precaution for the ruling class to safeguard privileged interests. Therefore, China's "reason" is an unreasonable "reason". This kind of "ceremony" will only aggravate the imbalance of social development in China and constantly cause social unrest. In this way, "Li" and "Li" will be lost. Therefore, "courtesy" must be based on "reason"; Otherwise, it will only produce partial equilibrium, not overall equilibrium, but only short-term benefits, not long-term benefits. Therefore, the state of etiquette is different from that of reason. In the long run, rationality is the basic condition for a country to be strong. To achieve sustainable development, a country needs not only "courtesy" but also "reason".

Culture is a historical concept. The historical spread of culture, the upper culture is mainly written classics, and the lower culture mainly relies on oral inheritance. It is feasible to divide the historical stages of cultural changes on the premise of cultural characteristics changes and on the boundary of major events and typical events related to culture. We say that culture is a historical concept, which should be understood from two aspects: first, all cultural events exist, mutate and develop under a certain historical background, so they have certain characteristics of the times; Secondly, culture has accumulated and established its own tradition in the course of diachronic inheritance. China traditional culture refers to the culture that originated from Chinese culture, was jointly created by people of all ethnic groups in China and accumulated through long-term historical development. China traditional culture and China ancient culture are mentioned from different angles. China's ancient culture is aimed at modern culture, which is the division of cultural times; Traditional culture is about the inheritance of culture, emphasizing the origin of culture and all the cultural heritage passed down along this origin. It is not limited to ancient times, but the sum total of the humanistic spirit of the Chinese nation that has been screened and eliminated so far and has been enriched and expanded continuously. Some people equate traditional culture with ancient culture, thus thinking that attaching importance to tradition is retro, even thinking that tradition and modernization cannot coexist, or that modernization must be anti-traditional. This understanding just ignores that the modernization process is still a part of the development of traditional culture. Once we deny the tradition, modernization and national characteristics, that is, the characteristics of China, we will be out of touch and inconsistent with our goals. Others think that to carry forward the tradition, we must refuse to introduce and learn from it, or think that China tradition and western culture are diametrically opposed. This understanding is also one-sided. Any national tradition will be influenced by other national cultures in different historical periods. Once the introduction and absorption of other cultures become a reality, that is to say, once these absorbed foreign cultures are integrated with their own cultures, they will also become part of traditional culture. No culture is pure, and absorbing foreign culture is one of the normal ways to enrich and develop noumenon culture. The historical context of China's cultural development and the factors that determine the historical development. Cultural development should have its own stages, but because of the basic consistency between cultural development and the general history of China, we can follow the historical development to study the context of cultural development. The characteristics of China culture can be roughly divided into three parts: first, the harmony between man and nature, and the harmony between nature and things; Second, family ethics standards; Third, among your monks. Western countries are: First, man and nature are separated and nature is conquered; Second, individual standard; Third, rational spirit. China culture can be divided into three types: 1. Male chauvinism II. Agricultural culture. Blood culture. These three cultures constitute the mainstream of China's traditional culture, and their mutual penetration is getting closer and closer with the evolution of history. For example, in a big family in feudal society, blood relationship is very important, with special emphasis on the hierarchical gap between generations and status, so family rules are highly valued, even more important than some national systems to some extent. China is still a big agricultural country since ancient times. The so-called economic base determines the superstructure, and the economic form dominated by agriculture will inevitably produce the corresponding cultural system. Confucian culture, represented by the Four Books and Five Classics, has influenced people's thoughts for thousands of years. Therefore, I think the most important feature of China culture is Confucian culture: emphasizing the unity of heaven and man, cultivating oneself, governing the country and leveling the world, so that people's internal cultivation and external governance can achieve perfect unity. The essence of Confucian culture is peace, integrity and innocence! Secondly, farming culture, family culture and some regional cultures are interrelated and infiltrated with each other, and gradually formed the rich and colorful connotation of Chinese traditional culture in the long historical evolution.