Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Traditional culture - Embroidery Techniques of Miao Embroidery

Embroidery Techniques of Miao Embroidery

However, Miao girls and women have traditionally adorned themselves and embellished their lives with hand-embroidered flowers. In its long evolution, Miao embroidery has developed its own unique style of expression and embroidery techniques. Many people also use sewing machines to embroider flowers, which is faster but not as effective as hand embroidery. Now we only introduce hand embroidery techniques. Embroidery materials are cloth and thread, and there are many kinds of them. There are hemp cloth, cotton cloth, silk cloth, chemical fiber cloth, etc., factory-produced cloth and Miao villagers weave their own home Shu cloth. Generally speaking, according to the requirements of different embroidery stitches, different qualities of cloth should be used. Embroidery, flower requirements with thin silk cloth or chemical fiber cloth; pick flowers, string of flowers requires the use of thicker home weaving cotton, linen or factory-produced warp and weft grain more obvious cloth; bundle of flowers, sprinkles, flowers, flowers, applique, sticky flowers, pile of flowers, and other fabrics. The requirements are not very strict.

There are many kinds of embroidery threads, including silk thread, cotton thread, hemp thread, wool thread, gold thread to tin thread and copper wire. Hemp thread is mainly used for more rugged embroidery; wool used in the net silk grid more obvious coarse linen or wool weaving brocade; gold thread, tin thread, copper wire in addition to a small number of separate string flowers embroidery, mainly to support a large area of embroidery, flower arrangement for bundling or sprinkling of flowers; cotton thread, silk thread is for a large area of embroidery, flower arrangement, the requirement of thin and smooth fabric, but also for appliquéd flowers, pile of flowers, patch flowers nailed to the ground and used.

The main tools of Miao embroidery are: taut frame, needle, scissors, thimble, needle clip and so on. The frame refers to the small embroidery bandage and large embroidery frame, generally made of wood, bamboo, metal and so on. Small flower bandage is mainly made of bamboo or metal, it is divided into rectangular and round two kinds. Rectangular small flower bandage made of bamboo material, horizontal two, the length of about 30cm; vertical four, the length of about 8cm. This flower bandage is for embroidery narrow strip lace with, such as sleeves, pants legs, chest lace. The middle two of its four vertical shafts are for rolling cloth. Round flower bandage is composed of two bamboo or metal circles inside and outside, such as made of metal, to be wrapped in cloth. The diameter of the bandage circle is about one foot. Embroidery cloth is sandwiched in the middle of the inner and outer circles, and is suitable for embroidering shoe flowers, hand towels, pillow towels, children's hats, purses and other small embroidered items. Embroidery frame and small rectangular flower bandage construction is the same, just the frame surface is large, more than four stands, generally made of wood. Use it to embroider large embroidery, such as curtains, tent eaves, beds, quilt tops and so on.

Embroidery needles, to the body even round, sharp point, blunt tail, hole long for good, conducive to feeding the needle, pumping the needle and threading. Embroidery needle of many kinds, iron needle to the length of the thickness of the sub-number, needle number is small body thick long, needle number is big body thin short, commonly used more than 7-----8 needle. Embroidery needle size selection, should be based on the thickness of the embroidery cloth and embroidery thread thickness to decide. Unused embroidery needles, to be wrapped in tin foil, or inserted into the dry small honeycomb tweed, to prevent rust.

Scissors, to the tip of the tip of the curved mouth of the small scissors is good, it does not reveal the thread when cutting thread, and can avoid cutting the embroidery cloth.

Thimble, according to the size of the embroiderer's fingers to choose the size of the thimble, which is worn on the second section of the middle finger of the hand holding the needle, to help push the needle when embroidery.

Needle clip, if the embroidery needle is too small, individual places of embroidery line is not easy to take the needle of the big embroidery of the dense, the needle clip can be used to clip the needle, to help take the needle to draw the line. ① Patterns and sticky flowers: in embroidery on silk embroidery, skilled craftsmen, can be used to brush stacks of ink (pigment) direct painting; craftsmen are not skilled enough, it is necessary to embroider the fabric laid out in the required parts of the painting on the replica paper, replica paper, replica paper on the pattern of replica writing. Pen rewriting force evenly and properly, if the light lines of the print is not clear, heavy print color is too thick, easy to dirty embroidery line, affecting the color. If there is no copy paper, available 2B to 6B soft pencil in the back of the pattern, according to the print of the flower smear, and then placed on the fabric, with copy paper in the pattern on the front of the effort to depict the pattern will be revealed on the cloth to the pattern. Embroidery mold with paper flowers, first in the embroidery cloth selected to stick the position of the flower, and then on the taut frame, and then the paper flowers with glue on the predetermined parts.

② on the taut frame: leave the embroidery cloth should be embroidered position, on the taut frame, with a needle lead prick cloth around the taut frame around the uniform bundle sewing a circle. The standard is a tight cloth, no slack phenomenon.

③ Thread: Embroiderers can be based on the content of the pattern and the decorative object, combined with the color scheme carefully matched with different colors, different thicknesses of the embroidery thread. Spare threads are stored separately, usually in the pages of the book, easy to access when embroidering.

④ Embroidery: according to the size of the embroidery cloth and bandage, or one hand on the embroidery cloth, the other hand under the cloth with; or one hand holding the flower bandage, the other hand repeatedly embroidery. When embroidering, the needle should not be too long each time, otherwise it will be easily knotted, affecting the speed and effect of embroidery.

⑤ Stranded edge stitching: If it is a single piece of embroidery, fold the embroidered fabric edge inward, twist the edge with needle and thread, and keep making the head of the fabric thread pull off. If the embroidered cloth is used for other decorative purposes, it is necessary to pay attention to the decorative items and the embroidered cloth not to be wrinkled when sewing. Hmong embroidery stitches are roughly divided into embroidery, insertion, bundling, sprinkling, pointing, picking and stringing, and the combined use of these embroidery stitches can make embroidered objects with fantasy colors jump out. Some of the foot (such as picking, string) is often used by people alone, showing special decorative beauty.

① Embroidery, this foot cross-embroidery, back embroidery, sets of embroidery, circle embroidery and steal embroidery.

Cross-embroidery, the main stitch of the whole Miao embroidery, appears as a large parallel line embroidery. It involves starting and dropping stitches along the lines on both sides of the pattern, i.e., dropping stitches on one side of the line and starting stitches on the other side of the line.

Retreating embroidery is a technique used to express the thin lines of a single color on the narrow embroidered leaves of the flower branches and the border of the pattern. When embroidering, drop the needle in front, start the needle back a certain distance, or drop the needle in the back, start the needle in the front, slanting the needle in a gradual manner. Stitches can be long or short, sparse or dense, straight or curved at random.

Set of embroidery, for the performance of chain pattern line has a special effect, it is the line out of the front, in the first stitch with the head of the needle down and forward a pin prick out, the line pressure in the head of the needle, then pull the needle out, and then on the line at the root of the second pin, so that the cycle of embroidery until the end of the cycle. It can also be used with picking and stringing stitches.

Circle embroidery, around the polygonal pattern from the inside out layer by layer embroidery, the formation of polygonal tone consistent flowers.

Stealing embroidery, a special form of cross-embroidery, is a brilliant technique to save embroidery threads by cross-embroidering large areas of Qi needle. It is also along the lines of the pattern on both sides of the needle drop, but the needle drop are the same on one side of the line. That is, the thread is drawn out from one side and then crossed to the other side of the line to start and drop the needle. This back and forth, the back of the embroidery cloth is very little thread.

② plug, single plug and face plug two kinds. It plays the effect of showing the transition of different colors.

Single insertion, the need for gradual transition of color, with two or more layers of different colors of single thread interspersed with each other to insert the needle pulling thread.

Surface insertion, in the need for rough transition of color, with two layers of different colors of rows of thread interspersed with each other to insert the needle to draw the line; or a group of the same color line insertion nailed to the middle of the surface of the other color line.

3 bundles, sub-bundle, another bundle and group bundle. He can play the role of embroidery to show the three-dimensional and fixed long across the stitch line is not easy to be hung up and pull the role of bad.

Self-bundle, that is, with the line of their own bundle of their own needlework. It is also divided into sets of bundles and adjust the bundle of two kinds. Bundle is first stabbed a set, and then in the set on the bundle of nails, it is suitable for small loose flowers embroidery. Strip bundle is first stabbed out on the front of a long needle to form a line, and then on the line bundle nail, it is suitable for fixing long cross embroidery embroidery thread and show the role of flower and leaf veins

Another bundle, is to use a thread nail bundle of another line of stitching. Generally bundled thread is thicker, such as gold thread or with several strands together into a large thread or braid, highlighting the pattern of three-dimensional sense and richness. One is to embroider a thick thread in the part that has been embroidered or inserted, and then bind it with another thread; another is to lay a thick thread along the lines of the pattern, and then bind it with a thin thread; and another is to wrinkle the pigtails in a regular and even manner. From the outside to the inside according to the pattern laid, and then nailed with a fine wire bundle.

The group bundle is a stitch in which one row of threads is grouped and pinned with another row of threads. It is very effective in fixing long stitches from being hung up.

4 Sprinkle, there are three kinds of shooting sprinkle, between sprinkle and string sprinkle, it plays a ⑥ show the three-dimensional sense of small objects and the formation of light color.

Shooting sprinkles, mainly used in the petals and filaments stylized stitches nailed radial.

Between the sprinkles, used to mount the table parallel to the leaf veins and other places to show a light color. Generally to nail a long needle for a sprinkle needle, individual also nail two long needle for a sprinkle needle, nail every certain distance sprinkle a needle.

Stringing is used to show the three-dimensional effect of twisting. It is, from the surface of the cloth lead line, in the sprinkle needle at the other end of the needle, pinned into the lead line next to the needle, the line in the needle around a number of times, around the more twisted sprinkle needle on the big, and vice versa is small, and then will be drawn out of the needle into the.

5 points, nodes and flat points of two kinds. It is used for independent points composed of "point surface", "point line" or embellishment of the stamen.

Nodes, with a strong sense of three-dimensionality, epitomize the string sprinkle stitch, which is manifested in the short stitch size and fewer loops in the body of the needle.

Flat point, it can show the plane of the contrast between the real and the virtual, that is, the effect of the time hidden. When using the needle, usually a few consecutive nails after the starting point of the drop point and then draw the needle lead, and then pinned along the pattern, repeatedly pinned until the completion.

6 Pick, it is based on the symmetrical grid of the cloth warp and weft lines under the needle, the line will be picked into various types of stitches, and by this a stitch neatly arranged and composed of patterns. According to the different stitches are divided into: X-pick, *-pick, V-pick, etc., of which the most used is X-pick.

X-pick, it is the main form of picking, its stitching is generally according to the cloth of three or four warp and weft threads nail a diagonal. According to the back of the different stitches, picking technique is divided into straight picking and horizontal picking two kinds. In order to seek the neatness of the pattern and the unity of style, generally on the same piece of cloth, only one technique. According to the different order of picking the needle, divided into a pick into the second pick into the pick, according to different situations, with one of the techniques or a mixture of two.

*Pick, it is a decorative stitch, often with other pick flower stitch pattern embellished in the center or around, can also pick out the whole pattern, the stitch will be ten pick stitches cross-pinned together, that is, straight, horizontal, diagonal cross-picked stitches.

V-pick, also known as the inverted V-pick, it is also often used as decorative stitches, but it is in the picking of each grid number of yarn must be a pair of, such as four, six, etc., before the symmetry of the present neat.

Above a few pick needle, in the application of the pattern according to the requirements of the flexible collocation. At the same time, in order to highlight the pattern of close solid, available double or multiple lines together nailed a variety of stitches to; performance of empty sparse, sparse and distant places, the size of a single line such as pick into.

⑦ string, it is a relatively old fine embroidery method, can make embroidery cloth pattern shows the strange effect of the surface. Needle method is based on a certain number of cloth (generally three to five) warp and weft lines, according to straight, horizontal, diagonal, etc. to the use of a single line back and forth through the nail.

Sticky flowers, applique and other techniques

Sticky flowers, applique, complementary flowers and pile of flowers, belonging to a type of handcrafts, in the Miao decorations, or with the line embroidery with, or separate application, unique. But they have their own strengths, each with its own style.

Sticky flowers, choose a kind of colorful fabric cut into patterns, and then stick to the decorations with viscose liquid. Special attention should be paid to the viscosity of the viscose liquid to be good, in order to make the pattern sticky and not easy to fall off.

Appliqué, choose a variety of colorful fabrics cut into patterns, and then embroidery, locking the edges of the collocation into a separate decorative items.

Patch, cut into a variety of colorful fabric pieces or velvet sewn on top of the decorations, constituting a pattern pattern.

Pile of flowers, with the sizing of soap and water damask satin and other pieces of cloth cut into a small waisted three-legged shape, and then two equal feet (usually small feet) folded inward into a small three-legged with a tail, and then according to the pattern of the layer by layer to pile up nailed and become.

In addition to the above embroidery craft, the Miao also have two ancient and advanced handcrafts, namely, flower weaving and batik, which have been passed down for 3,000 years. With the development of social productivity, these crafts have widely entered the ranks of machine operation. Flower weaving is to weave with cotton, linen and silk threads of different colors as warp threads, and each color thread as weft threads, so that the front or back of each color thread weaving can be combined to form a pattern. Batik is made by melting wax into liquid, dipping a wax knife into it to draw patterns on cloth (usually white cloth), then dipping it into an indigo tank (mostly blue) to dye it, and then boiling the wax with water to remove the wax, which then reveals the cloth color patterns. The choice of pattern content is a reflection of people's aesthetic sense. The Miao people are loyal, simple, industrious, brave and affectionate, and they are a peace-loving people with beautiful aspirations. They are good at using decorative patterns to beautify their lives, often borrowing rich objects to reflect joy, good luck, longevity, abundance, friendship and other life contents, to express their feelings of life, reflecting their inner longing. These objects are beasts of dragons, unicorns, lions, deer, monkeys, dogs; flowers and fruits of peaches and plums, peonies, roses, hibiscus, golden melon, pomegranate; birds of magpies, phoenix, chicken, mandarin ducks, painted eyebrows; Chinese Fu, Luk, longevity, happiness, health, sun; nature's mountains and rivers, clouds and sun, sun and moon, figures, utensils, buildings, and legends of the immortals and good God and their props and so on.

Because the Miao are an ancient people, there are many clans and tribes that make up this nation, and during the long period of war and migration long ago, they formed a situation of living in a scattered and non-congenial place. In order to worship, remember their own protection god, or distinguish between the clans within the nation, all to a certain plant and animal as a representative of their own clan, decorating themselves. So the decorative tattoos, the clans around the world have their own main content. The general situation is: the barbarian clan with the phoenix as the main body, the Rong clan with the dragon as the main body, the Kui clan with the unicorn, the lion as the main body, the bureaucratic clan with the flowers and fruits as the main body, the Lai clan with the fish, shrimp, water, grass as the main body, the Fan clan with the butterfly and moth as the main body, the Pan clan with the dog as the main body, 。。。。。。 Those near the mountains are mostly with flowers, birds and beasts, and those near the water are mostly with dragons, shrimps, fish and algae. Of course, with the development of social history and cultural and artistic exchanges, the Miao inter-clan decorative patterns are more and more interpenetrating; but due to the influence of totem worship, the totem-based composition content, to modern times and even today Ren more or less in circulation and application. Therefore, the graphic design should also consider these important factors.

Hmong decorative patterns generally come from life, it is applied in accordance with the requirements of art, combined with the characteristics of production processing, bold and with fantasy colors, intentionally weakened or enhanced some of the cloth points, so that it is more than people's lives more distinctive, more intense, more beautiful.

Pattern design should take into account the aesthetic psychology of the Miao people, but also take into account the materials and decorative objects used in the decoration. Miao decorative patterns have a specific external shape. Such as chest lace is a combination of several rectangles, some of which are extended with stripes; sleeves, pants, tent edge, fan-shaped apron on the eaves of the pattern was a long strip; fan-shaped apron under the corner of the pattern, the back of the group of patterns are right-angled isosceles triangles; shoe mouth flower for the horseshoe; pillow flower is a round or square; high apron pattern is a boat head shape and so on. Each of them has a certain size. The composition should be carefully laid out, according to different situations, considering the variation and unity of each component, contrast and harmony. Generally speaking, the composition of Hmong patterns requires symmetry, smoothness, rigor, and the warp and the patchwork, fullness and sparseness of the real and the virtual proper. In the sleeves, pants lace, apron pattern and other small decorations, the layout requires some dense, while in large decorative works, can be a little sparse, a little thicker. Older people adopt often on the thin side, the youth to adopt a little denser.

The composition of the pattern is roughly divided into five forms: branch pattern, lump pattern, corner pattern, edge pattern and square pattern. The branch pattern is a completely independent individual pattern, such as a flower, a bird, a fish, a butterfly and so on. It is used to fill up the empty and sparse parts of the pattern to make it smooth, smooth and active. Lump pattern is not continuous with the surrounding, repeat a larger independent unit, with several branches in accordance with certain forms of circular, quadrangular, five square, six square, eight square, rhombus and other rules and other irregular shapes. The regular form of the lump pattern includes inward or outward radiation, up and down or left and right symmetry of the transverse type, up and down or left and right to change the direction of the conversion type, around a base point (face) around the steering of the cyclorama type. Heap pattern has a wide range of uses, small can be composed of lace, large can be used in the middle of large decorative items or applied alone, such as quilt tops, pillows, door curtains and so on. Corner pattern is a kind of pattern that can be applied alone or cooperate with the pile pattern to form a complete ornament. It includes two-side symmetry, two-corner symmetry, three-side symmetry and free-form forms. Such as in the back skirt, fan-shaped apron for the single corner pattern; in the hand towel, quilt surface with the corner pattern. Edge pattern is in accordance with a certain edge of the perimeter of the two-way extension of the pattern. It is divided into linear and non-linear two-way extension, and is divided into symmetrical continuous and asymmetrical continuous and symmetrical discontinuous and so on several kinds. It can be applied alone, such as lace, but also used to set off the pile pattern. Square pattern is composed of a basic pattern to the surrounding cycle of continuous composition of large patterns. It has scattered, embellished, but also some of the flower segments on the composition of the embroidery into a special overlap. Square pattern is generally used in white embroidery, clothing back flowers, animal patterns body "fill in the heart" and so on, so that a large area or local show a neat and tidy effect. Embroidery