Hakka Residence Explanatory Notes

Hakka Folk House Hakka Tulou, also known as Fujian Round House, is a pearl of Chinese civilization, is the world's unique mythological mountain village residential architecture, is a Chinese ancient architecture of a strange flower, it is a long history, unique style, scale, structure and other characteristics of the world's residential architecture independently of the forest of the art of residential architecture. Tulou residential caste and group living characteristics and its construction features are closely related to the history of the Hakka people. Whenever the Hakka people go to a place, their own family members will always live together. In addition, the Hakka people live in most of the remote mountainous areas or deep forests, at that time not only the lack of building materials, jackals, wolves, tigers and leopards, thieves and noisy, coupled with the fear of local attacks, the Hakka people will create a "defense" of the castle-style architecture of the residence. This also formed the unique architectural form of Hakka dwellings - Tulou. Tulou are mainly located in Longyan, Zhangzhou and other areas in Fujian Province.　Earthen Buildings are collective buildings built with earth as walls, which are round, semi-circular, square, quadrangular, pentagonal, chair-shaped, dustpan-shaped, etc., each with its own characteristics. The earliest earth building is square, there are palace type, house type, body shape is different, not only peculiar, but also rich in mystery, solid and firm. Building in the accumulation of food, livestock; wells, if you need to protect the enemy, just close the door, a few young adults to guard the door, the earth building is like a strong fortress, women, children, old and young as much as possible can rest easy. Due to the square earth building has a directional, darker corners, ventilation and lighting are different, so the Hakka people and designed a good ventilation and lighting, neither the beginning nor the end of the round earth building. In the existing earth building, the most notable round, the local people called round building or round cottage.　Tulou belongs to the collective architecture, and its biggest feature is its big shape. Whether from a distance or walking in front of it, Tulou is shocking with its huge monolithic architecture, and its size is the biggest of the residential houses. In our visit to the most common round building in the earth building, its diameter of about more than 50 meters, three, four-story height, *** more than a hundred housing, can live in thirty, forty families, can accommodate two to three hundred people. And large round building diameter up to 70 or 80 meters, five or six stories high, there are four or five hundred housing, can live seven or eight hundred people. This kind of residential architecture from the Tulou reflects the folk customs of the Hakka people who live together in clans.　　From the study of history and architecture, the construction of Tulou is a kind of self-defense style of living for the safety of the community. At that time, under the situation of the Japanese invasion from outside and the civil war from inside, the Hakka people who migrated their family came to other countries from thousands of miles away, and they chose a way of building that was conducive to the family reunion as well as the defense against the war, and then it was adopted. The children and grandchildren of the same ancestors in a building to form an independent society, *** survival *** glory, *** death *** humiliation. So the Royal Outer Condensation is probably the most appropriate generalization of the Tulou.　Tulou's walls, under the thick on the thin, thick, some even up to 1.5 meters. Ramming, first in the wall base dug out and deep and large wall ditch, rammed in, buried in the boulder for the base, and then with stone and mortar masonry up the wall base. Then the wall is rammed with sandwich wall panels. Earthen wall of raw materials to the local clay red clay, mixed with the appropriate amount of small stones and lime, after repeated pounding, mixing, made into what is commonly known as "cooked soil". Some key parts should also be mixed with the right amount of glutinous rice, brown sugar, in order to increase its viscosity. Ramming, to the middle of the earth wall buried cedar branches or bamboo for the "wall bone" to increase its tensile strength. In this way, after repeated tamping, the earth wall was built like steel and concrete, plus a layer of lime outside to prevent weather erosion, so it is exceptionally strong and has good windproof and earthquake-resistant ability. According to "Yongding County Records", in 1918, a major earthquake occurred, the daytime watchman's voice, lasted 20 minutes, the night continued to vibrate, but the earth building has always stood up unharmed Round building is the most characteristic of the local earth building group of buildings, it is generally a center of the circle, according to the different radius, layer by layer to the outside, as the water waves in the lake, the ring set, very spectacular. Its most central place for the family ancestral temple, outward in turn for the ancestral hall, the corridor, the outermost ring of people. The entire Tulou room of the same size, an area of about ten square meters or so, using the **** the same staircase, each family wind almost no secret to speak of.　Tulou structure has many types of types, one of which is the interior of the upper, middle and lower three halls along the central axis of the longitudinal arrangement of the three-tang system, in such a Tulou, the general lower hall for the entrance and exit, placed in the forefront; the middle of the hall is located in the center of the family gatherings, welcoming the guests of honor; on the hall in the innermost part of the hall is the place where the ancestral tablets are enshrined.　In addition to the unique structure, the internal bay windows, doorways and eaves of the Tulou buildings are also extremely ornate and exquisite, which are really the wonders of Chinese residential architecture.　Yongding County has 360 round buildings and more than 4,000 square buildings. Especially the peculiar round earth building is most rich in Hakka traditional colors, the most shocking.　The round earth building is a model of Hakka residence, which can be called the first building in the world. It is like a "mushroom" emerging from the ground or a "flying saucer" descending from the sky.　This round building are composed of two or three circles, from the inside to the outside, ring to ring, the outer circle is more than ten meters high, four floors, there are one or two hundred rooms, the first floor is the kitchen and dining room, the second floor is a warehouse, three or four floors are bedrooms; two circles of two floors of thirty to fifty rooms, generally guest rooms, one is the ancestral hall, is a few hundred people living in the building of the wedding, funeral, joy, celebrations of the public **** place. Inside the building, there are also facilities such as wells, bathrooms and mills. Tulou using local soil rammed, without reinforced concrete, the base of the wall up to three meters wide, the bottom wall thickness of 1.5 meters, upward in order to narrow, the top wall thickness is not less than 1 meter. Then along the circular outer wall with wooden boards separated into numerous rooms, the inner side of which is a corridor.　　In addition to the peculiar function of defending against the enemy, the earth building is also characterized by earthquake-proof, fire-proof, burglary-proof and good ventilation and lighting. Due to the thickness of the earth wall, it is heat-insulating and heat preservation, warm in winter and cool in summer.　Hakka Tulou flashes the wisdom of the Hakka people, Tulou pattern of the magnificent, people are in awe of it. Hakka folklore is even more mesmerizing, Hakka people from generation to generation, living together, unity and friendship, harmony **** residence of the family's unique way of life, simplicity, and hospitality, hard-working folk; traditional culture of the visible, touchable, palpable and more to attract a lot of tourists of great interest.　　Zhangzhou Tulou is located in the mountainous areas of Zhangzhou City, such as Nanjing, Hua'an, Pinghe, Zhao'an, Yunxiao, Zhangpu and so on. It is known as "mythical mountain architecture" for its strange shape and unique style.　Tulou's predecessor was the barracks, castles and fortresses of the Tang Dynasty when Chen Yuguang opened Zhangzhou, which is a product of the special social environment of the southern Fujian region in the "entry and exit of foreign invaders, and infighting among the vermin". Zhangzhou earth building to raw earth as the main material, mixed with lime, fine sand, glutinous rice, brown sugar, bamboo, wood and so on, after repeated pounding pressure, rammed and become, generally three to five floors high, the first floor for the kitchen, the second floor for the warehouse, three floors above the living room, can be inhabited by 200 to 700 people, with a gathering of people living, burglary, earthquake-proof, beasts, fire prevention, moisture-proof, ventilation, lighting, warm in winter and cool in summer and other characteristics.　　Tianluokeng earth building group consists of 1 square, 3 round and 1 oval **** 5 earth buildings, the center of the square Buiyun building and the upper right round and Chang building was built in the first year of the Qing Jiaqing (1796), and later in the periphery of the successively built Zhenchang building, Ruiyun building, Wenchang building. The five earth buildings are staggered according to the mountain layout, surrounded by mountains, overlooking, like a blooming plum blossom dotted on the ground, but also like a flying saucer falling from the sky, constituting the humanities and the natural environment of the art of art and the natural environment of the ingenuity of the perfect scene, breathtaking, is a residential architecture in the garden of a wondrous flower. 2001 May was included in the national key cultural relics protection units.　The Leaning Tower of Pisa, built in 1350, is famous all over the world. Its fame lies in the fact that it is leaning but not collapsing. For more than six hundred years, the tower has been tilting gently to the south, and the tilt seems to have accelerated in the last century, especially after the great earthquake in 1972, and its inclination has now reached 8 degrees. The leaning of the Leaning Tower of Pisa is the leaning of the tower as a whole. Looking at the tower alone, every part of the structure is still horizontal and vertical, and is in the middle of the road.　In Nanjing County, Fujian Province, China, there is an ancient building that can be compared with the Leaning Tower of Pisa, which is known as the "East is upside down, West is crooked building" Yuchanglou. Yuchang building is a round earth building, built in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasty, the construction of the Leaning Tower of Pisa only ten years later. Yuchang building *** five floors, room 270, from the third floor, the building corridor wood columns will be tilted from the left to the right, the maximum slope of 15 degrees; and the fourth floor corridor wood columns to the same slope in the opposite direction from the right to the left tilt, the two-story wood columns look crooked. Skewed although skewed, but if the first to five wooden columns corridor as a whole, the bottom of the wooden columns and the top of the wooden columns are kept on the same axis. Yuchang building of the oblique, is a local structure of the oblique, like today's new CCTV building, there is no danger, oblique but not dangerous.　He Guilou is located in Nanjing County, Meilin Town, Pu Shan Village, 53 kilometers from Nanjing County. Built in the Qing Dynasty Yongzheng ten years, is a covers an area of 1547 square meters, is the highest earth building in Nanjing. This earth building was built on the swampy land, with more than 200 pine piles, padding, after more than 200 years is still strong and stable, well-preserved. 2001 May was included in the national key cultural relics protection units.　Hekeng Tulou Cluster is located in Hekeng Natural Village, Dianjiang Village, Shuyang Town, 58 kilometers away from Nanjing County. Including Chaoshui Building, Yangzhao Building, Yongsheng Building, Jiaoqing Building, Yongrong Building, Yonggui Building and other 6 square earth building, Yuchang Building, Chungui Building, Dongsheng Building, Xiaochun Building, Yongqing Building, Yuxing Building and other 6 round earth building and pentagonal Nanxun Building **** 13. Among them, the earliest Chaoshuilou was built in 1549. The Hekeng Tulou Cluster has Xianshan Mansion and Beidou Seven Stars.　　There are a large number of earth buildings in Zhangzhou, ****there are more than 800 of them. The first classified as a national cultural relics protection of the earth building is Hua'an Xanadu Eryi building, known as the "king of the earth building", is an excellent masterpiece of the earth building, its scale is magnificent, well-preserved, "the king of the round building," "the jewel of the country! "It is the best representative of Tulou.　The longest history is Hua'an County Shajian Township "Qiyun Building", which is currently the oldest found in the exact chronology of the earth building, built in the fourth year of the Ming Hongwu (1371); the largest earth building is 94.5 meters in diameter, Zhao'an County Gongpi Township "in the field of the building ", it has a "super earth building" of the name; earth building shape is diverse, there are round square, oval, half-moon, chair, umbrella, windmill, gossip and other shapes, the most peculiar is the NanJing County, ShuYang township TianLuoKeng earth building, it is a party of one ellipse three round five earth building combination of magnificent, shocking.　　In the 32nd World Heritage General Assembly held in Quebec City, Canada, experts from various countries, after intense and enthusiastic deliberation and discussion, and finally by the 21 member countries, including China, unanimously expressed the adoption of China's Fujian Tulou formally inscribed on the list of world cultural heritage.　Fujian Tulou is a unique large-scale residential building in the world, with unique shape, grand scale and strange structure, and has attracted the world's attention for its rich cultural connotation, unique way of settlement, reasonable layout and the concept of site selection that blends with the natural environment. 1999, Fujian Tulou's "heritage bidding" work was launched. In April 2000, the Fujian Provincial Government formally determined by the Yongding, Nanjing, Hua'an three counties, "six groups of four buildings" **** 46 buildings, in the name of "Fujian Tulou" officially declared the world cultural heritage project. 2004, Fujian Tulou included in the world cultural heritage reserve list. In October last year, the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) on the Fujian Tulou heritage declaration project for on-site assessment and inspection. In the first half of this year, Fujian Tulou successfully passed the formal evaluation, and became one of the 47 declared world heritage projects submitted to the 32nd World Heritage General Assembly for consideration and vote, which is also the only cultural heritage project in 2008, China's participation in the evaluation of the review project.