logistics management

Logistics management (logistics management)

Definition of logistics management

Logistics management refers to the planning, organization, command, coordination, control and supervision of logistics activities in the process of social reproduction according to the law of material entity flow, so as to achieve the best coordination and cooperation of various logistics activities, thereby reducing logistics costs and improving logistics efficiency and economic benefits. Modern logistics management is based on system theory, information theory and cybernetics.

The concept of logistics

Explanation 1:

Logistics refers to the whole process of planning, implementing and managing raw materials, semi-finished products, finished products and related information of commodities from the place of origin to the place of consumption by means of transportation, storage and distribution at the lowest cost.

Logistics composition: commodity transportation, distribution, warehousing, packaging, handling, distribution and processing, and related logistics information.

The specific contents of logistics activities include the following aspects: user service, demand forecasting, order processing, distribution, inventory control, transportation, warehouse management, layout and location of factories and warehouses, handling, procurement, packaging and intelligence information.

Explanation 2:

In the definition of China's national standard "Logistics Terminology", it is pointed out that logistics is "the physical flow process of goods from the supply place to the receiving place, which organically combines the basic functions of transportation, storage, loading and unloading, handling, packaging, distribution processing, distribution and information processing according to actual needs."

Explanation 3:

The "thing" in logistics is the part of material data that has the characteristics of material entity and can be physically displaced in the world of material data. "Flow" is a kind of physical movement, which has a limited meaning, that is, the physical movement relative to the earth with the earth as the reference system, called "displacement". The range of flow can be a large-scale geography, a micro-movement or a small-scale displacement in the same area and environment. The combination of "thing" and "flow" is an advanced form of movement based on natural movement. The interrelation between them is to find the law of motion between economic purpose and physical object, between military purpose and physical object, and even between some social purposes and physical object. Therefore, logistics is not only a combination of "things" and "flows" under the above limited conditions, but more importantly, it is a combination limited to military, economic and social conditions, and it is to observe the transportation of things from the military, economic and social perspectives to meet certain military, economic and social requirements.

Explanation 4:

Stream: In the chemical production process, materials that need to undergo chemical or physical changes often participate in the production process in gaseous or liquid state and are transported through pipelines, so the raw materials, intermediate products and products involved in the process are called logistics. Solid materials that are continuously added or discharged during continuous operation can also be called logistics.

Logistics management has four main characteristics.

(1) Take customer satisfaction as the first goal;

(2) Taking the overall optimization of the enterprise as the goal;

(3) taking information as the center;

(4) Pay more attention to efficiency and effectiveness.

The purpose of implementing logistics management

The purpose of implementing logistics management is to achieve the established customer service level with the lowest possible total cost, that is, to seek the dynamic balance between service advantage and cost advantage, thus creating the strategic advantage of enterprises in the competition. According to this goal, the basic problem to be solved in logistics management is simply to provide customers with the right products at the right time and place with the right quantity and price.

Logistics management emphasizes solving problems with systematic methods. Modern logistics is generally considered to be composed of transportation, storage, packaging, loading and unloading, distribution processing, distribution and information. Each link has its own functions, benefits and concepts. The systematic method is to make use of modern management science and technology to make each link enjoy the whole information, organize and manage each link as an integrated system, and make the system provide competitive customer service at the lowest possible total cost. According to the system method, the benefit of the system is not only the sum of the benefits of its local links. Systematic method is to analyze and evaluate all the influencing factors for a certain problem. Starting from this idea, the logistics system does not simply pursue the lowest cost of each link, because there is a tendency of mutual influence and restriction between the interests of each link of logistics, and there is an alternating fragile relationship. For example, overemphasizing the saving of packaging materials may lead to the increase of transportation and loading and unloading costs because of its easy breakage. Therefore, the systematic method emphasizes the analysis of total cost and avoids the analysis of suboptimal effect and cost balance, so as to achieve the lowest total cost and meet the established customer service level.

Logistics management development experience

The development of logistics management has experienced three levels: distribution management, logistics management and supply chain management. Logistics management originated from the storage and transportation mode and technology developed by the Institute of Military Transportation Materials and Equipment in World War II. After the war, these technologies were widely used in industry, which greatly improved the operational efficiency of enterprises and won more customers for enterprises. At that time, the logistics management was mainly aimed at the distribution part of the enterprise, that is, how to quickly and efficiently deliver the products to customers through the distribution center after the finished products were produced, and keep the lowest inventory as much as possible. The American Logistics Management Association was then called the Logistics Management Association, and the Canadian Supply Chain and Logistics Management Association was called the Canadian Logistics Management Association. At this initial stage, logistics management only passively caters to the needs of customers after producing a given number of finished products, transports products to the places designated by customers, optimizes the utilization of resources in the transportation field, and reasonably sets up the inventory of each distribution center. Accurately speaking, logistics management did not really appear at this stage, only transportation management, warehousing management and inventory management. At that time, the position of logistics manager did not exist, only transportation manager or warehouse manager.

Logistics management in the modern sense appeared in the 1980s. It is found that it is very effective to observe, analyze and solve the problems in enterprise management by using cross-functional process management. By analyzing the whole circulation process of materials from raw materials to factories, flowing through various stations on the production line, producing finished products, then transporting them to distribution centers and finally delivering them to customers, enterprises can eliminate many local optimization behaviors that seem to be efficient, but actually reduce the overall efficiency. Because every functional department wants to use its own production capacity as much as possible, leaving no surplus, once the demand increases, it will become a bottleneck everywhere, leading to the interruption of the whole process. For example, the Ministry of Transport, as an independent functional department, always tries to reduce its own transportation costs. However, if it delivers an order that must be accelerated by sea instead of air, although it saves freight, it loses customers and leads to overall failure. Therefore, the traditional vertical function management is no longer suitable for modern large-scale industrial production, while the horizontal logistics management can comprehensively manage different functions in each process to achieve the overall optimal coordination.

At this stage, the scope of logistics management extends to demand forecasting, procurement, production planning, inventory management, distribution and customer service except transportation, so as to systematically manage the operation of enterprises and maximize the overall benefits. The book Goal written by Godrat is popular in the global manufacturing industry, and its essence is to manage production from the perspective of production process. Accordingly, the American Logistics Management Association was renamed as the American Logistics Management Association in the mid-1980s, and the Canadian Logistics Management Association was renamed as the Canadian Logistics Management Association in 1992.

A typical manufacturing enterprise, its demand forecasting, raw material procurement and transportation links are usually called incoming logistics, the flow of raw materials between processes in the factory is called production logistics, and the distribution and customer service links are called delivery logistics. The key of logistics management is to systematically manage the whole process from raw materials, work-in-process to finished products, so as to ensure the smooth procurement, transportation, processing, transportation and delivery of materials to customers under the condition of minimum inventory. For enterprise shareholders with efficient logistics management, this means doing the biggest business with the least funds and generating the biggest return on investment.

Content of logistics management

The content of logistics management includes three aspects: the management of various elements of logistics activities, including transportation and storage; The management of logistics system elements, that is, the management of six elements such as people, money, goods, equipment, methods and information; The management of specific functions in logistics activities mainly includes logistics plan management, quality management, technical management and economic management.

Logistics management science is a new discipline that has emerged abroad in the last decade or two, and it is a new important branch of management science. With the improvement of production technology and management technology, the competition among enterprises is becoming increasingly fierce. People gradually find that the competition among enterprises to reduce production costs seems to have come to an end, and product quality is just a stepping stone for an enterprise to enter the market and participate in the competition. At this time, the focus of competition began to shift from the production field to the non-production field, and turned to the scattered and isolated fields that were ignored as auxiliary links, such as transportation, warehousing, packaging, loading and unloading, distribution and processing. People began to study how to reduce logistics costs, improve service quality and create "the third profit source" in these areas. Since then, logistics management has been separated from the traditional production and sales activities of enterprises and has become an independent research field and subject scope. The birth of logistics management science makes the logistics system hidden in economic activities appear. It reveals the internal relations of all links in logistics activities, and its development and perfection is the magic weapon for modern enterprises to win in market competition.

A few days ago, chinahr. com. Based on the online job vacancy monitoring data of the past year, this paper analyzes and summarizes the annual workplace market in 2005. The data shows that the workplace experienced a process from slow development to rise last year. At the end of the year, the employment index exceeded 750 for the first time, IT technicians were the most popular, advertising and public relations talents showed an upward trend, real estate talents suffered a cold spell, FMCG talents were upgraded, the gap of high-end financial management talents was large, and logistics management talents had a high annual salary.

According to some data, logistics talents have been listed in China's 12 category, such as logistics planners, logistics managers, logistics researchers and logistics engineers. Many enterprises need a master's degree or above, more than 3 years of management experience and about 5 years of industry experience when recruiting logistics management talents, preferably working in the logistics department of a large foreign company.

Fiberhome data also shows that in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen, where the logistics industry is relatively developed, the median annual salary of storage and transportation managers is about10-127,000 yuan, and the high salary is about 21-260,000 yuan; The median annual salary of the director of import and export affairs (business function) is about 58-66 thousand yuan, and the high salary is about 80.1-95 thousand yuan; The average annual salary of logistics administrators (IT industry) is 530,000-62,000 yuan, and the highest salary can reach170,000-200,000 yuan.

Three stages of logistics management

Logistics management can be divided into three stages according to the order of management, namely, planning stage, implementation stage and evaluation stage.

First, the management of logistics planning stage

A plan is a number of considerations in advance as the basis for action. Logistics planning is the preparation for realizing the expected goal of logistics. Logistics planning must first determine the goal to be achieved by logistics and the order of all the work to achieve this goal.

Secondly, it is necessary to analyze and study any external influences, especially unfavorable factors, that may occur in the process of realizing logistics objectives, and determine countermeasures against these unfavorable factors.

Third, formulate specific measures to implement and guide the realization of logistics objectives from the aspects of manpower, material resources and financial resources.

Second, the implementation of logistics stage management

Logistics implementation stage management is to manage the ongoing logistics activities. It has the most prominent position in the management of all stages of logistics. This is because at this stage, the plan will be tested through concrete implementation. At the same time, it also closely combines logistics management with specific logistics activities.

(A) the organization and command of logistics activities

The organization of logistics refers to the reasonable combination of interrelated links in logistics activities to form an organic whole, so as to give full play to the roles of various departments and logistics workers in logistics. Logistics command refers to the unified dispatch of all logistics links, departments and institutions in the process of logistics.

(B) supervision and inspection of logistics activities

Through supervision and inspection, we can understand the implementation of logistics, expose the contradictions in logistics activities, find out the existing problems, analyze the causes of the problems, and propose ways to overcome them.

(C) supervision of logistics activities

In the process of implementing the logistics plan, there will always be imbalances in various departments and links of logistics. Faced with the above problems, it is necessary to make a new comprehensive balance of the capabilities of all logistics departments and links according to the influencing factors of logistics, and rearrange the forces to achieve logistics goals. This is the norm of logistics activities.

Third, the management of logistics evaluation stage

In a certain period of time, people compare and analyze the results of logistics implementation with the original planned logistics objectives, which is the evaluation of logistics. Through the comprehensive analysis of logistics activities, people can determine the scientificity and rationality of logistics planning, and confirm the achievements and shortcomings of logistics implementation stage, thus providing valuable experience and information for making new plans and organizing new logistics in the future.

According to the different scope of logistics evaluation, logistics evaluation can be divided into special evaluation and comprehensive evaluation. According to the relationship between logistics departments, logistics evaluation can be divided into vertical evaluation and horizontal evaluation. It should be pointed out that no matter what evaluation method is adopted, its evaluation means must rely on specific evaluation indicators. This kind of indicators are usually manifested as physical indicators and comprehensive indicators.

Logistics management education

1993, Beijing Technology and Business University (formerly Beijing Business School) was entrusted by the Ministry of Education to organize the demonstration of logistics management undergraduate major, and the Ministry of Education approved the establishment of logistics management major. From then on, the training of undergraduate, master and doctor of logistics management in China universities began.

1. In order to meet the needs of the socialist market economy, the major of logistics management trains students to be advanced modern logistics management talents with solid basic knowledge of management, economy and information technology, high English level and basic computer skills, and strong practical operation abilities such as logistics management, planning and design on the premise of mastering basic engineering knowledge, being familiar with laws and regulations, and mastering the means and methods of modern logistics management theory and information system.

2. Become a senior compound management talent engaged in the whole process planning, management and logistics informatization in the field of logistics management.

3. Students in this major will study the circulation law of material materials in production, circulation and consumption on the basis of the discipline system of marketing, and seek to obtain the greatest space and time utility; Study the inherent law of logistics and its relationship with national economic construction; Master the trend of logistics modernization and related logistics technology and logistics management.

4. Students in this major will learn many basic courses and specialized courses, mainly including economics, management, management information system, marketing, financial management, distribution center theory, transportation economics, packaging, warehousing management, international goods and transportation, logistics environmental protection, purchasing decision and inventory control, modern logistics management, e-commerce and logistics system, etc.

After four years of study, graduates majoring in logistics management will get a bachelor's degree in management or economics, which is suitable for logistics and related transportation, warehousing and logistics management. Work in national and provincial economic management departments, domestic and foreign trading companies, industrial and commercial enterprises and logistics centers, and also engage in teaching and scientific research in relevant departments.

6. At present, domestic universities offering this major include: Chengdu Neusoft Institute of Information, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing Institute of Materials, Chang 'an University, Civil Aviation Institute of China, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Hebei University of Economics and Business, Shenyang University of Technology, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, Dalian Jiaotong University, Harbin University of Commerce, Tongji University, Donghua University, Shanghai Maritime University and Shanghai Institute of Foreign Trade. Suzhou University of Science and Technology Zhejiang University Ningbo University Anhui University anhui university of finance Huaqiao University Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics China Ocean University Shandong University of Finance and Economics Henan University of Technology zhengzhou institute of aeronautical industry management Wuhan University Zhongnan University of Economics and Law Zhongshan University Jinan University Guangdong University of Foreign Studies Guangdong University of Technology Guangdong Technical Teachers College Guangdong Business School chongqing technology and business university (to be determined) Southwestern University of Finance and Economics Sichuan Institute of Technology Southeast University Chang 'an University, etc.

7. National College Student Logistics Design Competition. Co-sponsored by the Teaching Steering Committee of Logistics Specialty in Colleges and Universities of the Ministry of Education and China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing, and hosted by Beijing Technology and Business University, the final of the "First National College Student Logistics Design Competition" was held in Beijing Technology and Business University from April 15 to April 17, 2007. On April 6, 2007, the awarding ceremony and press conference of the first national college students' logistics design competition was held at Marriott Hotel in Beijing. Wu, Vice Minister of Education, President of China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing, Guo Guangsheng, Vice Minister of Education of People's Republic of China (PRC), Deputy Director of Beijing Municipal Education Commission, Huang Youfang, Director of Political Science and Law Department of People's Republic of China (PRC) Ministry of Education, and Wang Shoufa, Party Secretary of Beijing Technology and Business University attended the award ceremony. The logistics experts attending this grand meeting are: Wang Ming, Cui, He Mingke, Chen and Tian Zheng. Lu Lixin, general manager of Ande Logistics Company, attended the ceremony as a case provider. The award ceremony was presided over by Vice President of China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing and Secretary General of Education Committee. Wu Zai, Vice Minister of Education, said in her speech that this activity has played a very good role in promoting the comprehensive quality of college students, and she congratulated the teachers and students who won the prize. At the same time, she emphasized the demand for logistics talents in China, and pointed out that the conference was jointly organized by the government, associations and enterprises, which was of great significance for training practical talents. This competition has created a very good platform. I hope the organizing committee will seriously sum up experience and lay a good foundation for future competitions. The first National College Student Logistics Design Competition was officially launched on October 25th, 2006, with 8 first prizes, 4 second prizes and 8 third prizes.

Four cores of logistics management

In order to establish a reasonable and efficient

Any enterprise can't do without purchasing, so can chain enterprises. Commodity procurement is the starting point of chain enterprises' business activities. The purchase of chain enterprises must be the purchase plan of the whole chain store. After the distribution center summarizes the procurement plans put forward by each chain store, it makes the procurement plan according to the requirements of the headquarters and the market supply situation, and purchases materials from the market in a unified way. For chain enterprises, the procurement link is a creative department, and the goods they operate need to be introduced through the procurement link to create benefits. However, the present situation of many chain enterprises in the new year is that it is difficult to accurately grasp the headquarters and its subordinates.

Second, warehousing.

& ltU> chain store. Like other stores, there must be goods that are sold all the year round, and there must be goods that are produced and sold in different periods. If all the goods sold all the year round are sold in various ways

Third, distribution.

As one of the basic functions of chain logistics, distribution plays a very important role. practice

Large chain enterprises should attach importance to the construction of distribution centers, reasonably determine the scale of distribution centers according to their own operating conditions, and provide safe, reliable and efficient distribution systems. Actively develop socialized third-party logistics distribution centers, make full use of and integrate existing logistics resources, and carry out asset combination, reorganization and

(1) Construction of Logistics Distribution Center

To develop chain enterprises, we should speed up the construction of distribution centers. Many chain stores in China.

I. Self-built distribution center

This method is suitable for chain enterprises that have reached a certain scale. Distribution center and

Some large chain companies have their own distribution centers. For example, Wal-Mart is the largest commercial chain in the United States, with 25 large distribution centers and 23,000 container trucks, and its Chicago distribution center.

The logistics distribution facilities in Europe and Germany are world-class, but their considerable logistics costs lead to large.

B, socialized logistics distribution center

The distribution center invested by some large supermarket companies can successfully complete the commodity distribution task of this system. However, some small and medium-sized supermarket companies encounter many difficulties in capital, facilities and talents, and there are many problems in carrying out distribution business, such as lack of standardized operation, lack of standards for various codes (including commodity codes and transportation and packaging codes), lack of electronic scanning equipment for express mail selection, arrival sorting, assembly and distribution, commodity inventory and other operations, and lack of bar codes for transportation and distribution on the outer packaging of express mail, which directly affect the service level of enterprises.

With the progress of science and technology, the division of production is becoming more and more detailed, and many companies specializing in distribution tasks have appeared abroad. Some chain enterprises no longer build their own distribution centers, but rely on socialized distribution centers. Socialized distribution center is especially suitable for China.

(1) Because China is currently

(2) Because of the company that undertakes the distribution task.

(3) a large number of

C. Integrated Logistics Distribution Center

Due to the limited business, the distribution centers of many large chain enterprises have begun to undertake the distribution tasks of other companies more or less. For example, Xiyou Company in Japan, on the basis of self-built logistics distribution system, also distributes goods for other enterprises in society. The distribution center of Westward Journey Company near Tokyo is like a big factory, with machine conveyor belts like assembly lines from top to bottom. Goods without conveyor belts are packed in boxes on the shelves on the fifth floor, with a height of at least 6 meters. The distribution center has a freight yard of 65,000 square meters, all machines are classified, and there are also 3 1.600 square meters. Its assembly line averages per hour 1. 620,000 cases of goods, 250 cases in China.

(2) the distribution center provides value-added services

First of all, the distribution center should strengthen information construction. The informatization of logistics distribution is manifested in the database and coding of logistics information collection, the electronization and computerization of logistics information processing, the standardization and real-time delivery of logistics information, and the digitization of logistics information storage. Therefore, barcode technology, database technology, electronic ordering system (EOS), electronic data interchange (EDI), quick response (QR), effective customer response (ECR), radio frequency technology (RF), management information system (MIS),

Secondly, logistics distributors should change the concept of single distribution and use.

Encourage logistics distribution centers to carry out "package" logistics services, open up new areas of logistics services, and expand chain enterprises in China.