What are the ancient science and technology of China?

1. Ancient Chinese scientific and technological achievements:

Astronomy:

Time

Inventor

Achievements

World status

Warring States

Gande

Shishen

The Star Scriptures of Gan Shi

The earliest astronomical monograph in China

Shi's Star Tables

The world's earliest star tables

Eastern Han Dynasty

Zhang Heng

Water Transportation Muddy Instrument

×

Geodesic Instrument (determining the direction of earthquakes)

×

Earth is round

More than 1,000 years earlier than in Europe

Tang Dynasty

The monk and his line

Zodiac traveler

First used it to discover the change of the position of the stars

Measured the length of the meridian line

×

Made the Water Transportation Mapper, which was powered by the current of the water

×

Yuan

Guo Shoujing

Simple Instrument

More than 300 years earlier than the similar invention in Europe

The Earth was round

More than 1,000 years earlier than in Europe

Tang Dynasty

The earth was round

Earlier than the European invention of the same type More than 300 years before the European invention

Determination of the angle of intersection of the ecliptic and the equator

Respected by the world astronomical community

The Calendar for the Observance of Time

The most precise calendar in ancient China

Mathematics: (based on the solving of practical problems)

Spring and Autumn Period

Warring States

×

Nine-Nine Multiplication Recipes, Weights and Measures, and Chip Counting Calculations

×

Eastern Han Dynasty

×

The Nine Chapters of the Art of Counting

recorded the most advanced mathematical operations in the world at that time

Southern Dynasty

Zu Chongzhi

The pi was accurate to seven decimal places

More than the world's first leader More than 1,000 years

Agronomy: (emphasizing application)

North and South Dynasties

Jia Si-fo

The Essentials of Qimin (齐民要术)

China's earliest surviving book on agriculture

Yuan Dynasty

Wang Zhen (王祯)

The Book of Agriculture (农書)

Detailed knowledge on all aspects of agriculture. Ming Dynasty

Xu Guangqi

The Complete Book of Agricultural Politics

Reached the pinnacle of traditional agricultural science (drawing on ancient and modern knowledge, and absorbing Western natural science knowledge)

Medicine: (for the purpose of ridding the king of diseases and the people of their woes, to safeguard the people's physical health, and thus ensure that there is sufficient labor for agriculture)

Western Han Dynasty

The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine

The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine

One of China's earliest surviving medical books, laying the foundation for the theory of Chinese medicine

Eastern Han Dynasty

Zhang Zhongjing

"Treatise on Miscellaneous Diseases of the Typhoid Fever"

Zhang was known as the "Sage of Medicine", and the Four Diagnostic Methods of Treatment became a classic of Chinese clinical medicine

Hua Tuo

Ma Bo San and Five Animal Play

were the earliest anesthetics; they were the earliest sports and health care exercises

Ming Dynasty

Li Shizhen

The Compendium of Materia Medica

comprehensively and systematically summed up the classification of herbs that had existed prior to the 16th century, and created the world's most advanced classification of its kind at that time

The Four Great Inventions:

The Western Han Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty and the Western Han Dynasty.

Western Han Dynasty

Cai Lun (Eastern Han Dynasty)

Paper-making

An important invention in the history of human civilization

Tang Dynasty

Engraving and printing

The Diamond Sutra is the earliest surviving print in the world with a clear chronological record

Northern Song Dynasty

Bi Sheng

Printing with movable type

Had a great impact on the course of human civilization

Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty

Gunpowder

Introduced to Europe by the Arabs in the 14th century, it had a great impact on the Western societies

Beijing Sung Dynasty

The Compass

Used for navigation in the Northern Sung Dynasty; it was introduced to Europe in the 13th century, and played a significant role in the geographical discoveries

The Compass was the first document in the world to be clearly dated.

2. Characteristics of the development of science and technology in ancient China:

(1) Ancient Chinese science and technology has a strong practicality, serving the needs of production and consolidation of rule.

(2) Most of the ancient Chinese scientific and technological writings are direct records of production experience or visual descriptions of natural phenomena, with a strong empirical nature.

(3) Ancient scientific theories had a serious tendency to be technologized, and these technologies were not open-ended and were not transformed into universal productive forces.