What are the logical methods?

What are the logical ways of thinking

Logical thinking includes ① induction and deduction ② analysis and synthesis ③ abstraction and generalization ④ comparative thinking methods ⑤ causal thinking

⑥ recursive reasoning ⑦ reverse thinking

Specific:

① induction and deduction

Induction: to obtain a universal rule from several individual things. For example, a black horse and a white horse can be generalized to a horse. Deduction: contrary to induction, deduction is the derivation of individual rules from universal rules. For example: the horse can be deduced as a black horse, white horse and so on.

② analysis and synthesis

Analysis: analysis is to break things down into parts, sides, attributes, and study them separately. It is a necessary stage in recognizing things as a whole.

Synthesis: Synthesis is the parts of things, sides, attributes according to the inner connection of the organic unity as a whole, in order to grasp the essence of things and laws.

Analysis and synthesis are interpenetrating and transforming, synthesizing on the basis of analysis, analyzing under the guidance of synthesis. Analysis and synthesis, the cycle of repetition, to promote the deepening and development of understanding. Example: in the study of light, people analyze the linear propagation of light, reflection, refraction, that light is a particle, people analyze and study the interference of light, diffraction phenomena and some other particles can not explain the phenomenon, that light is a wave. When people measured the wavelength of various kinds of light, put forward the electromagnetic theory of light, it seems that light is a wave, an electromagnetic wave. However, the discovery of the photoelectric effect was again unexplained by the wave theory, and the photon theory was proposed. When people put these aspects together, a new understanding arose: light has wave-particle duality.

③ Abstraction and generalization

Abstraction: abstraction is extracted from a large number of things **** the same, essential features, and discard its non-essential features. Specifically, the scientific abstraction is based on practice, for the rich perceptual material through the "rough to extract the essence, to remove the false and keep the true, and from the other, from the surface to the inside" of the processing production, the formation of concepts, judgments, reasoning, and other forms of thinking, in order to reflect the essence of things and laws.

Generalization: Generalization is a thinking process and method of forming concepts. That is, from the thought of certain things with some of the same attributes extracted from the essential attributes, generalized to all things with these attributes, so as to form a universal concept about such things. Generalization is an important method of scientific discovery. Because generalization is from a smaller range of knowledge to a larger range of knowledge; is from a field of knowledge to another field of knowledge.

④ Comparative thinking method

According to the object, the comparison is divided into the comparison between things of the same kind and the comparison between different kinds of things. According to the form, comparison is divided into comparison of similarity and comparison of difference. In the similarity, seek the difference: example: Hong Kong has a business adhesives store, in the launch of a new "strong universal adhesive", there are all kinds of shapes on the market *** "universal adhesive". The owner decided to start with advertising, after researching and found that almost all "universal adhesive" advertisements are the same. So, he came up with a different, original "advertising", a gold coin worth 1,000 yuan with this glue on the wall in front of the store, and notice that who can use their hands to pick this gold coin down, this gold coin will be given to who. Sure enough, this advertisement attracted many people to try and watch, and played a "sensational" effect. Although no one could pick the gold coin with their hands, the number of people who came into the store to buy "Powerful Universal Adhesive" was increasing. In different, seek the same or similar: example: man invented the airplane with reference to the bird, the invention of the submarine with reference to the fish.

⑤ Causal Thinking

Simply put, the logic of causality is: because A, therefore B, or if phenomenon A occurs, phenomenon B must occur (sufficient relationship). It is a relation of causing and being caused, and it is cause A that precedes and effect B that follows. (1) Not all sequential relations are necessarily causal, e.g., getting up and putting on your clothes first and then your pants, or shaking your teeth first and then washing your face, are not causal. (2) Not all necessary connections are relations of causing and being caused, only necessary connections with relations of causing and being caused are causal connections.

Causal correspondence:

(1) a cause and an effect: a cause produces a result.

(2) multiple causes and one effect: multiple causes together produce a result.

(3) A cause and effect: a cause produces more than one result.

(4) Multiple causes and multiple effects: both multiple causes together produce multiple results.

(6) recursive method

Recursive is in accordance with the causal relationship or hierarchical relationship, etc., step by step reasoning. Some causes produce a result, and then that result serves as the cause to produce the next result, so it becomes a chain of cause and effect, and a chain of cause and effect is ...... >>

What are the commonly used methods of logical thinking

The ones expressed orally are: reverse thinking, image thinking, and abstract thinking.

The more specialized ones are: elimination; recursion; hypothesis; analysis; analogy; counterfactual; qualified thinking; aggregated form; short-board principle; superordinate effect ......

What kinds of logical thinking

Logical thinking methods are not only the method of content arrangement and logical argumentation in essay writing, but also, more importantly, the method of conducting scientific research.

1. Inductive and deductive methods.

Induction is a method of thinking from individual to general, that is, from a number of individual examples to introduce a general conclusion, or a number of other judgments as an argument to prove a thesis or thesis. To find the general nature or law of things from the factual material you have to apply induction. It is a logical method often used when we write essays. For example, when we summarize the lessons of China's economic construction, we see that in the first and middle of the 50's, we paid attention to the economic laws, and the economy developed steadily; in the first half of the 60's, we paid attention to the economic laws, and the economy recovered and developed very quickly; since the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee, we have adopted a series of policies and measures in line with the actual situation, and the economy has begun to recover and move forward in a healthy manner. Thus, we have come to the conclusion that only by working according to the laws of the economy can our country's economy be developed.

Deduction is the opposite of induction, it is a general to individual thinking method, that is, using the known general truth as an argument to prove an individual argument. For example, we use the theory to guide the investigation and research, to use a quote from a classic writer to argue a point of view, using this method.

2. The method of analysis and synthesis.

Analysis is to break things down into various attributes, parts and aspects, and to study and express them separately as a method of thinking. Synthesis is the decomposition of the various attributes, parts and aspects of the synthesis of the study and expression of the method of thinking. In the process of thesis writing, the methods of analyzing and synthesizing are often used, whether it is to study and formulate the thesis or to study and formulate sub-theses. For example: *** Comrade's essay "Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society". The beginning of the first question, the primary problem of the revolution is to distinguish between the enemy, I, friends; middle, analyze each class that makes up the whole of Chinese society; end, synthesize the above sub-fold, solve the problem, answer the beginning of the Chinese revolution of the enemy, I, friends.

3. The method from concrete to abstract and from abstract to concrete.

From concrete to abstract, is from the concrete appearance of social and economic phenomena, after analysis and research, the formation of abstract concepts and categories of thinking. From the abstract to the concrete, is in accordance with the order from the abstract category to the concrete category, the overall socio-economic relations from the theory of the concrete reproduction of the thinking method. In the thesis writing process, in general, we should also use the method from concrete to abstract and from abstract to concrete, that is, on the basis of the possession of information, after analyzing and researching, to find out the thesis arguments, in the mind to form a thesis system, and then according to the order of abstract to concrete, part of a part of the thesis written out. The first thing you need to do is to take a look at the paper and see if you can find a way to get a better understanding of it.

4. Logical and historical method.

The method of rising from the abstract to the concrete is the logical method. The so-called historical method is to follow the historical process of the development of things to express the method. The logical process of development is the theoretical reproduction of the historical process of development. However, it is rare for a thesis to use the method of unification of logic and history in a general way, whereas in economics monographs and textbooks this method is often used in a general way.

It should be noted that all of the above logical methods are specific manifestations of materialistic dialectics in the thinking process. In the process of writing a thesis it is often necessary to use them in a comprehensive manner. The logic of thesis

A thesis and logic

A thesis, like any other essay, should be a unity of content and form. Content refers to the topic and material, form refers to the logical structure and language expression. The content of the thesis certainly plays a decisive role, but the form of the thesis is not negative and passive, but in fact plays an important role. As we know, to think, people have to use concepts, judgments, reasoning and other forms of thinking. These forms of thinking are not only the means used by human beings to reflect the objective reality, but also the basic material for constructing the thesis. Only by mastering these forms of thinking and their related logical requirements, can we write a thesis with logical color. Therefore, in the process of writing the thesis, we should comply with the basic laws of logic, consciously these basic laws, throughout the various aspects of writing and the entire thesis, specifically, pay attention to the following issues:

First, the content of the thesis in line with the objective reality, can be convincing.

Secondly, the concept is clear, the judgment is appropriate, and the reasoning is coherent.

Third, the content of the paper is closely related to each other, and the whole paper forms a unified whole.

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What are the basic forms of logical thinking

Methods of thinking are the ways, means, or approaches that people rely on in order to realize the purpose of a particular thinking through thinking activities, that is, the tools and means used in the thinking process. The method of thinking belongs to the category of thinking, is a side of the way of thinking, is a specific and centralized embodiment of the way of thinking. Thinking method is a complex system composed of various levels and elements. According to its role in the scope of the different, can be divided into three major levels of thinking methods: general thinking methods, the specific science **** the same thinking methods and the science of the unique thinking methods.

Commonly used thinking methods are:

Divergent thinking method - it is based on the existing information at a certain point, and then use the known knowledge, experience, through speculation, imagination, thinking along different directions, reorganization of information in the memory and in front of the information to produce new information. It can be divided into three levels: fluency, adaptability, and originality.

Aggregative thinking method - also known as seeking common ground. It refers to the thinking process and method of exploring a correct answer from different sources, different materials, and different directions.

Goal thinking method - after establishing the goal, step by step to realize its goal thinking method. Its thinking process is directional and hierarchical.

Reverse thinking method - it is the counterpart of the target thinking, from the target point back out of the conditions, causes of the thinking method. It is also an effective method of innovation.

Transplantation thinking method - it is a creative thinking method to apply the scientific and technological achievements in a certain field to other fields, bionics is a typical example.

Associative thinking method - similar associations, close associations, comparative associations, cause and effect associations.

Image thinking method - the method of thinking through images. It has the image, emotional, is an important symbol of the difference from abstract thinking.

Deductive thinking method - it is from the universal to the special thinking method, the specific form of trinitarian, associative reasoning, false reasoning, selective reasoning and so on.

Inductive thinking - it is a form of thinking based on the principle that the general resides in the particular and reasoning.

What are the logical methods of physics

An Introduction to Methods in Physics

I. What are the aspects of Aristotle's contribution to physics? How did he formulate the "triad of formal logic"? Give examples.

II. What ideas and methods of physics did Galileo use in obtaining the concepts of free-fall motion and inertia? From Galileo's scientific achievements you can do some generalizations and analysis of the methods of thought of modern physicists?

III. In what ways did Newton surpass Galileo and Bacon in experimental methodology? What picture of nature did his theory of classical mechanics reveal for people? How can the picture of nature be evaluated?

Fourth, in what ways did Einstein's conceptual methodology inherit Newton's ideas compared to Newton's and Galileo's experimental methods? In what ways was it a transcendence of Newton's theory? What profound insights can be gained from his journey to formulate the theory of relativity and thus create a scientific conceptual methodology?

V. What do you think the modern way of thinking embodied in systems science has to say about changing the concept of education and teaching and improving geography teaching?

VI. What do you think the complexity way of thinking has to say about changing the concept of education and teaching and improving geography teaching?

I. What are some of Aristotle's contributions to physics? How did he propose the "triad of formal logic"? Give examples.

Contributions: 1) First to propose a name for physics, emphasizing scientific classification.

2) Motion stops if no force is applied to an object. Force is the cause of motion.

3) The heavier the object, the greater the falling speed should be.

4) Earth is the center of the universe and the sun, planets and moon revolve around it.

There are three fields of study in logic, namely traditional logic, modern symbolic logic and dialectical logic. Traditional logic mainly refers to the "formal logic" established by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. Aristotle considered his main achievement to be the discovery of trinitarianism: (1) if A is asserted to be a property of all the molecules of B, (2) and if B is asserted to be a property of all the molecules of C, (3) then A is asserted to be a property of all the molecules of C.

For example, suppose A is the English language, B is a human invention, and C is humanity itself. Then A (English) is a property of B (human invention), and B (human invention) is a property of C (human self), then A (English) is asserted to be under the control of C (human self) according to Aristotle's formal logic triad.

Second, what kind of ideas and physical methods did Galileo use in getting the concepts of free-fall motion and inertia? From Galileo's scientific achievements can you make some generalizations and analysis of the methods of thought of modern physicists?

Ideas and methods of physics: Galileo believed that only through the results of observation and experimentation, first of all, as far as possible, to find out which of their own conclusions are correct, and then you can try to prove it. In Galileo's view, do not be superstitious about the so-called authority, to have enough courage to challenge the authority of course, but also to have sufficient evidence, which requires actual observation and experimentation. So he believed that observation and measurement can even be used as the highest criterion to delimit the scope of scientific facts.

Summary and analysis: dare to challenge authority; do not ignore any small changes in the observation; should be from nature rather than books alone to find the truth; emphasize the importance of experimentation in scientific understanding.

Third, in what ways did Newton surpass Galileo and Bacon in experimental methodology? What kind of picture of nature did his theory of classical mechanics reveal to people? How can the picture of nature be evaluated?

Newton used mathematics to make physics a complete system capable of expressing causality. He established a complete system of classical physics with cause and effect relationships, which has been widely used in practice. The system of mechanics established by him not only can explain the phenomena already explained by existing theories, such as fully explaining the law of inertia and the law of free fall discovered by Galileo, but also can explain and explain the phenomena that cannot be explained by existing theories.

Nature picture and evaluation: summarized the law of gravity and the three laws of classical mechanics, with formulas that unify the motion of the largest celestial bodies and the motion of the smallest particles in the universe. The universe became so clear: no motion happens for no reason, it is a state, a link in a long series of causal chains that can be precisely described. People broke with thousands of years of thinking that God's will ruled the world and began to believe that there was nothing that intelligence could not know with certainty. Compared with his theory, Newton's greater contribution was to make people start to believe in science from then on

Fourth, compared with the experimental methods of Newton and Galileo, in what ways did Einstein's conceptual methodology inherit Newton's ideas? In what ways was it a transcendence of Newton's theory? After he proposed the relative ...... >>

What is logical analysis

Logical analysis refers to the method of analysis used in analytic philosophy and philosophy of science, which appeared after the "turn to language". This approach uses modern mathematical logic as a powerful tool to analyze language and to solve traditional philosophical problems through linguistic analysis. For this reason, it has been called by many the "Copernican revolution" of the "linguistic turn".

One application of logical analysis is as follows:

Cause-consequence analysis is a method that combines the "forward" characteristics of the event tree and the "backward" characteristics of the fault tree. The advantage of this method is that it uses a graphical method that unfolds in two ways, forward to the result of the event and backward to the basic cause of the event. Since fault and event trees are cumbersome, CEA has the advantage of using a simple model to represent the causes and consequences of an accident.