Knowledge of Chinese etiquette and culture

Chinese etiquette and rituals . In ancient China, there are five rituals , sacrificial matters are auspicious rituals, crown and marriage matters are joyful rituals, guest matters are guest rituals, military matters are military rituals, and funeral matters are evil rituals. Folklore circles believe that rituals include four kinds of life rituals: birth, crown, marriage and funeral. In fact, rituals can be divided into two main categories: political and life rituals. Political rites include sacrifices to heaven, earth, temples and ancestral temples, sacrifices to ancestors and saints, honoring teachers, drinking rites, meeting rites, military rites, etc. Life rites include the five rituals, the high rituals, the funeral rites, and the funeral rites. Life includes five rituals, the sacrifice of the high heir sacrifice, Nuo Yi, birth ceremony, crown ceremony, food etiquette, gift etiquette.

The origin of etiquette

According to Xunzi's statement, there are " three books " that is, " the birth of heaven and earth ", " the ancestors of the class of the book ", " the master of the ruler of the book ", " the master of the ruler of the book ". " the basis of the rule of kings and teachers ". Among the rituals, funeral rites are the earliest. Funeral rites are used to appease the ghosts of the dead, while they are used by the living to distinguish between the young and the old, and to fulfill filial piety and human decency. In the process of establishing and implementing rituals, the Chinese patriarchal system (see Chinese Patriarchy) was born. The essence of etiquette is the way of governing people, a derivative of the belief in ghosts and gods. People believe that all things are manipulated by invisible ghosts and gods, and that the performance of etiquette is a way of currying favor with the ghosts and gods and asking for blessings. Therefore, etiquette originated from the belief in ghosts and gods, and it was also a special form of manifestation of the belief in ghosts and gods. The emergence of the "Three Rites" (Yili, Li Ji, and Zhou Li) marked a mature stage in the development of etiquette. During the Song Dynasty, rituals were integrated with the feudal ethical and moral sermons, i.e., rituals were mixed with rites and became one of the powerful tools for the implementation of rites and teachings. Rituals were performed to serve the purpose of persuading virtue, and red tape was used to the best of its ability. It was not until modern times that the rituals were truly reformed. Both the rituals of the political life of the country and the rituals of the people's life have been changed into a new content without the theory of ghosts and gods, thus becoming the modern civilized etiquette.

Ancient political etiquette

① Sacrifice to heaven. Beginning in the Zhou Dynasty, the sacrifice to heaven is also called the suburban sacrifice, held on the winter solstice in the southern suburb of the capital Huanqiu. The ancients first emphasized the entity worship, the worship of the sky is also reflected in the worship of the moon and the worship of the stars. All these specific worships, after reaching a certain amount, were abstracted into the worship of heaven. Zhou Dynasty people worship the sky, from the Yin Dynasty, "emperor" worship development, the supreme ruler for the son of heaven, the divine right of kings, the sacrifice of the sky is for the supreme ruler of the service, therefore, the sacrifice of the sky prevailed until the Qing Dynasty to declare the end. ② Sacrifice to the ground. Summer solstice is the day of sacrifice, rituals and sacrifices to the sky is more or less the same. In the Han Dynasty, the goddess of the earth was called Earth Mother, and she was also called the Goddess of Society, the goddess who blessed mankind. The earliest sacrifice to the ground was blood sacrifice. After the Han Dynasty, the belief that it is inappropriate to move the earth's feng shui is prevalent, and the rituals of sacrificing to the earth also include sacrificing to the mountains and rivers, sacrificing to the God of the Earth, the God of the Valley, the God of the Gods, and the God of the Jigoku. ③The sacrifice of the clan and temple. The clan and temple system is a product of ancestor worship. People in the sunshine for the spirits of the dead to establish the host that is the clan temple. The emperor's temple system is the son of seven temples, the vassals five temples, three temples of the great doctor, the scholar a temple. The common people were not allowed to set up temples. The location of the temple, the son of heaven, the vassal set in the door on the left. The temple of the left and the right side of the right bed. The common people is the bedroom in the stove next to the ancestral shrine. Sacrifice, but also divination and selection of the body. The corpse is usually filled by the grandchildren. Temple in the God is a wooden rectangular body, sacrifices only when placed, offerings can not be called by name. Nine rites of worship are performed at the time of sacrifice, "ki shou", "dun shou", "kong shou", "vibration", " auspicious worship ", " ferocious worship ", " odd worship ", " praise worship " and " Sukhwai". According to the Book of Rites - Qu Li, all the ancestors who have done something for the people, such as Emperor ?ào, Yao, Shun, Yu, Huangdi, Wen Wang, Wu Wang, etc., are to be worshipped. Since the Han Dynasty, mausoleums and shrines have been built to honor the former emperors. The Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty created the temple of all the emperors in Kyoto. During the Jiajing period, a temple to the emperors was established in Fuchengmen, Beijing, to worship the 36 emperors. (4) Sacrifices to the ancestors and sages. After the Han and Wei Dynasties, the Duke of Zhou was the first saint and Confucius was the first teacher; in the Tang Dynasty, Confucius was honored as the first saint and Yan Hui as the first teacher. After the Tang and Song dynasties, the "Shi Dian" ritual (set up a recommended altar, food and drink and sacrifice, with music and no body) has been used as a school ritual, but also as a Confucian ritual. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the ritual of "Shidian" was performed twice a year in spring and fall, and the temples of Confucius and Yan were set up in county schools all over the country. In the Ming Dynasty, Confucius was called "The Most Sacred Teacher". Qing Dynasty, Shengjing (Shenyang, Liaoning Province) has a Confucian temple, after the capital of Beijing, the capital of Guozijian for the Imperial College, the establishment of the Temple of Literature, Confucius called "Dacheng to the Sage Wenxuan Xianshi". The temple system, sacrificial vessels, musical instruments and rituals in Qufu were based on the Beijing Imperial College. The ritual of drinking wine in the township is a product of sacrificing to the late master and the late saint. The ritual of meeting each other. When a subordinate pays a visit to a superior, he or she should pay a visit to the superior; officials should pay a visit to each other by bowing to each other; officials, marquises and extra horse harnessed by the side of a team should pay two visits to each other; subordinates should pay a visit to the western side first, and superiors should pay a visit to the eastern side. When civilians meet each other, they salute each other according to their age and the younger ones salute each other. The youngest one will give a salute. The foreigners will make four salutes, and the near ones will make a bowing ceremony. (6) Military rites. Including conquest, taxation, hunting, camping and so on.

Ancient life rituals

① Birth rites. From the seeking of a child when a woman is not pregnant to the baby's first birthday, all rituals are centered on the theme of long life. The High-requesting Sacrifice is the rite of begging for a son. At this time, the altar was set up in the southern suburbs, and the nine concubines all participated. Han Wei have high heir-requesting sacrifice, the Tang and Song dynasty developed a high heir-requesting sacrifice rituals, Jin dynasty high heir-requesting the Qing Emperor, in the imperial city of East Yong'anmen north of the wooden square platform, the platform set high heir-requesting shrine, the Qing dynasty no high heir-requesting sacrifice, but with the same significance of the "change of the rope" ceremony. Since ancient times, there has been a tendency to give preference to men over women in the birth ceremony. Birth rites also include "three days", "full moon", "100 days", "birthday" and so on. Sanchao is when a baby is born for three days and receives congratulatory gifts from all quarters. At the full moon, the baby's hair is shaved when the baby reaches the age of one month. On the 100th day, the baby is recognized by his or her uncle and named. Weeks of age when the weekly ritual, in order to predict the fate of the child's life, the cause of good and bad luck.

② Bar Mitzvah. Also known as the crown ceremony, is to cross into the ranks of adults, men crowning ceremony. Crowning ceremony from the clan society prevails in the development of young men and women to participate in the maturity of the Cheng Ding ceremony evolved. During the Han Dynasty, the crown ceremony system was inherited from the Zhou Dynasty. In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the crown ceremony began to be accompanied by music. The Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties all practiced crown rites, which were abolished in the Qing Dynasty. Many areas of China's ethnic minorities still retain the ancient rites of passage, such as extracting teeth, dyeing teeth, wearing skirts, pants, buns and other ceremonies.

③ food and drink rituals. The ceremony was held in the temple, cooking too much jail to drink guests, focusing on the etiquette of exchanges and not in the diet, Yan that is, the feast, Yan ceremony held in the chambers, the guest of honor can be open to drink. The Yan ceremony had a profound influence on the formation of Chinese food culture. Festivals and banquets in the Chinese folk food customs to form a holiday diet rituals. The first fifteenth day of the first month to eat the Lantern Festival, the Qingming Festival to eat cold rice and cold food, May Duanyang zongzi and xionghuang wine, the Mid-Autumn Mooncake, Lapa congee, resignation dumplings and so on are festival rituals of food and drink. Eating specific foods at specific festivals is also a kind of dietary etiquette. Banquet seating, the order of serving food, persuade, toast etiquette, but also have the social customs of men and women, inferiority and superiority, the relationship between the eldest and youngest and the requirements of the blessing of avoidance.

④ Bingli. Mainly for the guests of the gift of hospitality. Gift etiquette with the guests have a hierarchical difference. Shi met, the guest to see the host to the pheasant as Zhi; the next doctor to meet, to the goose as Zhi; on the doctor to meet, to the lamb as Zhi.

⑤ Five sacrifices. It refers to the sacrifice of the door, the household, the well, the stove, and the middle slip (the middle room). In the Zhou Dynasty, it was the spring sacrifice to the household, the summer sacrifice to the stove, the June sacrifice to the middle slip, the fall sacrifice to the door, and the winter sacrifice to the well. The Han Wei Dynasty, according to the seasonal line of five sacrifices, the winter of March "wax five sacrifices", the total sacrifice once. Tang, Song, Yuan, the use of "Son of Heaven seven sacrifices," said, sacrificing life (small gods in the palace), in the slip, the State Gate, the State line, Tai Li (wild ghosts), household, stove. The Ming and Qing dynasties are still sacrificing five sacrifices, the Qing dynasty after the Kangxi, strike the door, household, in the slip, the well of the special sacrifices, only in the waxing moon 23rd sacrificial stove, and the folk legend of the Zaowang master in the waxing moon on the 24th day of the day to speak of things, the national rituals used in the folk form.

⑥ Nuo Yi. Goblet in prehistory, prevalent in the Shang and Zhou. Nuo instrument of the Zhou Dynasty is the four seasons to drive away evil spirits and epidemics. Zhou people believe that the functioning of nature and the personnel of the lucky and lucky are closely related. Seasonal transition, the variation of heat and cold, the plague epidemic, the ghosts take advantage of the situation, so must be timely to chase the evil Nuo. Nuo instrument in the main God is Fang Xiangshi. Two Han, Nuo instrument appeared in the twelve beasts matched with the Fang Xiangshi. Wei, Jin, North and South Dynasties, Sui and Tang inherited the Han system, Nuo instrument to join the entertainment components, Fang Xiang's and the role of the twelve beasts, played by musicians. So far there are still remnants of Guizhou Tujia Nuo Nuo instrument is the most complete and typical.

Chinese etiquette in Chinese culture plays a "quasi-fa Jin" role.

Chinese business and social etiquette

Handshake etiquette

Handshake etiquette originated in ancient Europeans to show the other side of the hand unarmed, indicating that the friendly intentions. Later it became a fashion, which was popular in Europe and America. After the 1911 Revolution, it was also practiced in China.

In today's business, the handshake is one of the most common courtesies.

The way to shake hands:

Both parties extend their right hand, keep a distance of about one meter from each other, palm slightly straight forward and down, right hand four fingers together, thumb up, palm to the left, the height of the hand is roughly equal to the waist, the hand hold each other, should be smiling and watching each other, each other should be a few pleasantries.

Handshake should pay attention to:

1 Do not be distracted, eyes on each other;

2 handshake time should not be too long (generally about 3 to 5 seconds);

3 handshake do not shoot each other's arms;

4 handshake should not be overly forceful.

(Relationships in general, the two sides a little hard to shake each other, up and down a shake can be; if the relationship is close, can be a little hard and up and down a few times, indicating a very friendly or both sides of the deep affection. But only shake the fingertips or only hand over the fingertips or hands wrapped around each other's hands, it is rude).

Handshake should follow the principle: the honored one in front.

Between superior and subordinate, the superior should reach out first; between elders and juniors, the elder should reach out first

Between men and women, the lady should reach out first; between peers of the same level, no distinction is made as to who reaches out first.

Note: When the handshake meets two or more of the above orders, the position of the handshake is usually considered first, followed by age and then gender.

Note: when introduced, the honored one should be at the back (the one with the lower position is introduced first, and the one with the higher position is introduced later); but when shaking hands, the honored one should be at the front (the one with the higher position reaches out first).

When guests and hosts shake hands, the order of reaching out is different. To greet the guests, the host reaches out first; to send the guests away, the guests reach out first. When the guest arrives, the host generally reaches out first, indicating welcome; when the guest leaves, the guest generally reaches out first. Guests reach out first, said to let the host stay.

The business card is an economical and practical tool of communication in modern business interactions.

It is a kind of self "introduction letter" and "contact card".

Business people should have an understanding of the selection of business cards, production, handing business card etiquette.

Business card etiquette

Specifications The specifications of the business card is generally 8.6 cm - 10 cm long, 5.5-6 cm wide. At present, the most common domestic business card specifications for 9cm × 5.5cm

Color Mostly white, cream, light blue, light yellow and other colors

Version Horizontal and vertical (horizontal business card line order from top to bottom, word order from left to right)

Texture The texture of the business card is suitable for the soft and wear-resistant white cardboard, incense sheet paper, etc.

Graphic Business card patterns should be simple; the text should be in simplified Chinese characters. The text should be in simplified Chinese characters and should not be printed alternately on the same side of the card. It is better to print the same content in simplified Chinese characters and another character on both sides respectively.

The content of a standard business card:

The unit to which I belong (corporate logo, unit of employment, department), my name (name, title, position)

Contact information (unit address, phone, fax, zip code, you can also list the unit's Web site, my mailbox or cell phone, etc.)

Handing over a business card of etiquette norms ---- how to ask for a business card

1. Take the initiative to hand over your business card (e.g., Hello! This is my business card, keep in touch or please take care of me more in the future!)

2. Offer to exchange business cards (e.g., Can we give each other business cards? Or nice to meet you, I wonder if we can exchange business cards with you?)

3. Ask for a business card from a senior (I've heard a lot about you, and I don't know how to ask you for advice in the future. I'm very glad to know you! I would like to ask for your advice in the future, but I don't know how to contact you.)

4. Ask for a business card from your junior or junior (how can I contact you in the future?).

Note:

If someone asks you for a business card and you don't want to give it to him or her, you should express it in a polite way. What to say.

What to say if you don't have a business card?

The order of business card delivery: generally by the position of the low first to the position of the high first, the younger generation first to the elders, men first to the women to hand in the business card, and then by the latter to be given back; in the delivery of business cards to a number of people should be honored by the low, from near to far, (round table) according to the clockwise order.

Business card delivery: should be smiling, the front of the card toward each other, with both hands to the other (with both thumbs and forefingers to hold the top two corners of the business card to each other) and say pleasantries. (e.g. This is my card, please give me more advice or keep in touch! ) When handing over a business card, if you are handing over or receiving it unilaterally, you should use both hands; if you are exchanging business cards at the same time, you should hand it over with your right hand and receive it with your left hand. Don't use your fingers to give people, in handing out business cards, if you are sitting, you should get up or owe.

The etiquette of handing over business cards--how to receive a business card

1. When receiving a business card, you should get up or bow down, smile, and use both hands to catch the lower corners of the card. After receiving the business card, you should give thanks and look at it carefully to show that you attach importance to the other party;

2. After looking at the business card, you should put it away properly, and not fiddle with it in your hand or put it on the table casually.

3. If temporarily placed on the desk, do not put other items on the business card, and do not leave the business card on the way out.

Note on business cards:

Don't write irrelevant things on other people's business cards; remember to bring your business card when you attend a business social event.

The etiquette of handing over business cards - the placement of business cards

Business cards should be placed in a business card holder, or in the inside pocket of a suit or briefcase.

It is rude to put your business card in other pockets, especially back pants pockets, skirt pockets or money clips.

It's best to keep other people's cards separate from your own.

It is better to keep other people's cards separate from your own.