Shanxi ornamental stone

Summary of Shanxi Ornamental Stone Research

Ornamental stones are natural rocks that have not been polished by people. It is now allowed to cut (only one knife is allowed) or polish rocks. After careful consideration, the stone forms a certain shape and becomes a fairy, Buddha, beast and bird. It is a handicraft, not an ornamental stone. Ornamental stone generally refers to a small size, which can be placed on the table or in the hall. If it is bigger, it will become a garden stone, which needs to be placed in gardens and parks.

The study of ornamental stones in Shanxi started earlier, but it is only the foreign works of Shanxi lovers, not a piece of ornamental stone that describes Shanxi's output. Ornamental stones are mentioned in the poem, such as Bai Juyi in Tang Dynasty, Liu Zongyuan, Mi Fei in Song Dynasty, etc. There are no ornamental stones in Shanxi.

China's love for ornamental stones originated very early, especially in the Northern Song Dynasty. Flower stones were the most famous, but they were all ornamental stones of large garden stones. However, the development of small ornamental stones began at the end of the 20th century. Starting from the villagers in Yuanqu, southwest of Zhongtiao Mountain, we searched for natural plum blossom jade from the stream, excavated it manually, and then cut, polished and polished it.

Plum blossom jade, also known as plum blossom stone, is an andesite produced in the Mesoproterozoic Western River Group 65.438+0.8 billion years ago. It contains white, red and green almond bodies, and the volcanic pores are filled to form similar veinlets, thus forming a picture of lush foliage blooming in the cold plum snow, so it is called plum blossom jade.

Plum blossom jade is produced in Ruyang, Henan. As early as the Western Zhou Dynasty, natural plum blossom jade appeared, and in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu named it a national treasure. Since then, it has been continuously mined and used in the study to process pen washing, pen containers, pen containers and paperweights, and some have been processed into teapots, teacups and tea trays; Some are processed into vases. Only a few are processed into flat ellipsoids for viewing. By the end of the 20th century, the andesite in Ruyang, Henan Province will be completely mined and protected by the local government as a mining area. Just at this time, the plum blossom jade in Yuanqu, Shanxi Province came out, participated in the national exhibition and appraisal of strange stones for many times, won the gold medal for many times, and became a "dark horse" in the strange stone industry at that time. Inspired by participating in the exhibition and evaluation of strange stones, Zhongtiaoshan began to mine the Yellow River Stone and Wulongyu (banded marble of Zhongtiao Group) on a large scale. At the same time, there are heterogeneous "chrysanthemum stones" and various modeling stones, and even Lingbi stones and sea stones. Products were acquired by stone merchants in Luoyang, becoming the main market subject of Yellow River stone in this area.

In the late 1990s, stone lovers from Xiyang, Hequ, Linxian and Lingqiu in Shanxi spontaneously collected ornamental stones in the local area. In the geological survey of Shanxi, the "rain flower stone" was found in the Tianzhen-Youyu line in Yanbei, and together with various mineral crystals and fossils, it finally formed the ornamental stone resource donor in Shanxi.

During 2008-2009, guided by the sample collection in geological museum, Shanxi Province, and taking the opportunity of systematic collection of strata, rocks and ores in the whole province, many strange stone lovers compiled the "Hedong Strange Stone" Shanxi Ornamental Stone Atlas. Hou Guilin, a famous ornamental stone scientist in Shaanxi and consultant of China Ornamental Stone Association, published the monograph Dialogue with Stone. On October 20/31month, Shanxi Ornamental Stone Association was formally established, and branches were set up in the whole province by region. In the same year, the investigation project of ornamental stone resources in Shanxi Province was approved, and the investigation work in the whole province is under way. The climax of the development of ornamental stones in Shanxi is also rising.

(2) Naming of ornamental stones

There are different opinions on the classification of ornamental stones, and there is no unified naming standard or principle in China. People all over the country give names to ornamental stones at will, resulting in various names, many of which are easy to cause misjudgment. For example, the ornamental stones produced in Dahua County, Guangxi Province are named "big fossils", which are easily confused with paleontological fossils. Another example is the ornamental stone produced in Lvliang Township, Tongshan County, Jiangsu Province, named Luliangshi, which is easily confused with Lvliang Mountain Range and Lvliang City (region).

The names of Changjiang Stone and Huanghe Stone in ornamental stones are too wide and too big. There are many kinds of ornamental stones along the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, which are several meters long in Qian Qian. There is no strict definition, they are "a big hat, including many molecules". All kinds of rocks along the Yellow River and the Yangtze River can be called "Yellow River Stone" and "Changjiang Stone". Ornamental stones, in fact, are a combination of special types of rocks, minerals, fossils and event stones in the geological industry, which should belong to a new geological discipline, so they should not be named at will according to personal interests. It should also be close to decorative stones and combine two naming methods-geological naming and commercial naming. For example, Yu Meihua, an andesite of almond body, and Huangheshi, a stony sandstone of Changzhou Formation. Otherwise, it will cause confusion in the business circle and affect their evaluation, search and promotion.

Today, ornamental stones have been incorporated into the management of the Ministry of Land and Resources. The author also hopes that the competent department of land and resources can formulate scientific and systematic naming principles as soon as possible, further determine the classification and definition of existing ornamental stones, and determine a new naming series of ornamental stones.

(3) Ornamental stones in Shanxi

(1) Plum blossom jade. It is a red and white oval rock with cold plum pattern, which is made of volcanic rocks in the early Mesoproterozoic, washed naturally or polished artificially. Originated in Beishan, Tongshan and Huafeng Township in the southeast of Yuanqu County at the southern foot of Zhongtiao Mountain. Later, Zhang Pu, Yan Ying, Elvis Presley and Maojiawan were also produced. From 2008 to 20 10, the official project investigation by the Provincial Department of Land and Resources found that almost all counties in Zhongtiaoshan District were distributed. Plum blossom jade can be formed in the place where andesite is exposed in Mesoproterozoic. It is found that the volcanic rock is about 5000 meters thick and the exposed area is 1000 square kilometers. In addition to Yuanqu County, nearby Xiaxian, Yicheng, Wenxi, Jiangxian and Yangcheng all have high-quality plum blossom jade producing areas. In addition, Qinshui and Pinglu are also scattered. To the south, it can extend to Jiyuan, Jin Meng, Sanmenxia, Lushi, Lingbao and other places in northern Henan. Westward into Luonan, Shaanxi. This set of volcanic rocks is called Xiyanghe Group in Shanxi and Xionger Group in Henan and Shaanxi, which are actually two names of a set of strata in different regions. This set of strata is also distributed in Hanshan area of Linxian County, Shanxi Province and Xiaolianling area of Gujiao, and there is also the possibility of plum blossom jade.

The original rock in Yu Meihua is andesite, which is dark brown, dark green, brownish red and grayish black, and its hardness is between 5 and 6. When its pores are all filled with white calcite or calcite, it appears as a white almond body; When it is filled with red calcite and stones, it becomes a red almond body; When filled with green kaolinite, it becomes green almond body. If these amygdala-containing rocks are filled with later homogeneous veinlets, three kinds of tree-shaped cold plum patterns, Bai Mei, Hongmei and Lvmei, will be formed. Of course, there are four kinds of red and white plums.

The quality of plum blossom jade lies in the collocation of plum blossom and plum branch, that is, the relationship between almond body and pulse body. Old plum can be formed when the pulse body is thick. When the pulse body is thin, a twig plum is formed. When volcanic rocks contain a large number of fine chlorite almonds, it also reduces the quality of plum blossom jade, making its background mottled and uneven, which affects the pattern quality of plum blossom jade. Under special circumstances, when the green veins are irregular patches, patterns of green leaves, red lotus and lily can be formed. Individual irregular veinlets can also form the scene of Wang Xizhi's "winding water and walking clouds"

Generally speaking, plum blossom jade is (horizontal) 10 ~ 35cm× (height) 20 ~ 35cm× (thickness) 5 ~ 10cm, and some big jade can reach 30cm× 60cm× 15cm.

Calendar stone?

(2) Lishan stone. At first, it was a yellow river stone. River pebbles produced on the banks of the Yellow River are called Yellow River pebbles as long as they can form a certain image, regardless of texture and origin. Yellow River Stone was renamed because of its overuse and wide distribution. Seasonal sandstone produced at the bottom of the Great Wall System in Zhongtiaoshan-Xiaoshan area is weathered into ferromanganese colloid deposits, or faded spots and oxidized spots are superimposed to form various patterns, which are all called calendar stones. Lishan Stone is named because Lishan (also known as Shun Wang Ping) at the junction of Yuanqu County, Yuncheng City, Yangcheng County, Jincheng City and Yicheng County in Linfen City is the main peak of Zhongtiao Mountain, with an altitude of more than 2,300 meters. The mountain is composed of timely sandstone of Changzhougou Formation of Great Wall System, and its thickness is over 1000 m.. Lishan is the place where Shun Di made China's first calendar by observing the phenology of the four seasons and the sun, moon and stars. Calendar stone contains the implication of the birth of Chinese ancestors and the origin of Chinese civilization.

The origin of Lishan Stone is on the road from Tongshan Town, Yuanqu County to Shun Wang Ping. There, the joints of timely sandstone produced nearly horizontally developed, and later weathered into iron-manganese colloid, forming irregular rust-colored bands in the rock. Once you land, all kinds of wonderful patterns will appear: figures, immortals, clouds, figures, beasts, ichthyosaurs and so on. When a small amount of minerals in sandstone are oxidized in the late diagenetic stage, red circular oxidation spots will appear on the rock; When some substances in the oxidation zone are reduced, circular and light-colored fading spots will appear in dark rocks. They are combined with the texture of the strata, so they will cause astronomical phenomena such as "the long river sets the yen", early sunrise and three stars in the night sky, which can be called "the sun and moon stone".

The distribution range of Lishan stone is wider than that of Meihua jade. It is the first set of Mesoproterozoic bottom sandstone strata unconformity on the andesite of Xiyanghe Group, widely exposed in the southern section of Taihang Mountain, Zhongtiaoshan Mountain, Xiaoshan and Taihuashan Mountain. The northern part is exposed in the Yanshan Mountains. So they are distributed in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Henan provinces. The Mohs hardness of calendar stone is 6 ~ 7, and the width, height and thickness of general molded calendar stone are15cm×10cm× 5cm ~ 20cm× 30cm×15cm.

(3) Wulongyu. It is a newly named ornamental stone, which is produced in Zhongtiao Group marble at the junction of Yuanqu County-wenxi county-Xiaxian County, and consists of red banded marble at the junction of Yulong Formation and Yuyuanxia Formation and cyan banded marble at Yujiashan Formation and Yuyuanxia Formation. The sedimentary conditions of this set of marble are unstable, so the primary bedding is uneven and often wavy. In addition, due to the influence of the movement of the middle strip, the strata are folded, so the strip marble will be folded and coiled into various images, forming various patterns on different sections.

Wulongyu is mainly composed of blue and white stripes with different patterns, including rock scenery, waterfall clouds, dragon and phoenix dances, immortals, birds and fish, etc. Secondly, marble consists of brown, red, yellow and white stripes. After soft wrinkle, there are vitality, red clouds coiled and chest lines on different sections. The third kind is tremolite marble or marble full of cracks. Tremolite crystallizes into needle-shaped ice flowers, and the veinlets in the cracks are stained with bamboo shadows swaying in the autumn leaves, which has a unique flavor.

Wulongyu got its name because this ornamental stone is mainly concentrated in Yuanqu County, where five streams are arranged in an east-west direction. From north to south, they pour into the Yellow River from the foot of Zhongtiao Mountain, just like oolong entering the sea. 265438+At the beginning of the 20th century, the chairman of Yuanqu County Kistler Association got a huge stone with a size of nearly 1 m3, and there were five dragons in it (in the clouds). He was named Wulongyu, and later the author discussed the same name with him, also to commemorate his death, so he was named Wulongyu.

The hardness of Wulong jade is 3 ~ 5, and its length, height and thickness are generally 25cm× 30cm× 10cm. The output is consistent with the marble distribution area of Zhongtiao Group. Besides the junction of Yuanqu, Wenxi and Xiaxian, there are also the Sushui complex in the watershed area at the junction of Pinglu and Ruicheng counties in Yuncheng City.

(4) Wild chrysanthemum stone. This ornamental stone evolved from chrysanthemum stone, named after light-colored minerals such as calcite, cordierite and andalusite in black slate aggregated into radial chrysanthemum patterns. The wild chrysanthemum stone we named is a chrysanthemum-shaped andalusite twin of Bizigou Formation in Zhongtiao Rock Group, and white andalusite is polymerized into a flower shape. This kind of mosaic is not formed by the aggregation of needle petals, but by the aggregation of irregular fine leaves, hence the name "Wild Chrysanthemum Stone".

Yejushi is formed by thermal metamorphism after regional metamorphism of Zhongtiao Group. In the early gray-black mica schist, andalusite phenocrysts newly grew to form white flowers. This kind of composition is quite aesthetic, but unfortunately, the crystal of the rock matrix is thick and can't be polished smoothly, so the background color is gray and dim, which can't highlight the beauty of wild chrysanthemum. This kind of rock-Bambusa Bambusa Eryun schist occurs not only in Zhongtiao Group, but also in Henglingguan Formation at the bottom of Jiangxian Group, which is distributed at the junction of northwest Yuanqu County and Jiangxian County. The Mohs hardness of this rock is 4 ~ 5, and the fragmentation is 20 cm× 30 cm× 10 cm.

(5) golden stone. The origin is near Jinhai Lake (Reservoir) in Pinggu District, JD.COM. It is named because of the influence of banded ferromanganese colloid in the timely sandstone of Changzhougou Formation of the Great Wall system. The cracks in this glue system are opened many times, and the Fe-Mn colloid is infiltrated many times, so it shows that the upper part of the colloid ring dissolves in the early stage, and then the colloid ring grows at the dissolved place to form a crescent-shaped cross layer, which is easy to be confused with the deposition structure of the cross layer formed by deposition. Because this genesis not only appears in the Great Wall strata, we can also see it in the metamorphic siltstone of Gaofan Group of Wutai Group, and also in the feldspathic sandstone of Zuoyun Group at the bottom of Cretaceous, but at this time the sandstone has become reddish feldspathic sandstone.

The multiple arc patterns of golden sea stone can shape the patterns of mountains, waves, waves and flowing water, and also form the reunion shape of fat people.

Jinhaishi?

Rain flower stone?

The Mohs hardness of golden pebble is 6 ~ 7. According to the size of the large pattern, it is generally 25cm× 10cm× 5cm in length, height and thickness.

(6) Rain flower stones. It is a round riverbed gravel produced on the second terrace of the Yangtze River around Yuhuatai, Nanjing. It is mainly agate with a diameter of 3 ~ 10 cm, followed by black flint and pink timing. The agate in Shi Yuhua is actually the almond body in Fangshan basalt. After the erosion and abrasion of the Yangtze River, the remaining almond gravel and basalt have already weathered into mud. It turns out that the rain flower stone is soaked in water with natural riverbed gravel and raised in a bowl, which is crystal clear, colorful and wonderful in composition. After the 1960s, artificial grinding replaced natural corrosion and soaking, and mechanized mining was adopted. After the gravel layer of the second terrace is washed by the faucet, the sand is taken out for construction, the smaller gravel is put into the drum for polishing, and then it is manually sorted, and the non-agate is put into the basket, and the price is discussed manually, and then it is graded according to the ingenuity of the pattern. Finally, those with special patterns are discharged, that is, agate molding can form landscapes and landscapes. Nowadays, in order to protect the rain flower stone resources, Jiangsu and Anhui provinces have listed mining as geological heritage protection. It is difficult to buy real rain flower stones in Nanjing today.

Rain flower stones in Shanxi were discovered at the end of the 20th century. It was found in the mapping of Zuoyun, Youyu, Tianzhen1∶ 200,000 areas in Datong area. It is gravel in Jurassic-Cretaceous strata. They come from almond bodies in Jurassic volcanic rocks, which were rounded into gravel, contained in conglomerate and washed away in modern river valleys. Compared with the rain flower stones in Nanjing, the rain flower stones produced in Shanxi cannot be mined. It grows in conglomerates, rarely in beaches, so it can't be mined, and it can only be obtained from sand. Secondly, the quality is poor. The rain flower stones in Datong area are mostly white-textured, synthesized in a transparent and timely manner, and lack of agates with red as the main tone. Therefore, they can only be found in bedrock and riverbed as personal hobbies, and it is difficult to form an industry.

(7) Dangshan stone. This is a new variety produced by Yuanqu. Danshan rock group is a set of clastic rock strata above Mesoproterozoic mesolithic rock group, which was formed by regional metamorphism. Today, there are two kinds of ornamental stones, one is flint breccia and the other is conglomerate. This kind of conglomerate that can't form strange patterns is called Danshan Stone. The Mohs hardness of Danshan stone depends on the composition of conglomerate, which is generally between 5 and 7, and the length and diameter of fragmentation are generally around 10 ~ 15 cm.

Another template stone is timely sandstone with black (or brown) cypress pattern. In Yuanqu, Shanxi Province, the formwork stone is composed of quartzite of the Great Wall system on the south slope of Zhongtiaoshan Mountain, which was later condensed by the infiltration of manganese liquid along the joints. Individual length can reach 40 cm, forming a lush forest, small palm-sized, shaped like fern patterns.

(8) Dazhai Stone. Produced in Dazhai area of Xiyang county, it is a grotesque limestone formed after Ordovician limestone was dissolved by groundwater, belonging to modeling stone. Most of the limestone produced by Ordovician was dissolved and fell to the bottom of Cenozoic strata, so some of them had verdigris, that is, the black shiny weathered outer film, so they had the characteristics of "Lingbi Stone". Some percussion instruments can produce clear music, but there are fewer cracks and wrinkles, unlike Lingbi stone, which makes rocks "more wrinkled".

Dazhai Stone is named by local stone lovers. Where there are Ordovician limestone strata in Shanxi, Dazhai stone can be produced in the bottom gravel layer or the middle of conglomerate when the Cenozoic strata near it are developed. Zhongtiao Mountain has been collected, and there are sporadic reports on Zuoyun, Youyu, Hequ and Baode in Yanbei. This kind of Dazhai stone generally refers to a small-sized stone that can be placed on several records. The larger one becomes a garden stone, and the smaller one becomes a bonsai stone. Therefore, only the size of 10 ~ 50 cm can be included in the scope of ornamental stones.

(9) Jiang. Geologically, it is called calcareous tuberculosis. The original ginger stone is developed in Neogene red soil and Quaternary loess, which is formed by the precipitation and condensation of calcium carbonate left after the groundwater in the soil rises and evaporates. Generally, Neogene nodules are large in size and complex in shape, while Quaternary calcium nodules are small in size.

Black calcium carbonate accumulated by leaching is attached to the early gray nodules in the sand layer of Beishan river beach in Yuci, which has the characteristics of twice formation. Many tuberculosis individuals in this area are very small, with a long diameter of 3 ~ 4 cm, and often form various human forms. With the background, men and women can be separated and can make story modeling. Spherical nodules are common in calcium nodules, and when they contain water, they form water-containing annular stones. Calcium tuberculosis can be seen everywhere in Shanxi, but there are many fans in Hequ and Yuci.

The hardness of calcium nodules is 3 ~ 4, so it is better to wash them with river water after they fall off from the stratum.

(10) stalactites. Generally, it is produced in karst caves in limestone areas and protected by the state, but it can be collected when it is washed into river valleys or grows in crevices due to the destruction of karst caves. There are many large and small caves in Shanxi. The big and good ones have been developed into tourist areas, while the small ones have been ignored.

Stalactites?

Stalactite is a strange stone which is deposited and condensed after limestone is dissolved and transported to a certain distance. Many of them are excellent ornamental stones with strange shapes. After cutting, grinding and polishing, they can form stones with special textures.

(1 1) All over China. Spring water in limestone areas often accumulates at the outlet of spring water, and the largest producing area is the periphery of Hongshan Spring in Qixian County. The giant spring-blossom diluvial fan has a height of more than 10 meter and a sector radius of more than 100 meter, and is formed by the accumulation of tens of thousands of cubic meters of spring flowers. In Pingding Niangziguan Quanhua, a terrace accumulation of more than 20 meters high has been formed, and the scale is also very huge.

There are two kinds of spring flowers. One kind is interwoven with thin tubes, which becomes the water-absorbing stone in bonsai, also known as reed pipe stone; The other is a hemispherical complex, which can also grind out complex cloud-like strange patterns.

(4) Ornamental mineral crystals, fossils and geological rocks.

1. mineral crystal

There are many mineral crystals that can be used as ornamental stones in Shanxi, mainly including amethyst, smoky crystal, fluorite, beryl, tourmaline, calcite, kyanite, beryl, tremolite, gypsum, galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite, hematite, limonite, goethite, potash feldspar, muscovite, actinolite, Tianhe stone, barite, olivine and malachite. They exist in all sediments.

It is worth mentioning that there are spherical pyrite in Carboniferous strata, in coal seams, in carbonaceous shale and in limonite. Nodules 3 ~ 6 cm, covered with black carbonaceous skin, have high density and are cut into pyrite aggregates, which are mainly produced in Yangquan area.

Shanxi-style iron ore is dissolved by weathering and leaching, and needle-like magnetite aggregates are formed in the form of stalactite crystals. Some of them are wrapped in white calcite to form binary stalactites, which are inverted into snow-pressed conifers and cypresses.

Sapphire is a light blue columnar mineral with gray-white micro-bands, which is formed by the metamorphism of ultrabasic rocks in high greenschist facies area. It is a rare mineral in China and occurs in the main peak zone of Luliang Mountain.

Xiangfen area is rich in transparent gypsum, which is formed by recrystallization of alabaster after dissolution, and some places are plate-like aggregates.

It is produced in the contact area between Ordovician limestone and granite in Liu Quan area of Lingchuan, and has biconical smoke crystals with high transparency and good appearance, but the crystals are too small.

Tourmaline crystals in Nanshan of Yuncheng gather into flowers, and the patterns are extremely interesting and unique.

In Beishan, Huafeng Township, Yuanqu County, hematite with red glass luster forms calcite aggregates outside and occurs in volcanic rocks in veins. Produce another plate-like barite aggregate.

Gold bullion-natural gold has always been produced in Wutai Mountain. Now there is another natural gold in Lingqiu Liaoyan Gold Mine, weighing 425 grams and measuring 6cm× 5cm× 4cm. However, there are many natural silver products with silky curls in Nanshan, Lingqiu.

2. Fossils

As fossils of small ornamental animals, there are CAMBRIAN bat insects and butterfly insects, Carboniferous crown insects, long-bodied shellfish, Yellow River hornbeam and Cenozoic wolf fin fish. Among plant fossils, small ferns such as petaloid ferns, ferns and ferns have better shapes, and scales can also be selected.

Stromatolites are mostly developed in Precambrian strata, among which the beautifully carved columnar stromatolites higher than the second member of Gaoyuzhuang Formation and the radial stromatolites of Zhaojiazhuang Formation at the bottom of the Great Wall System in Taihang Mountain area can all constitute ornamental stones.

3. Geological rocks

As a major geological event stone, there are insect trace fossils in the Great Wall system sandstone, which is the oldest insect trace fossil found in the world at present, and exists in the strata 65.438+0.7 billion years ago. The salt pseudocrysts in the lower Hutuo River system are the earliest records of seawater salinity reaching a certain level in the world. It appeared in the lower Proterozoic 2.4 billion years ago. The raindrop marks in slate at the bottom of Guojiazhai subgroup in the upper part of Hutuo River system are the traces of rain pits splashed on mudflats by heavy rains 65.438+0.9 billion years ago, and are also the earliest geological relics in the world. There are many grotesque volcanic bombs in Datong volcanic group area, which are also event stones. Bamboo-like dolomite is only produced in the village formation beside Hutuo River in Dingxiang County, which may be the earliest storm rock in China, recording the storm process at the seaside 2.3 billion years ago.