Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Traditional culture - Bai people worship customs
Bai people worship customs
The Bai people are an ethnic minority with a long history and culture on the southwest border of China. They are mainly distributed in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province, and also in Lijiang, Bijiang, Baoshan, Nanhua, Yuanjiang, Kunming, Anning and other places, as well as Bijie in Guizhou, Liangshan in Sichuan and Sangzhi County in Hunan. According to the Fifth National Population Census in 2000, the population of the Bai ethnic group was 185,806,063, and they speak Bai, which belongs to the Tibeto-Burman language group of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The vast majority of the residents speak their own language and generalize the Chinese language. In the Yuan and Ming dynasties, "Bo Wen" (Bai Wen), the so-called "white reading of Chinese characters", was used. The Bai people use Chinese characters to write, but they have their own language and rich and colorful literature and art. They are good at agriculture and salting azaleas. Three-course tea is a traditional way of drinking tea when the Bai people in Yunnan Province entertain their guests.
The Bai are an ancient people, with roots in the ancient Qiang people. As early as before the 1st century A.D. (Han Dynasty), they were distributed in the Erhai area. In the 2nd century A.D., Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up counties here, and in the 3rd - 4th centuries A.D., due to the war, many Han Chinese had taken refuge in the Bai area, and some of them fused with them; a large number of people of various ethnic groups moved to the Erhai area from the eastern part of Yunnan in 715 A.D. were fused with the Bai. a number of Han Chinese who had cantoned here around the 14th century later also fused with the local Bai people. Later, some Yi and Achang people were also integrated into the Bai. Especially in the period of the Dali State, the Bai people will form a largely with *** with the language and culture, close to the economic level, the settlement is relatively fixed in ancient times, after the Tang Dynasty, the Dali subjugation to the central government, by the mainland Han culture, more economic impact, agriculture, handicrafts and commerce have further development. To the Yuan Dynasty, this place has been a very prosperous city. Dali beautiful scenery, pleasant climate, in this beautiful and fertile land, hard-working, brave Bai people with their long history, developed culture. Colorful local customs attract many travelers. Dali Bai people have a long history and developed culture. 1253, the Yuan Dynasty established a province in Yunnan and set up Dali Road and Heqing Road in Dali area. The Ming Dynasty changed the name to Dali Prefecture and Heqing Prefecture and implemented the policy of land reorganization. The Qing Dynasty continued this policy in the Ming Dynasty, but appointed a number of native officials and native priests in remote mountainous areas.
The ancient Bai people had a combination of music and dance. The long poem "Genesis" circulating in folklore recounts the story of Pangu's opening of the sky and the earth, tracing the Bai people in the primitive society, "the world's top peace", "no distinction between the poor and the rich", "the people fat and fat The story of the Bai people in the primitive society, "the world is at peace", "there is no distinction between the poor and the rich", "the people are fat and fat", and there is no class oppression and exploitation. Nanzhao Bai poets Yang Qikun's "On the Way" and Yang Yizong's "Title of Paeoniae at Daci Temple" and "Song of the Cave Clouds" are known as "masterpieces" and are included in the All-Tang Dynasty Poetry. Wang Fu Yun", "Snake Bone Pagoda", "kill state officials", "hook said head" and other literary works, glorified the ancient Bai people in the class struggle and production struggle of heroic characters. Nanzhao famous "lion dance", in the Tang Dynasty has been introduced to the Central Plains, "Nanzhao Fengsheng music" in the Tang Dynasty court is listed as one of the Tang Dynasty music 14. The Bai Clan Tune" is a widely circulated "three seven one five" (the first three lines of seven words, followed by a five-line) metrical poem. 15 century, some literati applied this folk song form to write famous poems, such as Yang黼's "lyrics about the mountain flower monument". The Baiju opera, "Blow Blow Voice", is a comprehensive art developed on the basis of the earlier "Dabenqu".
Important Festivals
The Bai people have a lot of festivals, in addition to the Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Qingming Festival, Danyang Festival, Mid-Yuan Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival and other festivals like the Han Chinese, there are also some other festivals with strong national characteristics, such as around the Three Spirits, the Chick-foot Song Festival, the March Street, the Fishery Pond Festival, the Planting of Rice-planting Festival, the Torch Festival, the Shibaoshan Festival, and so on, of which Shibaoshan Festival is the most interesting.
(1) Shibaoshan Song Club
Every year, three days at the end of the seventh month of the lunar calendar, Jianchuan and neighboring Yunlong, Eryuan, Lanping, Heqing, Lijiang and other counties of the Wo people, up to tens of thousands of people, converge to the Shibaoshan Shibaoshan Shijhong Temple, Baoxiang Temple, Haiyunju and Jindeng Temple, four places in the mountains, or even in front of the solemn temple statue, playing and singing to the Bai love song based on the song. Sometimes the song meets the rival, often singing for several days and nights, hard to part. Songs will make the original and do not know the unmarried young men and women for life partners. Occasionally, we can see young men and women from the ancient legacy of the custom of "wild".
(2) Bai Torch Festival
On June 25 of the lunar calendar every year, is a grand festival of the Bai people - the Torch Festival.
On this day, in addition to the dragon boat, horse racing, the most characteristic activities to play the torch. Torch is a kind of dry branches tied or split into; where the Erhai of the Bai villages, each village has a large torch, tie the torch firewood and work by the year coincided with the celebration of some families to organize. A few days before the torch festival, several families came together to discuss and organize. On this day, they invited twenty to thirty village artists and tough men to tie the torches. Early in the morning, the virtuous daughter-in-law steamed steamed buns and rice; served fruits, sugar, peanuts and melon seeds, etc., and invited the torch-bearers to taste. Za Torch with mountain vines and gimlets to bundle dry firewood in a thick tree, when the gong sounded, which is the torch field in the village told all ready, people running, a strong white boys, seven hands and eight feet, will be a big torch up. When the big torches were lit, the blaze of firelight into the sky, the children were eager to light their own hands of small torches, to the people scattered a handful of rosin, suddenly sparks flying, show deep blessings.
In the process of the big torch burning, when the colorful big torch on the tip of the ascending seat (made of colorful silk in ancient times, "rise" shape, there are two and three layers, the most chic can reach five layers) was burned down, young men and women and married couples flocked to the young men and women are in love with the young men and women grabbed ascending seat, that the Bizarre, married couples grabbed it is said to be "born early, good luck", when the big torch flame is strong, the big father and mother on the back of the grandchildren, with a string of brass bells, wearing a straw hat or holding a flower umbrella, around the big torch skipped three weeks, said to evil and wish the little baby grows up quickly to practise all the hard bones of the adults. In addition, when the gang and go to grab branches, take home made into a stop pig food stick, wishing pigs grow faster and fatter. Wazi also ran to the ridge of the paddy field "ooh, ooh, ooh ......" scattered a pine incense torch, insect repellent and pest control.
The torches are played late into the night, and then all the men, women and children of the village come together, bringing relatives, friends and uninvited guests invited by each family to a fruit and wine banquet, where they can taste pears with sweet juice, and eat apples, snow pears, walnuts and plums, and drink bitter tea and large cups of grain wine and rice wine. When you have drunk three rounds of wine, you can freely drink ...... wildly, soundly, through the sky.
(3) March Street
March Street, also known as "Guanyin City," is a grand festival and festival of the Bai people with a history of more than 1,000 years, and is held from the 15th to the 20th day of the third month of the summer calendar in the foothills of the Dancang Mountains west of the old city of Dali. Legend has it that "Guanyin Daishi" opened up the Dali area, the people of all ethnic groups in order to commemorate him, every session of this period, are to come from far and wide to gather, perform various dances and horse races, etc.. Later March Street and gradually become a grand exchange of materials. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Gan, Qing, Sichuan, Tibet, Jiangnan provinces have merchants to this trade, to mules and horses, mountain goods, medicinal herbs trading for the bulk, farmers also in the session to purchase farm animals, farm equipment, in preparation for spring plowing. After the establishment of the Chinese people's **** and the country, March Street has become the people of all ethnic groups in western Yunnan annual grand material exchanges and national sports and cultural congresses, strengthened national unity, and promote the domestic and foreign larger-scale economic and cultural exchanges. For example, in 1992, 22 provinces and cities of the country group exhibition, trade turnover amounted to 690 million yuan. There are more than ten countries in the East and West international friends and businessmen came to sightseeing and shopping, has a strong color of international exchanges. Bai ethnic customs essay
Etiquette taboos
1, daily life etiquette and taboos
Bai hospitality, the first guest after the host is the Bai hospitality etiquette. Guests at home, to wine, tea and hospitality. The famous three-way tea is the Bai hospitality ritual. But the Bai people pour tea generally only half a cup, pouring wine need to be full cup, they believe that wine full of honoring people, tea full of deceiving people. By the Bai people's hospitality, you should say Norwegian you (thank you) to express your thanks and gratitude.
Respect for elders is a traditional virtue of the Bai people. When you see an elderly person, you should take the initiative to greet, greet, make way, give up your seat, serve tea, hand cigarettes. The first cup of morning tea after getting up should be honored to the elderly first. When you eat, you should let the elderly sit on the table and move the chopsticks first. In front of the elderly do not swear, are not allowed to stilt legs. Some mountainous areas of the Bai people, family members have a relatively fixed seat, the general male elders sit on the upper left, female elders sit on the upper right, guests and the younger generation to sit down on the side and above. The fire pit of Bai people's home is a sacred place, taboo to spit inside the fire pit, forbidden to cross from the fire pit. The threshold of the White family is also taboo to sit. The tools used by men are forbidden to be crossed by women from above. Family taboo wearing a filial pall to enter, that will give the family with unclean.
2, festivals and rituals in the etiquette and taboos
March Street is a grand festival of the Bai people, the festival time for the third month of the lunar calendar every year on the 15th to the 20th. In addition, the Bai people are also the same as the Han people, the first day of the first month of the lunar calendar every year to the tenth of the Spring Festival, the 15th day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar for the Festival of Ancestors. There are many ceremonial taboos for the Bai on New Year's Day. The Bai in Yuanjiang County prohibit killing during the annual March Meeting or the Tianzi Temple Festival. The Bai in Dali are not allowed to move knives, pick water, splash water or sweep the ground on the first day of the Lunar New Year. Nujiang Bai people on the New Year's Eve before dinner ancestor worship, taboo outsiders in the regular New Year's Eve, to borrow to others to get back, otherwise the next year to find money is not good, food is not abundant. Therefore, borrowed things from other people's homes, must be returned to others before the New Year's Eve. The seventh day of the Lunar New Year for the Women's Day, women do not cook, do not carry water, and do not do any other labor, but to play; Lunar New Year for the Men's Day, men rest. Yunlong County, the Bai people, July 30 this day is not allowed to people walking around.
3, marriage, funeral, childbirth etiquette and taboos
Bai women pregnant, to tie hinge double house apron, and the head page folded at the waist as a sign of happiness. When outsiders see them, they should pay attention to protect them. If a pregnant woman is injured by mistake, she should be guaranteed that the mother and child will be safe after delivery. Some places of the Bai people, pregnant women can not enter the bride and groom's cave. After the baby falls to the ground, who is the first to step into the door of the mother's home, who is stepping on the birth. The Bai people believe that who step on the birth, the future child's temperament will be like who. The Bai people are most jealous of filial piety to step on the birth, so after the baby was born, the family should immediately use quicklime to spread three arcs in the doorway, and wrapped in the threshold of a gabion. If it is a boy, but also in the gabion under a straw shoe, some also nailed to the door on the bottom of a cauldron fence, to show the taboo. Inadvertently broke into the maternal home, you must send a bowl of fresh thick rice soup, brown sugar, eggs, sweet white wine and a pot of pig's feet stewed leek root to the mother to eat. The morning of the third day after delivery, the maternal home to invite congee rice guest or called diluted rice guest. To the Bai people's home to do congee rice guest, to use a bamboo basket with eggs, brown sugar, children's clothes and hats, etc. to go to congratulate. Dali, Jianchuan area of the Bai people, women after childbirth, the host to invite the first guest into the home to eat the egg dumplings, guests can not refuse, otherwise the host will be angry.
Ethnic Diet
The daily diet of the Bai people in Dali varies with the local produce. People in the flat dam area eat rice and wheat as their staple food, while those who live in the mountainous areas eat corn and raised seeds as their staple food. Vegetables normally consumed include cabbage, bok choy, radish, eggplant, melons, beans and chili peppers. Among the dietary customs of the Bai people, the following ones are more characteristic of the nation.
Raw Skin
Raw skin is a unique dish of the Bai people. This is a whole pig or goat roasted on a straw fire. When it is half raw and half cooked, it is de-haired and roasted again until the skin and meat are golden brown. When eaten, the meat is shredded or sliced and seasoned with ginger, green onion, garlic, stewed plums, chili peppers and turnip greens, which is fragrant and fresh, and is a national delicacy for entertaining honored guests.
Sea fish boiled in seawater ("live fish boiled in live water" or "hot and sour fish")
Erh Sea fishermen cook fish, especially when cooking locally known as "oil fish" and other fat fish, generally do not need to fry. They scooped up the water of the Erhai Sea, when the pot boiled, into the fresh fish, and then set aside the heavy chili powder and pepper powder, the flavor of fresh and spicy, commonly known as "seawater boiled sea fish".
Xiaoguan casserole fish
This is a local specialty of Xiaoguan. Erhai's fat carp, disemboweled and cleaned, smeared with a little salt, marinated for ten minutes, with ham slices, tender chicken, fresh meat slices, liver slices, mushrooms, egg rolls, meatballs, sea cucumbers, tofu, yucca slices, and other appropriate amount of ingredients, with the casserole pot, and then sprinkled into the appropriate amount of pepper, salt, monosodium glutamate and other seasoning, put on a charcoal stove to cook with a fire k into the fire. When eating, the casserole to plate liner on the seat, that is, steaming, and delicious.
Stewed plum
Dali area production of plums, especially on the east coast of the Erhai Sea, stretching for hundreds of miles of the half-mountain half-dam area is full of plum trees. There are two kinds of plums: bitter plums and salt plums. Stewed plums made from bitter plums are a favorite condiment of the Bai people. Stewed plum is the bitter plum into the sand jar, plus salt and pepper, cover tightly, placed in the center of the fire, piled up around the rice husk, lit, with a slight fire even stewed on one to two days. At this time, the black stewed plum flavor sour and unusual, the people commonly used as a seasoning to eat raw skin, or with brown sugar made of stewed plum soup. Stewed plums are resistant to storage, can be put on 2012 and not bad.
Sculpted plum
Produced in eryuan county of carved plum, the production of the first lime water will be soaked in salt plum. After taking out and drying, use a knife to carve a continuous zigzag pattern on the plum, and carefully squeeze out the plum core so that it is hollow as a wisp, flattened like a blooming chrysanthemum. At this time, into the wine soaking, and then impregnated with brown sugar. A few months after opening the bottle out, carving plum color golden, fragrant, is Eryuan County produced the best fruit.
Eryuan white girls, everyone is good at carving plums, and has become a measure of whether the girl is a sign of dexterity. Because of the local wedding customs, the girl before getting married, shall be customary to the in-laws to send a plate of girl made carving plum as a gift. Wedding night, the bride should be set up for friends and relatives guests snacks sweet seat, which is called "set fruit wine", case ten on the display of the bride to bring honey money, dried fruit, carved plum hospitality guests, and let the guys taste. So, Eryuan girls are carefully carved, they make the carved plum, not only the best fruit, but also called a kind of arts and crafts.
Bait block
Bait block, also known as Ba Ba, is a traditional snack widely popular in Yunnan. However, Dali bait block is unique: the steamed rice dough, placed on a marble mat board, rubbed with labor. It is then wrapped in sugar, walnut salt, halo rot, etc., and baked in a charcoal oven*. This now kneaded and burned bait block, soft and delicious.
Milk fan
Eryuan Dengchuanba, fertile land, water and grass, where farmers have a tradition of raising dairy cattle. The milk fan produced locally is a specialty that is known far and wide. When making milk fan, the first fresh milk fermented into sour milk water, and then into the pot heated to 60C a 70 ℃, then pour fresh milk, and gently stirred with bamboo chopsticks, so that the milk proteins and fats in the gradual coagulation of flocculent, and then use bamboo chopsticks spread into thin slices, drying in the bamboo frame air-dried and become.
Yellow with white, pure and bright, paper-thin milk fan, rich in protein, fat and other nutrients. It can be eaten raw, or fried, steamed, baked. But it is best to fry with sesame oil into a light yellow color, take out and cool, and crispy and fragrant, especially delicious. Confucius is a delicious dish for the Bai people's feast, a necessary offering for the rituals, and also a good gift for friends.
Roasted tea
Roasted tea is the traditional tea customs of the Bai people. Bai people's homes in the hall, generally set up with a wooden frame cast iron fire pit, placed on top of an iron tripod, guests, the master will let the guests to the hall seat, and in the fire pit fire, put on the sand canisters ready to bake tea to guests. To be sand pot simmering hot, into the tea, quickly shaking bumps simmering. When the tea leaves are roasted to the emblem yellow color, the fragrance of tea, a spoonful of boiling water. At this point, just listen to the "commission" sound, washed up tea foam also rose to the mouth of the can, such as hydrangea-shaped, Hall to immediately waft a tantalizing tea aroma. The sound of this tea, loud and clear, and therefore also known as roasted tea as "thunder tea".
To be tea foam fall sand canister, it can be rushed into the boiling water, pouring tea to guests. Simmering roasted tea, tea color yellow, strong aroma. Roasted tea is generally washed water three ways, while simmering and roasting side of the tea: the first drink felt its taste slightly bitter, and then tasted sweet and mellow, and the last one more sweet taste, the more taste more beautiful, full of teeth, people more than just a reminiscent of. This is called "the first bitter, two sweet, three aftertaste." Some places in the second tea, but also to the tea into the walnut kernel pieces, brown sugar, honey and a few peppercorns, a unique flavor.
Roasted tea tea utensils are also very chic. Roasted tea sand canister rough, while the tea cup is small and delicate, white crystal porcelain cup. In accordance with the "wine full of guests, tea full of deception" custom, the master of the tea to be less, only to sip a mouth or two is appropriate. When the master hands raised the tea cup to the guests to offer the first cup of tea, the guests to receive the tea should be transferred to the master of the home of the oldest and the seat of the elders, each other after some humility, the guests can sip the tea. At this time, the guests while sipping, but also while appreciating the sweet flavor of tea, appreciate the delicacy of the tea cup. Thus, the Bai people's tea roasting customs, can be called a tea ceremony art.
The white baked tea tea, mostly for the Xiaguan tea. Shimonoseki to the center of tea production, where the production of loose tea, exported to the West - Tibet, Sichuan and other places. Because of the long distance, often by the wind and rain, the loss is very large. Later the loose tea pressed into a bowl-shaped tea block, not only storage and transportation, but also not lose the flavor of tea. Tea transported to the Yangtze River is located in Sichuan Huzhou, the Yangtze River confluence, tea merchants for the wide sale of this tea, will be publicized as follows: "the water of the river, Xiaguan tea, high flavor mellow quality". Over time, the people of Sichuan will be the production of tea in Xiaguan known as under the attention of the tea. Thus, this tea flavor mellow, yellow soup color, aroma, thirst and refreshing, but also food and gas, smoke and sobriety effect of the Xia Guan fall tea, will be famous far and wide.
Pig liver blessing
After the frost, some farmers in Heqing began to slaughter pigs. At this time, they usually pickle the pig liver blessing, a traditional flavor of the Bai people.
Pig liver blessing method is as follows: fresh pig liver, pig belly, pig intestines and ribs, etc. Wash, into the pot boiled into half-cooked, fished up and cooled, pig liver, pig intestines, pig belly cut into pieces, will be chopped into small knuckle blocks ribs. Then, and then put in the proportion of 10% of the salt bar, 12% of the proportion of the proportion of the matching chili powder, as well as 150 a 200 grams of pepper powder, 50-100 grams of small Yinxiang powder and strong . Wine 1 catty, blending and mixing, loaded into a clay pot, pressed, sealed, placed in a ventilated cool place.
Three or four months later, you can open the jar to eat. When you open the jar, the unique flavor of pork liver will come out. When you eat, use a bowl of pig liver yesterday, into the rice steamer steam bureau. After steaming the pig liver spleen glossy and oily, attractive flavor, eat spicy and salty, tender and delicious, is the white farmers to entertain friends and relatives on the good wine dishes. If you eat rice noodles, noodles, use it as a cover dish, its flavor is better.
Bai customs and congratulations song
In the Bai area, the house is one of the three major events in life, naturally, it is necessary to hold a grand and lively ceremony, but also according to the process of the ceremony to sing congratulatory songs.
Build and cover the new house first to choose a lucky day to move the soil masonry feet, stone feet built after a few months (some places to every two to three years, the Bai people said this period of time for the rest of the wall) before choosing a lucky day to start building. In the building to sing congratulatory songs. Congratulation song by "on the beam song" and "seal dragon mouth" two parts, respectively, by the master carpenter in different hours chanting. The "beam song" should be sung at the time of the beam. In a happy suona, gongs and drums and come to congratulate the sound of joy, the head of the master carpenter hanging a red color, received the master handed a big red rooster, a progress out of the hall, while singing: "big red rooster majestically, you are at home to report the five night, meet the master of the man-made golden house, use you to report the good news. The master has built a golden house and will use you to announce his good news. The neighbors and friends congratulate you on your new voice, and we all sing on the auspicious day, and the days are new every day." He sang while in the sound of people congratulating climbed over the scaffolding, climbed the use of two columns in the temporary "balcony", facing the east and west, south and north of the middle of the worship, and sang: "A little bit of the dragon's head out of the students, two dragon's tail on the sky.
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