What are the major plays in China? How did they come into being and what are the characteristics of each?

About three hundred and sixty kinds.

I'll list the main ones:

Kun Opera Opera voice, drama, referred to as Kunqiang or Kunqu. In the late Yuan Dynasty, the southern opera spread to the Kunshan area, combined with the local language and music, improved by the Kunshan musician Gu Jian, advancing its development to the beginning of the Ming Dynasty was called Kunshan cavity. Between the tenth and twentieth years of Ming Jiajing (1531~1541), Wei Liangfu, who lived in Taicang, with the help of Zhang Yutang, Xie Linquan and other folk artists, summarized the achievements of the Northern Quartet's art of singing, absorbed the strengths of Haiyan, Yiyang and other cavities, reformed the Kunqiang and summarized a series of theories of singing, thus establishing a euphemistic, delicate and long-lasting fluent singing system known as the "ShuiMo Tune" (Watermill Tune). The singing system of Kunqiang was established (Wei Liangfu's "Quotes from the Southern Words" and "Qu Laws"). But at this time, the Kunqiang was only a clear singing.

Peking Opera Peking Opera, also known as "Pihuang", consists of two basic cadences, "Xipi" and "Erhuang", which make up its musical material, and it also sings a number of local tunes (such as clappers, blowers, etc.) and Kunqu. It also sings some small local tunes (such as the clapper, blowing, etc.) and Kunqu tunes. It was formed in Beijing around 1840 and flourished in the 1930s and 40s of the 20th century, when it was known as the "national essence". It is a representative of modern Chinese opera, with its comprehensive lineage, mature performances, and grandeur. Chinese Peking Opera is China's "national treasure" with a history of 200 years. The name of Peking Opera can be found in the "Declaration" of the second year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty (1876), and it has been called "Pihuang", "Erhuang", "Huangqiang", "Peking", "Peking Opera", "State Opera", etc. In the 55th year of Qianlong's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1790), the four Anhui Anhui Hui Classes went to the Beijing and the Beijing Opera of Kunqu Opera, Chinese Opera, Yiyang Opera, and Chuanbombing Opera etc. After 50 or 60 years of fusion, it has developed into the Peking Opera, which is the largest Chinese Opera genre. Its repertoire, the number of performing artists, the number of troupes, the number of audiences, and the depth of its influence are all the highest in the country. Peking Opera is a comprehensive performing art, i.e., singing, reciting, acting, playing, (dancing) as a whole, narrating stories and portraying characters through programmed performance means, expressing thoughts and feelings of "joy, anger, sorrow, happiness, panic, and sadness", and there are four major lines: sheng, dan, jing, chou. On May 20, 2006, Peking Opera was approved by the State Council to be listed in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage.

Beijing Opera is a type of opera. The popular Beijing opera of single-stringed song is the main development, initially called "opera", and in 1952 it was officially named "opera". The single-string song, also known as "octagonal drum", is a kind of rap art that uses a combination of songs, accompanied by three strings, and sung by octagonal drums, with rich tunes and diverse situations. Its main tunes are Taiping Nian, Yunsu Tune, Luojiang Grievance, Nancheng Tune, Shear Indigo Flower, Huguang Tune, Nanluo North Drum, Number Singing, etc., most of which are from folk songs, with two long lyrics and two narratives, which have become the main source of singing tunes and adapted innovative singing tunes for opera.

Appraisal Opera Appraisal Opera is a form of opera in the northern region of China, in North China, Northeast China and some other areas of the popularity of a wide range of appraisal of the opera is a Chinese opera, commonly known as bungee jumping play, drop play, also known as the Pingqiang Bangkang, renamed in 1935, in 1910, around the time of the formation of the Tangshan. Appraisal Opera in the folk rap Lotus Flower Drop and folk song and dance bungee on the basis of the development of the original form of monotonous, by Cheng Zhaocai and other artists to reform, the third person into the first person, by the actors play the play, based on the music of the bungee jumping, absorbing the Jidong folk music material, to create a line of use of the cantata, the use of a full set of Hebei Bangkok musical accompaniment, so the name of the Pingqiang Bangkai Opera. The creation and performance of modern theater in the Review Opera has had a great impact. In the early period of liberation, such as the small Bai Yushang performance of the Nine-Tailed Fox, Little Son-in-Law, the new Fengxia performance of Liu Qiao'er, Sister-in-Law Xianglin, Xiao Erhei Marriage, Deep Vengeance of the Artistic Sea, and the Northeast Han Shaoyun performance of Little Son-in-Law, have been universally welcomed.

Hebei Opera One of Hebei's local opera genres. Before liberation, it has many names, in Hebei locally called Zhili Bang, Hebei Bang, Bang Bang cavity, outsiders called Beijing bang, flute stick, anti-tune, etc., in addition, some people also call it Wei Bang or Shanxi Bang. In addition to Beijing, Tianjin and the vast townships of Hebei, Hebei Bangkang is also circulated in Shandong, Henan, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning and Inner Mongolia, and its base of activities south of the Yangtze River is mainly in Shanghai and Wuhan, etc. On May 20, 2006, Hebei Bangkang was approved by the State Council to be included in the list of the first batch of national intangible cultural heritages.

Yueju Opera Chinese traditional form of opera. It is mainly popular in Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Fujian. Yueju Opera is long on lyricism, mainly singing, with a clear and graceful voice, beautiful and touching performance, and very much in the local color of the south of the Yangtze River. The actors of Yueju Opera were first performed by male classes, and later changed to mixed classes or all female classes.

Huizhou Opera Huizhou Opera is a kind of important local opera voice, mainly popular in the territory of Anhui Province and the area of Wuyuan County, Jiangxi Province. At the end of Ming and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, the sound cavity of chaotic bombing was introduced into Anhui Province, and combined with the local sound cavity and folk music, and the dial was formed in Shipai, Firyang, Tongcheng and other places in Anqing Province. In the Qianlong period, the plectrum gradually merged with the blowing cavity derived from the Siping cavity to form the Erhuang cavity. The Erhuang accent in turn formed a reed ensemble with the Hubei Xipi, laying the foundation of Huizhou Opera. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Huizhou Opera was prevalent in Anhui, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and was widely spread in the south; in the middle of the Qing Dynasty, it became popular throughout the country. In the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the four Huizhou Opera troupes of "Sanqing", "Si Xi", "Chuntai" and "Hechun" entered Beijing successively and performed in Beijing, which became famous in China. This is the famous Huiban's entry into Beijing. During the Daoguang and Xianfeng periods of the Qing Dynasty, Huizhou Opera was combined with Hubei Han Opera in Beijing and gradually evolved into Peking Opera. In the late Qing Dynasty, Peking Opera flourished, and Huizhou Opera artists changed to learn a new accent, but Huizhou Opera was still popular in some parts of Huizhou. Hui Opera is an all-encompassing, colorful art treasury, is an important page of the splendid chapter of Xin'an culture.

Huangmei Opera is the main local opera in Anhui Province. In Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and other provinces, as well as Hong Kong, there are professional or amateur groups of Huangmei Opera performers, which are widely welcomed. Huangmei Opera, originally known as "Huangmei Tune", is a folk opera formed in the late 18th century in the adjoining areas of Anhui, Hubei and Jiangxi Provinces. One of them gradually moved eastward to the Anqing area centered on the city of Anqing in Anhui Province, and combined with local folk art, sang and spoke in the local language, forming its own characteristics, known as "Huai Cavity" or "Huangmei Tune". This is the predecessor of today's Huangmei Opera. In the Republic of China ten years (1921) published in the "Su Song County Records", the first officially put forward the "Huangmei Opera" this name. Huangmei Opera has now become a famous type of opera loved by audiences all over the country. Huangmei Opera has a history of 200 years, and is a folk art that "sings itself".

Liyuan Opera was originally an ancient nickname for opera classes. In the past, the Quanzhou area also called the theater troupe as the big pear orchard so-and-so class and the small pear orchard so-and-so class. Liyuan opera, is popular in Quanzhou, Xiamen, Longxi and other southern Fujian language areas of the old opera plays "on the road old play" "down the road old play" and "play" (also known as the seven children class) of the collective name.

Liu Zi opera is popular in Heze, Jining, Xuzhou as the center of the five provinces of Lu Su, Henan, Anhui and Hebei junction of more than 30 counties song of local opera. Also known as the string opera, north of the Yellow River, "chaff wo wo" "hundred tune" "blowing cavity" of the name, is one of the ancient voice of Chinese opera. In the history of Chinese opera, there has been "East Liu, West Bang, South Kun, North Eagle" called "East Liu" is Shandong Liu Zi opera. Liuzi opera is based on the folk song Xiao Ling that has been circulating in the Central Plains since the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, and absorbs the repertoire and singing of some of the soundtracks such as Gaoqiang, Qingyang, Chaobao, Kunqiang, Luolu, Pihuang, and so on, and quasi sees the development of the evolution of the play. Because there is a kind of willow tune in the song, it is named Liuzi Opera. The play and the big string play, Luozi play, roll play and so on out of the same source and mutual influence, all to the three strings as the main instrument, supplemented by the sheng, flute, all belong to the strings and cords sound system.

Shandong Opera A local opera genre popular in the southwestern Lu and central Lu. It is also known as "high-toned clapper", short for "high-toned" or "high bang", and is also known as "life-sacrificing clapper cavity" because of its high and exciting characteristics. It is also known as the "life-sacrificing clapper cavity" because of its high and exciting characteristics. It is mainly popular in most of the counties and cities of Heze, Jining and Tai'an in southwest Shandong, as well as the towns and villages of Liucheng and Linyi. Shandong Opera is an ancient opera in Shandong, with a history of more than 300 years so far, with strong regional characteristics of Shandong, beautiful singing, exciting and high-pitched, which is different from other prominent features of the brotherhood of stick plays is that there are more flowery cadences, more fluttering cavities and more fluttering cavities end up in the "ah" sound. In the process of its development, the neighboring brother plays such as Shandong territory of the Laiwu Bangzi, two clip string, Siping tone, Henan Yu opera of the Yudong tone, Xiangfu tone, Shahe tone, Jiangsu Jiangsu Bangzi and Shandong another ancient type of play, the development of Liuzi opera have had a greater impact.

Lv Opera, also known as the "masquerade yangqin" and "qin opera", is popular in Shandong and parts of Jiangsu and Anhui, and originated in the Yellow River delta north of Shandong, evolved from the Shandong qinshu, with a history of more than 100 years so far. Initially, most of the Lv Opera classes performed in villages and fields with little influence, and it was put on the stage around 1910, and after the establishment of Shandong Province Lv Opera Theater in 1953, Lv Opera has become a kind of opera that spreads all over Shandong and enjoys a good reputation all over the country. Lv Opera belongs to the rural art, acting and singing peasant affairs, the roles are mostly for small sheng, small dan and clown, the words and dialogues are taken from the folk language, and the accompanying instruments are mainly drop hu, erhu and sanxian. The traditional repertoire includes "Painting the Dragon", "Sisters Getting Married Easily", "Li Er Sister-in-Law Getting Married Again", "Borrowing a Wife", "Shilongwan", etc. The representative characters include Lang Xianfen. Representative characters include Lang Xianfen, etc. In mid-October 2007, the first Lv Opera Culture and Art Festival was successfully held in Dongying City, Shandong Province, the hometown of Lv Opera.

Yu Opera is also known as Henan Opera and Henan Gaoxiao. Because of the early actors sang with their own voices and used falsetto to turn up the high end of the voice with "Acura", also known as "Henan Acura". In the mountainous areas of western Henan, the performances are based on the mountains and the flat earth, locally known as "leaning on the mountain roar". Because Henan Province is short for "Yu", it was named Yu Opera after the liberation, and is one of the main types of opera in Henan Province. The popularity of Yu Opera is widely distributed, with performances in the north and south of the Yangtze River, on the west bank of the Yellow River, and even in Xinjiang and Tibet.

Qinqiang, also known as the chaotic bomb, originated from the Western Qinqiang, popular in northwest China's Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang and other places, and because of its use of jujube clappers as the beat instrument, so it is also called "clapper cavity", commonly known as "bam bam" (because of the clapper clapper), the "bam bam", "bam bam" (because of the clapper clapper), "bam bam" (because of the clapper clapper). (because of the "bam-bam" sound made when the clappers are used to beat the knuckles). At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the "Lotus in the Woods" saga by Anonymous used the "West Qinqiao Two Offenders" song, so it is known that it originated in Gansu. The ancient name of Gansu was West Qin, hence the name. In the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, Zhang Dingwang, a native of Jingyang, Shaanxi Province, wrote "Qin Cavity Theory", which shows that the Qin Cavity had already developed to a mature stage at this time. In the Qianlong period, Wei Changsheng went to Beijing to perform Qinqiang, which was a sensation in the capital. It had a direct impact on the formation of the sound of the clappers around the world.

Pu Xian Opera One of the local opera plays in Fujian. The performance of Putuxian opera is simple and elegant, and many movements are influenced by puppetry. Putuxian Opera follows the old rules of Southern Opera, and originally there were only seven roles: Sheng, Dan, Paste Sheng, Zedan, Pretty Makeup (Pure), End, and Ugly, commonly known as the "Seven Classes". The music tradition of Putu Xian Opera is deep and rich, and it still retains a lot of music from the Song and Yuan dynasties. The voice of Putuxian Opera is mainly "Xinghua Cavity", which is formed by the comprehensive dissolution of Putuxian folk songs and slang, ten tones and eight music, Buddhist songs, Song and Yuan lyrics, and big songs and dances, and is sung in dialect, which is a kind of voice with strong local colors and flavors. Originally known as "Xinghua Opera", Putu Xian Opera is popular in Putian and Xianyou counties, which were known as Xinghua in ancient times, as well as Xinghua dialect areas in central and southern Fujian. Its troupe footprints throughout Fuzhou, Xiamen, Jinjiang, Longxi, Sanming and other cities and overseas Chinese settlements. According to the evidence, it was developed on the basis of the ancient "Hundred Operas". Putu Xian Opera has the longest history among the Chinese opera genres, originating from Tang Dynasty, becoming in Song Dynasty and flourishing in Ming and Qing Dynasty. It has the oldest performance form, the richest repertoire and one of the most distinctive features in the performing arts. Formerly known as Xinghua opera. Popular in Fujian Province, Putian, Xianyou two counties and Hui'an, Fuqing, Yongtai and other neighboring counties of the Xinghua dialect area; because of the Song, Putian, Xianyou attached to the Xinghua army, Ming and Qing attached to the Xinghua House and named. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, it was renamed as Putu Xian Opera.

The tin opera opera. Popular in southern Jiangsu and Shanghai area. Originated in Wuxi on the shores of Taihu Lake, Changzhou countryside, the first for the villagers to the local folk songs and songs to entertain themselves, known as the "Dongxiang tune", and then gradually developed into a form of opera "beach spring". Due to the slight difference in voice and singing, it was divided into "Wuxi Tangling" and "Changzhou Tangling". After that, the "Tanya Reed" absorbed the body movements of the Jiangnan folk dance "Cai Cha Lantern" and began to sing small stories of life. Mostly two people in a file, activities in the countryside, the program only once, a lifetime (or a clown) two footage, such as "double hair", "grinding tofu", "pulling orchids", "the nunnery meeting", known as "pairs of plays". After entering the city, it developed into a "big theater" with dozens of people performing together, and the repertoire also increased to "Pearl Tower", "Jade Dragonfly", "Meng Jiangnu", "Meng Lijun", "Jade Lianhuan" and other big plays. Before and after the Xinhai Revolution, Wuxi, Changzhou, the beach spring opera, officially moved to the stage, and successively into Shanghai, and soon gradually perform together, renamed "Chang Xi-Wen Opera", in 1952 was named Xi-Opera. Now there are 32 tin opera troupes in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai and Anhui***. Xi-Opera is a long lyrical, with the Jiangnan water town interest and characteristics of the opera, its singing tune is basically the upper and lower sentences of the version of the changing body structure, often inserted between the upper and lower sentences of a paragraph or a long or short clear plate. The music of Xiqu Opera is lyrical, beautiful and melodious, with a beautiful Jiangnan water town style. The music of Xi-Opera belongs to the composite of quqi board cavity, and it has the distinctive feature of male and female separate cavities. In the 1930s, it absorbed the continental plate of Hangzhou Wulin Class, the "Lingling Tune" of Suzhou Clerical Tune (a kind of rap tune derived from Su Tan and Ping Bomb), the "Spirit Tune" and the "Triangle Plate" of Su Tan and Shen Qu, and the "Triangle Plate" of Xiqu. "Triangle Plate" of Su Tan and Shen Qu, "Gao Bao Zi" of Beijing Opera, and [Spring Tune], [Purple Bamboo Tune], [Nine Linking Rings], [Embroidered Lotus Bags] and other Jiangnan folk songs and ditties, which made the singing voice more colorful and diversified. After the founding of the Chinese People's Republic of China, music workers and actors work closely together to unify and process the style of Xi-Opera music, and to distinguish between the main and secondary, has adapted and created a variety of plate singing. After the reform of the Xi-Opera music, a new look, soft, smooth, light and fast tune, with the "Jiangnan silk and bamboo" characteristics. The accompanying instruments are mainly erhu and erhu, supplemented by pipa, sanxian and yangqin, and wind instruments such as xiao and flute have also begun to accompany the singing. Originally, there was only one erhu in the Xizhou Opera band, but now, in addition to the erhu, there are also pipa, sanxian, violin, flute, xiao, zhonghu, violin, and cello in the accompaniment. The percussion is mainly composed of four big pieces. Famous plays include the traditional plays "Double Pushing Mill", "Recognizing Mother in Nantuan Hall", "Meeting in Nantuan Hall", "Meng Lijun", "Pearl Pagoda", "Double Pearl Phoenix", and the modern plays "Saffron Song" and "Female Militia of the Sea Island", etc. Contemporary Xizhou Opera has many famous actors and actresses. Contemporary Xiqu Opera has many famous actors and actresses, such as Yao Cheng, Wang Yingying, Mei Lanzhen, Wang Lanying, Wang Yunzhi, Wang

Hanqing, Yang Qiwen, Wu Yatong, Xue Jingzhen, etc.

Contemporary Xiqu Opera has a lot of famous actors and actresses.

Yong Opera One of the regional opera styles in Guangxi, popular in Cantonese-speaking areas of Guangxi. Yong opera was called the old opera, Canton opera, five or six cavity, local class, etc., in 1951 was named Yong opera. Yong Opera is mainly popular in Nanning, Baise, Qinzhou and other places in Guangxi. It has a history of nearly two hundred years. It was formed in Nanning, the ancient name of Yongzhou, during the Daoguang and Xianfeng periods of the Qing Dynasty, hence the name "Yong Opera". The opera was developed on the basis of Binyang Opera and Wuming Old Opera, and belongs to the Pihuang system. The singing style and repertoire are similar to those of Gui Opera, and it has also absorbed some artistic factors from Cantonese Opera. Yong Opera is unique in its exquisite and sophisticated artistic skills, beautiful and elegant style, and refined and witty dramatic language.

Cantonese Opera Cantonese opera is one of the local operas in Guangdong, which is sung in Guangzhou dialect and is mainly popular in Cantonese-speaking areas, and is also called Guangdong opera. Formerly known as the Great Opera or Guangdong Opera, it originated from the Southern Opera, and began to appear in Guangdong and Guangxi from 1522 to 1566 AD (during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty). It is a performing art that combines chorus, singing, recitation, and playing with musicians' music, stage costumes, and abstract shapes, etc. Each line of the Cantonese opera has its own character. Each line of Cantonese opera has its own distinctive costumes. The initial language of performance was the Central Plains dialect, also known as the official dialect of the opera house. Towards the end of the Qing Dynasty, intellectuals changed the language of performance to Cantonese Cantonese in order to facilitate the propagation of the revolution, making it easier for Cantonese people to understand. Cantonese Opera is on the first 518 items of national intangible cultural heritage list announced on May 20, 2006 AD. On September 30, 2009, Cantonese Opera was recognized by UNESCO and inscribed on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

Guizhou Opera A local opera genre in Guizhou, developed from the opera Wenqin (a form of rap accompanied by the yangqin), which was originally known as Wenqin Opera (also known as "Wenqin"). （It was originally called Wenqin Opera (also known as "Wenqin" and "Guizhou Playing Words"), and was developed in 1953. In the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, yangqin was already very popular in Guizhou. Its textbooks were copied during the Jiaqing and Daoguang years. There are more than 400 traditional texts in existence, most of which are adapted from classical novels and opera scripts. The lyrics are mainly in rhyme, following the "three, three, four" and "two, two, three" styles of rap literature. In addition to the yangqin, the accompaniment instruments include urnqin, yueqin, small jinghu, erhu, pipa, sanxian, xiao, flute, waiko drum, touching bells, guiding chimes, and wrestling boards, etc. The basic tunes are [qingban], [qingtan], and [qingtan]. There are six basic tunes: [Qingban], [Erban], [Yangtiao], [Bitter Endowment], [Erliu], [Erling], etc., and seven tunes such as [Baipu]. The singing voice is gentle and the language is simple. Qian Opera is a new local opera created by the rap art of Guizhou Yangqin played on the stage, was born at the beginning of the establishment of the People's Republic of China and the country, was officially named in the 60's. It is mainly sung by Guizhou Yangqin, which is the most famous Chinese opera singer. Its singing style is mainly inherited and developed from the tradition of the folk rap art of Wenqin. Its performance is based on absorbing and learning from Kun Opera and other opera performances, as well as learning from local folk performing arts of various ethnic groups, and gradually formed its own unique style, the actors are generally younger.

Dian Opera is one of the main types of opera in Yunnan, with a predominantly pihuang style, popular in the province of Yunnan and parts of Guizhou and Sichuan. Is the silk string (from the earlier Qin cavity), Xiangyang (from the Han tune Xianghe school), Huqin (from Huizhou tune) and other acoustic cavity in the late Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty Qianlong years have been introduced to Yunnan and gradually developed, and gradually absorbed the local folk art to form its own characteristics of the local theater. The three major vocal cadences of Dian Opera, namely silk string, huqin and xiangyang, as well as some miscellaneous cadences, are all derived from the vocal cadences of operas imported from outside the province: the silk string originated from the Qin cavity, the huqin originated from the Huizhou tune evolved from the cavity, and the xiangyang originated from the Chu tune (which was renamed the Han Opera after the Xinhai Revolution). The three cadences, after being imported to Yunnan, were combined with the dialect and voice of Yunnan as well as its local customs and folk music, and underwent changes, which gradually formed the three major cadences of the Dian Opera. In addition, the Yunnan Opera's Kun Touzi and Kun Pouring Plate are related to the Kun Cavity, while the Plate, Bridging Bridge, Ginseng Tune and Anqing Tune are related to the Blowing Cavity (also known as the Shipai Cavity). When these voices converge on the stage of Yunnan theater, it is the day of the formation of Yunnan opera.