How did Western medicine spread to China?

The large-scale modernization of Western medicine in China began at the beginning of the 19th century, and missionaries were the first to do so. The initial goal of the missionaries in spreading Western medicine was to lead the Chinese to convert to the Gospel of Christ, but the result was a different historical picture: a large number of missionary doctors lifted the veil of mystery of the "handmaiden of the Gospel" and began to use hospitals as the initial position for spreading the spirit of Western medicine and charity. After that, a large number of missionaries in China founded Western medical schools, set up Western medical associations, translated Western medical books and founded Western medical newspapers, these modern communication tools in the dissemination of Western medicine in China at the same time, but also for the transmission of traditional Chinese medicine into the new modern factors, especially the adoption of the press as a new tool of communication, with its unique charm and value to break the limitations of the ordinary interpersonal communication, not only to open China's modern newspaper history prelude to a new era. In particular, the adoption of the press as a new communication tool, with its unique charm and value, breaks the limitations of ordinary interpersonal communication, not only opens the prelude to the history of the modern press in China, but also introduces the mass communication tools and modes into China, marking the subversion of China's traditional information dissemination, and greatly improves the effect of the spread of Western medicine. If the missionaries opened the prelude to the dissemination of Western medicine in the press, then, during the late Qing Dynasty, the early local Western medicine group and the group of medical students in Japan founded the Enlightenment Press, which broke the situation of foreigners' control over the dissemination of Western medicine and opened a new chapter in the history of the Chinese people's active acceptance of the Western medicine and its conscious dissemination. Of course, in terms of its scale and influence, the self-organized enlightenment newspaper was not enough to compete with the missionary newspaper, but objectively accelerated the process of localization of western medicine dissemination, and played a positive significance of enlightenment of the national spirit, seeking for national salvation, and getting rid of the poisonous phantom of the church medicine, which could not be underestimated. Especially Chen Yuan, in his student days, closely linked his personal future with the safety and security of the nation, actively supported the movement to recover the right of medical education, made good use of the powerful propaganda and educational function of the press, and opened up a unique road of medical salvation. He publicized the ideas of saving the country, protecting the people and strengthening the seeds, so that the idea of saving the country was manifested and spread in a wider scope. From the perspective of historical inheritance and spatial diffusion, there was an unprecedented development of western medicine dissemination in the Republican period compared with the late Qing period, which was not only manifested in the rapid growth of the total number of western medicine newspapers and magazines, but also in the historical process of western medicine dissemination. Although the frequent wars and social turmoil during the Republic of China period made the process of Western medicine dissemination show stage-by-stage stagnation and regional differences, but it was always unceasing and difficult to develop. Especially during the eight-year war of resistance and the war of liberation, the total number of newspapers and magazines exceeded any stage in the previous period, and the dissemination center also underwent several changes, firstly spreading to the surrounding area with Shanghai as the national center, and then moving to the central city of central and western China and the revolutionary bases during the period of the war of resistance, and finally forming a multi-center and multi-directional diffusion network, the improvement of the dissemination environment and formation of a benign ecology further strengthened the capacity of the press to disseminate Western medicine. Revolutionary bases are located in remote and backward rural areas, where the living environment is difficult, cultural, educational and health conditions are backward, and epidemics seriously threaten the health of soldiers and civilians. However, the revolutionary base areas overcame all kinds of difficulties and made use of a wide range of party newspapers and professional newspapers and magazines, combined with other forms, to carry out effective health education campaigns. Although there were few kinds of health newspapers and magazines in the base areas and it was difficult for them to survive, under the strong leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the hard work of the general public and the military, they successfully accomplished the historical mission of each period, and built up the base areas into the advanced areas of China's health missionary work, accumulating experience in the construction of health in rural areas in each period and laying a foundation for the advancement of the nation's health work after the liberation of the country. There are a lot of valuable experiences to be summarized in the revolutionary base area's health missionary work. From the viewpoint of the main body of dissemination, the emergence of medical school newspapers, group newspapers, government-run newspapers, specialized newspapers and newspaper supplements showed that the pattern of multi-principal dissemination had been formed, and the organization of dissemination eventually became the main form of dissemination of Western medicine in the press. First of all, the medical school newspaper is an important medium of educational communication and an important way of academic activities for teachers and students; it is also an important platform for spreading and promoting the spirit of medical salvation and professional philosophy. Secondly, the society and the newspaper *** student was a landscape of the medical profession in China at that time. Western medical groups, Western medical associations and Western medical newspapers complemented each other, constituting the internal support system for medical development, especially the specialist press, which made sufficient preparations for the localization of the theoretical system of Western medicine and the establishment of the modern medical system in China. Once again, newspaper supplements characterized by popularity and simplicity were introduced, marking the beginning of the hierarchical communication mode of scientific indoctrination from the elites to the general public. In addition, as the mouthpiece of the government, government-run newspapers and magazines are in an advantageous and dominant position in terms of public opinion orientation and editorial quality, and have an important role to play in modeling and guiding the cause of Western medicine dissemination. What does the prosperity of Western medical communication in the pluralistic communication pattern bring to the development of modern Chinese medicine? The article focuses on medical school newspapers, academic journals, and medical group newspapers to make a macroscopic examination of the effect of Western medicine dissemination. First of all, during the period of Republic of China, the government issued many decrees to take back the sovereignty of education, implement the reform of the school system, and gradually replace the church medical schools with self-managed medical schools, which became the largest Western medicine dissemination organization at that time, and prepared a large number of reserve talents for the formation and development of the Western medical ****similarity. Secondly, the continuous introduction of Western medicine signified that the dissemination of Western medicine had changed from information reception to institutional construction - the localization of theoretical system and the localization of practice mode. The introduction of academic societies and academic newspapers and magazines has provided organizational safeguards and institutional foundations for the transplantation and reconstruction of the Western medicine system in China, promoting the development of academic research in the direction of specialization and depth, and contributing to the growth of the Western medicine ****sibody. Once again, the Western medical ****similarity is not only the producer and disseminator of modern medical knowledge, but also the advocate and practitioner of modern public ****sanitary undertakings. Government action, social participation and service to the public are the basic features of public health. The process of constructing a public health system is essentially the process of nationalization, socialization and popularization of medicine. In fact, the Western medical **** the same body in the reference to foreign advanced health system, pay great attention to the nationalization of public **** health, socialization and mass promotion, so as to point out the future focus of medical and health care and the direction of development.