Introduction of guqin system

China's music has a history of more than 3000 years, but in fact, from ancient times to the end of the Tang Dynasty, the direct sound material (music score) is extremely poor. Therefore, the study of China's ancient music history can only start with some indirect materials (such as documents, musical instruments, sculptures, paintings, etc.). ) Guqin is a kind of Chinese musical instruments with rich sound data. Therefore, in order to understand the ancient and traditional musical features of China, the guqin is really a treasure house that cannot be ignored. Guqin music has a long history and has established its own complete system in aesthetics, music rhythm, notation, playing methods and fingering, so it has always been called Qindao or Qin Xue.

1, shape

Guqin belongs to guzheng instrument. * * * The singing box is made of two boards about three feet and sixty feet long, with a slightly narrow head and a slightly narrow tail. The piano face is paulownia, and the piano bottom is catalpa. The body of the piano is all painted, the head of the piano face is inlaid with a piece of hardwood called Lu Cheng, and there is a piano bottom with seven holes running through it for threading strings. On the left is another hardwood called Yueshanyi, which is used to support the strings. The crescent-shaped notch of the piano tail is inlaid with mahogany at both ends, which is called the focal tail (or crown angle), which plays the role of tying the strings and flattening the piano body, with dragon glue in the middle of the focal tail. The piano face is inlaid with thirteen mother-of-pearl dots. Emblem , used to mark the phonemes of the piano. There is an emblem near Yueshan Mountain, the larger one in the middle is seven, and the one near the end of the piano is twelve. The position of the emblem is arranged according to the length of the piano face. The bottom plate, also known as the piano bottom, has the same shape as the panel, but it is not arched. The belly of the piano is dug in the lower half of the whole piece of wood. There are two rectangular holes at the bottom of the piano as * * * sounds. In the center of the piano (between the four emblems and the seven emblems on the piano face), Longchi is six inches long, and Fengman is more than ten inches (between the ten emblems and the twelve emblems on the piano face), which is about three inches long. On the right side of Phoenix Marsh, there is also a foot pool for inserting two goose feet. The heads of the seven strings on the face of the piano are tied to the stump, and the stump is tied to the piano. The strings on the Moon Mountain extend straight to the dragon's teeth and then wrap around the feet of two geese on the back of the piano. Most strings are silk strings, with the thickest string and the lowest pitch, which is closest to the emblem and gradually becomes thinner; The first to fourth strings are wrapped, and the seventh string near the player is the thinnest and the highest pitch.

2. The spirit of piano manufacturing

In the special books on guqin published in Ming and Qing Dynasties, the invention and production of guqin are mostly attributed to ancient sages such as Shennong, Fuxi and Shun in the title, postscript or preface. Of course, we don't need to believe that Qin's invention really predates these legendary figures, but from these legends after death, we can see that Qin is the invention of sages recommended by Confucianism. Since it was written by sages, the piano should of course be used as a tool to carry forward the moral spirit of sages. Qin's spirit of production comes down in one continuous line with Confucianism, which shows that the starting point of its production itself represents a high culture. Of course, the name of Confucianism actually appeared in the Warring States period, and the invention of Qin by the above-mentioned sages was a legend that was later remembered. It is true that the Qin system can be tested after the Western Han Dynasty. But it can be seen that traditional scholars attach importance to Qin. Carrying the road? With what? Speech? Expectations are high. ? Offenders, ban it, ban evil, and correct people's hearts. ? (Han? "White Tiger Pass"), it can be seen that Qin's naming itself and its guiding purpose are nothing more than Confucian thoughts of benevolence and righteousness. Leto? Wei Wenhou's article says:? When a gentleman listens to the sound of harps and harps, he is just like a minister. ? It is an attempt to contact honest and clean officials with the soft timbre of stringed instruments. Qin got its name because it is homophonic with prohibition of alcohol. Jane. Metaphorically speaking, immorality is forbidden in order to protect righteousness. Therefore, Qin is considered as the joy of saints and the instrument of saints. The preface to the Secret Spectrum of the Ming Dynasty says:? But Qin is a thing, made by saints, guided by mindfulness, guided by political affairs, harmonized by six qi, and tuned by jade candle. It is the aura of heaven and earth and the sacred object of ancient times. It's the voice of China sage governing the country and leveling the world, and it's a matter of gentleman's self-cultivation. ? Qin can also be used to correct national customs and promote morality. It should be part of the daily life accomplishment of literati, so the ancients had it? This gentleman didn't withdraw the harp for no reason? Statement. The above is the gist of playing the piano, which is actually a means for Confucianism to carry out moral education with music.

3. The meaning of piano system

The Confucian world outlook is artificial and political, which holds that people should make good use of their intelligence to deal with all kinds of things. Therefore, people should unite first, which is why Confucianism put forward the concept of benevolence, that is, pushing oneself and others. China people pay attention to harmony, so they pay more attention to human relations, that is, the harmonious relationship between people. The basic principle of human relations is that two people need harmony to form a relationship. They attach importance to human relations, that is, the relationship between lineage and generations, and the concepts of monarch, minister, father and son, husband and wife, brother and friend arise. It can also be seen from the naming of piano parts that the piano system is influenced by Confucianism. The front of the piano is wide and the back is narrow, which symbolizes the difference between honor and inferiority. The five strings of official, business, horn, levy and feather symbolize the five social classes of monarch, minister, people, affairs and things. The sixth and seventh strings added later are called Wen Hewu, which symbolizes the harmony between the monarch and the minister. The twelve emblems symbolize December respectively, and the largest emblem in the middle represents June, symbolizing leap month. Guqin has three timbres: overtone, bending and scattering, which symbolize the harmony between heaven, earth and people respectively. The symbolic significance of the naming of these guqin shapes actually reflects the Confucian thought of rites and music and the importance that China people attach to harmony. Because the function of etiquette is to protect the individual, make the personality work and have fun with it, and its function is to be in harmony with the group. The combination of rites and music can make individuals and groups adjust each other and form a peaceful and reasonable life between people. Therefore, the implementation of these two seemingly opposite techniques of rites and music is to achieve the purpose of complementing each other and harmony. It can be seen from the social order and grade name borrowed from the form name of guqin that its production form contains profound educational meaning.

4, timbre, range

Guqin * * * has three timbres. One is scattered sound, that is, the sound made by the right hand playing an empty string, which is loud and vigorous, as grand as a bronze bell. Second, according to the sound (real sound), that is, the right hand plays the string and the left hand presses the string at the same time, the bass area is rich and powerful, the midrange area is macro and broad, and the treble area is crisp and slender. The third is overtone, that is, the left hand is aimed at the emblem, tapping the strings, and the right hand plays the strings at the same time. The high-pitched area is light and crisp, like a bell in the wind, and the middle-pitched area is bright and high-pitched, like hitting a jade.

Among stringed instruments, guqin is a unique instrument. Its surface is a fingerboard, without columns or goods. When playing, the piano is placed horizontally on the table, the right hand plucks the strings, and the left hand presses the strings to pick the notes, which completely depends on the piano logo (not limited to 13 emblem, many notes are between the emblems), and the pitch is extremely strict. The range of Guqin is * * * four groups of two degrees, including seven scattered tones, ninety-one overtones and one hundred and forty-seven tones.

5. Rule of law

Pure law? The overtone phoneme calculated by the chord length of two, three and five points. Simple law (three-point profit and loss law)? Phoneme phoneme calculated by dividing the chord length into three parts (minus one) and three parts (plus one) respectively.

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