--Hurry ----- Chinese and foreign architectural history --Nouns Explained

1-Latin Cross Basilica Form: Based on the ancient Romanesque Basilica, it was stipulated that during ceremonies, believers would face the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, so the sanctuary had to be at the east end. The main door thus faces west. As the number of believers increased, an inner colonnaded courtyard was built in front of the Basilica, with the baptismal font in the center and a particularly wide colonnade for the half-hearted seekers. The altar was semi-circular, with half a dome and half an umbrella roof. Before the altar was the altar of sacrifice, and before the altar again was the choir's seat, called the singing altar. Due to the increasing complexity of religious ceremonies, the number of people, and later in front of the altar to build a horizontal space, the larger also divided into chambers and side corridors, the height and width of the main hall with the counterparts equal. Thus formed a cross-shaped plane, vertical and horizontal two chambers higher. When viewed from above, it looks like a flat cross. The vertical aisle is much longer than the horizontal aisle, hence the name Latin Cross. In order to collect the holy relics or holy bones, in the altar outside, according to the radial shape of the construction of a few protruding chapels, but also in order to avoid a large number of foreign visitors to hinder the daily religious activities of the monks in the church, with a semi-circular gallery to these chapels and the altar separated from the east end of the church is therefore much more complex, there are also sects built in the east side of the transepts, and the altar parallel to them. The light tower is seen above the intersection of the Basilica transepts. Examples: St. John's Church, St. Paul's Church

2-continuous coupon: the coupon foot falls directly on the columnar columns, with a small gable section padded in the center, and is only suitable for very light structures 3-columned: a style of building structure. Its basic unit consists of columns and eaves. The column can be divided into three parts: column base, column body, and column head (column cap). Due to the different sizes, proportions and shapes of each part, together with the different treatments and decorative patterns of the column body, different column styles are formed. Classical column style is an important modeling tool for Western classical architecture. Typical classical column styles include 3 kinds of Greek period, *** there are 5 kinds: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Taschkan style, composite. 4. Parthenon In the Greek capital of Athens Acropolis is located in the center of the ancient citadel, limestone hillock, towering over a lofty rectangular building, the temple stands in the highest point of the Acropolis. The name of the Parthenon comes from Athena's alias Parthenon, which is a transcription of the Greek word ∏αρθενωσ, meaning "virgin". Parthenon is also translated as "Parthenon Temple". 5. Nine-ridged Temple: one of the traditional Chinese architectural roof forms, called the hiatus roof in the Qing Dynasty, second only to the hipped roof. It consists of one main ridge, four hanging ridges, four bumping ridges and four slopes, forming a mixture of two-slope and four-slope roofs. 6. Forked hand "Chinese ancient architecture of large wooden components" support in the pygmy columns on both sides of the wooden components, the Northern Wei Ningmao stone room to see. Tang, Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan buildings are still used. Ming dynasty occasional application, but the section size is very small. Qing Dynasty almost not used. 7. Que palace gate on both sides of the watchtower, or stone plaque outside the tomb. Que is from the defensive "view" evolved from a sign of authority and hierarchical name of the building, because the Department of double Que Lone plant, "the middle Que Ran for the road", it is called "Que".　According to the nature of the building to which it belongs, divided into the city que, palace que, curtain que, ancestral temple que.　Que, in China's ancient architecture is also a special type, its development has changed a lot. Existing ground in ancient architecture, to que for the earliest, the Han dynasty ground in addition to one or two stone shrines and other than the ancient architecture, is the que. Que generally have the foundation, que body, roof three parts. 8. and seal painting, also known as the palace building painting, this building painting in the qing dynasty is a kind of the highest level of painting, mostly painted on the palace building or with the royal family on top of the building. And seal color painting according to the scale of the building, grade and the use of functional needs, is divided into gold dragon and seal, gold phoenix and seal, dragon and phoenix and seal, dragon grass and seal and su painting and seal and so on five kinds. They are named according to the content of the color painting painted. 1. Taiwan, the ancient Chinese will be on the ground of rammed earth piers known as Taiwan, the wooden houses on the platform known as the salute, the two together known as Taiwan, the salute. Taicai also has both moisture and defense functions. The site of the Taisei quite a lot, the famous Spring and Autumn Jin are Xintian site, the Warring States Yan under the capital of the site, the site of the old city of Zhao in Handan, Qin Xianyang Palace site, etc., have preserved a huge ladder-like rammed earth platform, the height of some of the more than 10 meters, the length of some of the more than a hundred meters. Western Han Dynasty Mingtang Piyong site retained two layers of square rammed earth platform. In addition, the image of the Warring States Terrace can also be seen in the Warring States engraved bronze (see Zhou Dynasty architectural images). 2. flower basket hall ancient hall of a kind, characterized by the front step column or before and after the step column does not land, hanging in the air, the lower end of the column carved into a flower basket shape, not only to expand the interior space, appearing to be spacious, but also adds a decorative.　The structure of the flower basket hall is mainly dependent on both ends of the wall on both sides of the long square, square must be solid hardwood, square and column with iron contact. Because of the mechanical properties of wood limitations, so the width of the flower basket hall is generally small, the depth is also limited.　Flower basket hall representatives are: the lion forest flower basket hall, the eastern part of the residence of the Humble Administrator's Garden flower basket hall and so on. 3. Dock wall Ancient Chinese defense building with a wall. Also known as dock, camp dock, dock waiting. When Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, for the defense of Xiong Nu, there were a large number of dock walls built on the northern and northwestern border fortresses. Border fortress dock wall is a smaller fortification than the city, barriers (sometimes larger than the small barriers), built in the pavilion, the periphery of the tunnel. Docks were sometimes divided into inner docks and outer docks, both with entrances and exits, with portals and guards. Inside the dock, there were houses for soldiers and residents. There were steps up to the pavilions and tunnels, which were called the "dock steps". There are also beacons on the dock. (The walls on both sides of the dry dock and the head of the dock.) 4. Flying handrail It is in order to balance the thrust of the arch on the outer wall, and the wall or other structures attached to the outer wall. That is to say, the center of the arch of the wall to the outward thrust, and support wall is to push the wall inward.　Flying handrail is explained in writing by the side of the hall outside the pillar pier coupon to balance the side of the hall thrust. In order to enhance the stability of the piers are often built in the spire.　In Gothic architecture in the longitudinal direction of the force by each vault and its adjacent vault offset, but the lateral lateral thrust needs a structure to resist, this structure rises to the upper side of the side corridors and does not block the light into the high side windows, strong stone handrail came into being, but its heavy volume is not satisfactory. This problem was solved by open half-vaulted balustrades, which were often connected to one- and multi-story frames. The use of this half-vaulted parapet created the form of the flying buttress, which was a distinctive element of the exterior of medieval Gothic churches. The double-storey fly-rail of Amiens Cathedral in France is unique to Gothic architecture, a kind of fly-rail. On both sides of the nave over the side aisles, in the nave of each cross arch at the corners of the feet against its side thrust. It actually plays the role of a brace, to solve the problem of horizontal force. 5. ten books of architecture "ten books of architecture" is the only ancient western classical architecture retained to date the most complete books. In 27 BC by the Roman architect Vitruvius, published in about 14 BC. The book is divided into ten volumes, including architectural education, urban planning and architectural design principles, building materials, building construction practices, construction techniques, construction machinery and equipment. The book recorded a lot of practical experience in construction and elaborated the basic theories of building science. In the Renaissance quite influential, the 18th and 19th centuries in the classical revivalism also have inspired, is still a reference value of the building science book. 6. The Greek cross belongs to the centralizer, the center and the four arms are dome type, equal arms. In religion, because of its unique design can not be used as any torture instrument, called the freedom cross. It is found mainly in Byzantium. This church, the center of the dome and its four sides of the barrel-shaped arch into a cross of equal arms, so called the Greek cross. 1. Gooseneck chairs near the water of the hall, Xuan, pavilion, etc. are often set up in the waterfront side of the wooden curved rail seat. Classical gardens, waterfront chairs called goose-neck chairs, also known as the beauty of leaning. 2. lifting fold (Song) in ancient architecture, refers to the height of the roof, Song called - lifting fold. The so-called lifting frame means that the vertical distance between two adjacent purlins in the wooden frame divided by the corresponding step frame length obtained by the coefficient. Role, so that the roof is a concave beautiful curve. The higher up it goes, the steeper it gets, which is good for drainage and lighting.　Lift: the height of the roof rack Depending on the depth of the building and roofing materials Fold: because the roof rack purlins are not uniformly elevated, so the slope of the roof cross-section into a curve.

3. Golden compartment bucket bottom groove Song Dynasty "building method" listed in the four kinds of space (single groove, double groove, distraction bucket bottom groove, golden compartment bucket bottom groove) one of the division methods. It is characterized by a circle of columns and arches inside the hall, dividing the hall space into two levels. Inside and outside the column height is equal, but the column diameter is slightly different. Examples: Shanxi Wutai Mountain Foguang Temple East Hall, Nara, Japan, Tang Zhouti Temple Golden Hall.

4. cover More for the interior, is carved in relief or translucent hardwood into geometric patterns or intertwined flora and fauna, mythological stories, etc., in the interior plays a role in separating space and decoration.

5. Gladiator arena Gladiator arena materials with marble as well as several types of rock built, the wall with brick, concrete and metal frame fixed. Part of different, different materials, columns wall body all using marble masonry, very strong. Ancient Roman gladiatorial arena was oval gladiatorial arena is used in the center of the gladiatorial area, the long axis of 86 meters, the short axis of 54 meters, surrounded by a high wall and the audience separated, in order to protect the safety of the audience. Behind the auditorium, there is an arched cloister, which surrounds the perimeter of the arena. The total height of the cloister fa?ade is 48.5 meters, from top to bottom is divided into four layers, the following three layers of each layer consists of 80 coupons, each two coupons between the standing pilasters; pilasters of the columns of the first layer of the Doric style, fitness and rugged, as if the male forceful and powerful; the second layer of the Ionian style, light and soft, as if the quiet end of the show of the young girl; the third layer of the Corinthian style, which combines the first two characteristics of the more ornate and delicate. 6. St. Peter's Basilica dome Church central diameter of 42 meters, a height of 138 meters of the round dome, is a typical symbol of Baroque architecture. And the church hall on the chic vaulted dome, is Michelangelo's late architectural masterpiece, until his death 26 years later by other architects to continue to complete. The structure in general should be arch structure, of course, the dome also belongs to a kind of arch, the main force is borne by the piers and columns, the building materials should be masonry plus concrete. 7. The Ten Books of Architecture is the only complete classical architectural text preserved in Western antiquity. In 27 BC by the Roman architect Vitruvius, published in about 14 BC. The book is divided into ten volumes, including architectural education, urban planning and architectural design principles, building materials, building construction practices, construction techniques, construction machinery and equipment. The book recorded a lot of practical experience in construction and elaborated the basic theories of building science. In the Renaissance period is quite influential, the 18th and 19th centuries in the classical revivalism also inspired, is still a reference value of the building science book. 8. Rococo Rococo architectural style, produced in France in the 18th century 20s and popular in Europe, was developed on the basis of Baroque architecture, mainly in the interior decoration. Rococo style is basically characterized by delicate and charming, gorgeous and exquisite, sweet and gentle, complicated and trivial. Rococo architectural style is characterized by: indoor application of bright colors and delicate decorations, furniture is also very delicate and on the cumbersome, unlike the Baroque style of strong colors, decorative and colorful. The interiors of Rococo buildings in southern Germany and Austria appear to be very complex. Rococo decoration is characterized by: delicate and feminine, often using asymmetrical techniques, like to use arcs and S-shaped lines, especially love to use shells, whirlpools, rocks as a decorative theme, rolled grass, Shu Hua, tangled and coiled, connected into one. The ceiling and walls are sometimes connected by curved surfaces, and frescoes are arranged at the corners.