About the rich local characteristics of the dress, food, residential assignments of two 600 words or so

Mongolia and other nomadic traditional housing. Anciently known as the dome, also known as felt tents, tents, felt bags and so on. Mongolian language called ger, Manchu for yurt or Mongolia Bo. Nomadic people to adapt to nomadic life and create this kind of residence, easy to disassemble, easy to nomadic. Since the Xiongnu era has appeared, has been used until now. Yurt was round, around the side walls into several pieces, each piece of 130 to 160 cm high, 230 cm long, with a strip of wood woven into a net, several pieces connected, surrounded by a round, long cover umbrella bone-shaped dome, and the side walls connected. The roof of the tent and the four walls were covered or surrounded by felt, fixed with ropes. A wooden frame is left on the southwestern wall to install the door board, and a round skylight is left on the roof of the tent to let in light, ventilation and smoke, and it is covered with felt at night or in rainy or snowy days. The smallest yurt is more than 300 centimeters in diameter, and the largest can accommodate hundreds of people. The tent of the Khan and the kings in the Mongol Khanate era could accommodate 2,000 people. There are two kinds of yurts: fixed and traveling. Semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas are mostly built in fixed style, surrounded by earth walls, covered with reeds and grasses; nomadic areas are mostly in mobile style. Traveling type is divided into detachable and non-detachable two kinds, the former to livestock transportation, the latter to oxcart or horse-drawn carriage. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the Mongolian settlers increased, only in the nomadic areas are still retained yurts. In addition to the Mongols, Kazakhs, Tajiks and other nomadic herders also live in yurts.

On the vast Mongolian plateau, the cold wind howling, the earth dotted with many white tents. They are yurts, or "gers" as the Mongols call them. Since the Mongolian people, people have been using yurts. It has been a long time. But no one knows exactly when they were first used.

The ger became the daily residence of Mongolians. Most Mongols were nomadic herders, searching for new pastures for their goats, sheep, yaks, horses and camels throughout the year. The yurts can be packed and carried by a couple of bactrian camels to the next stopping point, where the tents are re-erected.

The traditional dwellings of Tibet, like other cultural forms in Tibet, have their own unique character. Tibetan dwellings are rich and colorful, with the towers in the southern Tibetan valley, the tents in the pastoral areas of northern Tibet, and the wooden buildings in the forested areas of the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin each having their own special features, and even the kilns can be found on the Ali Plateau.

The most representative of Tibetan dwellings is the watchtower. Watchtower mostly stone and wood structure, the appearance of a dignified and solid, simple and rugged style; the outer wall upward contraction, built on the mountain, the inner slope is still vertical. Typical Tibetan residence with earth and stone masonry, similar to the bunker, commonly known as Diaoyuan. Generally 2 to 3 layers, there are 4 layers. Usually the bottom do barn, the upper floor people, storage items, there are also set up the hall of scripture. Layout layer by layer to the back of the retreat, the lower roof constitutes the upper layer of the sundeck. Toilet is located in the upper, cantilevered in the back wall, toilet floor open a hole, excrement can fall straight into the bottom of the barn outside the cesspit, to avoid the trouble of cleaning; with two layers of toilets, the upper and lower layers of the position of the staggered, so that the upper layer of dirt can be unimpeded to the bottom of the cesspit.

The bunker has a solid and stable, tightly structured, the corner of the building neatly characterized, both for wind and cold, but also to facilitate the protection of the enemy and theft.

The tent is very different from the room, it is the pastoral Tibetan people in order to adapt to the mobility of living by water and grass and the use of a special form of construction.

Tibetan tents have winter and summer tents. Winter tent, woven from yak wool, first woven into a certain width of dark brown or black, white felt, and then according to the size of the need to sewing into a tent, this tent can adapt to the plateau rainstorms, wind and snow and cold climate. Size varies, the shape of rectangular, square, hexagonal, polygonal and other shapes. Supported by a stand or pillar. The net height of the room is about 1.6-2 m. The top of the tent is tied with yak rope, nailed around the dike stakes to hold on to it, and anchored with wooden stakes or cow and goat horn stakes. There is a skylight on the roof of the tent, which can be used for ventilation, light and smoke, and can be covered in rainy days. Surrounded by commonly used turf or stone walls, in order to protect against wind and cold.

Summer tent, for the summer herdsmen go out when a lightweight tent. It is made of white canvas, Tibetan cloth woven, square, rectangular. Surrounded by black, brown or blue trim. Large tents are also decorated with exquisite craftsmanship of the auspicious eight treasures, five blessings, white clouds pointing the lion, six reincarnation and other types of patterns. There are also large tents that can accommodate hundreds of gatherings, and double-layer tents that are both heat-insulating and sun-resistant. Has a strong religious decorative colors, in the green hills of the wilderness, scattered with points of white tents, wisps of smoke, interesting, very Tibetan cultural characteristics.

Ordinary tents are generally smaller, square or rectangular plane, with wooden sticks to support the framework of about 2 meters high; covered with black yak felt, leaving a wide 15 centimeters long, 1.5 meters long gap for ventilation and light; around the yak rope traction, fixed to the ground; around the interior of the tent with grass, adobe, or pebbles into a high of about 50 centimeters high short wall, above the pile of barley, Ghee bags and dried cow dung are piled on top. For fuel, the tent was simply furnished. Tent room furnishings are simple, slightly outside the center of the fire stove, stove for Buddha, around the ground with sheepskin, for sitting and lying down to rest. The tent has a simple structure, bracket easy, flexible disassembly, easy to relocate and so on.

The strong religious color is the most obvious mark that distinguishes Tibetan houses from those of other nations.

The Qiang architecture is most famous for its towers, stone masonry houses, rope lifts, trestles and water conservancy weirs.

The vicissitudes of life

Qiang language towers called "Dengcang". As early as 2,000 years ago, "the Han Book 'Southwest Barbarians biography" on the Qiang people "live in the mountains, stone houses, high to more than ten feet" record. Watchtower built in the village housing next to the height of 10 to 30 meters, used to protect the enemy and storage of food and firewood. Watchtower has four corners, hexagonal, octagonal form. Some up to thirteen or fourteen layers. Building materials are stone chips and yellow clay. Wall base 135 meters deep, built with stone chips. The inner side of the stone wall is perpendicular to the ground, and the outer side is slightly tilted inward from the bottom up. It was constructed without drawing, hanging lines, or supporting pillars and frames, and was built with great skill and experience. The building is solid, reliable and durable. 1988 in Beichuan County, Sichuan Province, Qiang village Yongan found in an ancient castle ruins of the Ming Dynasty, "Yongping Fort", after hundreds of years of wind and rain is still well-preserved.

Banna Houses

The architecture of houses is a part of the traditional culture of an ethnic group in a certain period of social history, and it is also the epitome of traditional culture. The residential buildings of the Dai, Hani, Brown, Jinuo and Lahu in Xishuangbanna have different forms and architectural styles due to the influence of the natural environment, such as climate, altitude, topography and building materials, as well as the social environment, such as population, economy, religion, science and technology, and ideology.

Ya Sangmudi cover bamboo buildings

In ancient times, the Dai people did not have a house to live in, can only live in caves, is a person called Paya Sangmudi learned to build houses, before teaching everyone to build Dai bamboo buildings.

Villages are scattered

The Hani people live in the sunny hillside, alongside the mountains to establish villages. The villages usually have 30 to 40 families, and as many as several hundred. Behind the village is a lush jungle of ancient trees, around the green bamboo verdant, brown camphor, between peach and pear trees, the village in front of the terraces extended to the bottom of the river valley. Not far from the village, there is a clear and cool spring well. The Hani ethnic minority houses are laid out along the slope in combination with the terrain, and the heights are staggered in a different way, giving them a unique and varied scene.

Mushrooms grow all over the mountains

Legend has it that in ancient times, the Hani people lived in caves, with high mountains and steep roads, making it inconvenient for them to go out and work. Later, when they migrated to a place called "Jarrow", they saw large mushrooms growing all over the mountains, which were not afraid of wind and rain, but also allowed ants and insects to make a nest underneath the shelter, and they built a mushroom house compared to the look.

The mushroom house is beautiful and unique. Even in the cold winter, the house is warm; and in the hot summer, the house is very cool. To the Hani's largest village in Honghe County, Yuanyang County, Ma Li Zhai is the most typical.

Mushroom Layers Scented

The Hani's mushroom houses are shaped like mushrooms, made of earth-based walls, bamboo and wood frames and thatched roofs. The roof is four slopes. The house is divided into layers: the bottom layer is closed to cattle and horses to pile up agricultural tools, etc.; the middle layer is paved with wooden boards, partitioned into the left, middle and right three rooms, with a square fire pit in the center that is constantly smoldering all year round; the top layer is covered with mud, which is fireproof and can be stacked up.

The houses are built with earth and stone as the main wall materials. The roofs are flat-roofed "earth palm houses" and double-slope, four-slope thatched houses. Because of the steep terrain and lack of flat land, flat-roofed houses are more common, which are fire-resistant and convenient for drying grain on the roof, making full use of the space.

Guests come, the warmth of the host will invite you to sit around the fire, let you suck on a long water pipe, drink a cup of hot "glutinous rice tea", drink a bowl of fragrant "mulled pot wine". Taking advantage of the wine, the host opened his voice to show you the Hani people like the bamboo in the mountains have branches and joints and roots of the song, and wished the guests good luck, love and friendship long.

Historically, the Hani people migrated to where the mushroom house is built, all over the Hani mountain townships, after a long period of development and improvement, now the mushroom house has both traditional characteristics and perfect, and the lofty peaks, the charming sea of clouds, colorful terraced fields, into a wonderful picture of the magnificent scenery of the Mourning Firmament.

Other answers *** 2 of the most representative of the Tibetan residence is the watchtower. Watchtower mostly stone and wood structure, the appearance of solemn and solid, simple and rugged style; the outer wall upward contraction, built in accordance with the mountain, the inner slope is still vertical. Watchtower room is generally divided into two layers, to calculate the number of rooms in the column. The ground floor for animal husbandry and storerooms, low height; the second floor for the living layer, large room for the hall, bedroom, kitchen, small room for storage or stairwell. If there is a third floor, it is mostly used as a scripture hall and sunbed.

The bunker has a solid and stable, tightly structured, the corner of the building neatly characterized by both wind and cold, but also to facilitate the protection of the enemy and burglary.

Tent room and the room is very different, it is the pastoral Tibetan people in order to adapt to the mobility of living by water and grass lifestyle and the use of a special form of construction. Ordinary tent is generally relatively small, the plane is square or rectangular, with wooden sticks to support the framework of about 2 meters high; covered with black yak felt, leaving a wide 15 centimeters in the middle of a gap of about 1.5 meters long, for ventilation and lighting; around the yak rope traction, fixed to the ground; tent around the interior of the grass with mud, adobe, or pebbles into a high of about 50 centimeters high short wall, above the pile of barley, ghee bags and dry cow dung (for fuel), simple furnishings in the tent, slightly outside the center of the fire stove, stove for Buddha, around the ground with sheepskin, for sitting and lying down to rest. The tent has a simple structure, bracket easy, flexible, easy to relocate and other characteristics.

Tibetan is a love of beauty is also good at showing the beauty of the nation, and thus for the residence of the decoration is also very concerned about the common indoor wall painted with auspicious patterns, the living room of the inner wall is painted blue, green, red three color band, in order to symbolize the blue sky, the land and the sea. Rikaze homes in the door or painted the sun, moon and auspicious clouds, or hanging wind horse flag, while Chamdo Mangkang homes are trying to render the exterior walls and windows and doors, rich in colorful decorations, extraordinary.

The strong religious color is the most obvious sign that Tibetan houses are different from those of other nations.

The indoor and outdoor furnishings of the dwellings show the lofty status of God and Buddha. Whether it is the farmers and herdsmen's residence, or the upper class residence of the nobles, there are facilities for Buddha. Even the simplest of them had offerings to honor the Buddha.

Religious significance of the decoration is the most eye-catching Tibetan residential signs, the outer walls of the windows and doors on the pick out of the small eaves hanging under the red, blue and white strips of cloth mantle, around the window cover for the black, the roof of the daughter wall of the foot of the wall and its corners are red, white, blue, yellow, green five-color cloth to form the "block". In the Tibetan religious view of color, the five colors respectively signify fire, clouds, sky, earth, water, as a way to express the desire for good luck.

There are also wall decorations to express the Tibetan Buddhist sect. Such as the Sakya residential wall painted with white strips, in the strips and then painted with the same width of the earth red and dark blue-gray color band, the hollow is white, in the main body of the building or the courtyard wall right-angled corner of the turning place and the wider wall, but also from top to bottom with the earth red and white painted with outstanding band, to identify the beliefs in the region is the Sakya school.

The most representative way of settlement in Tibet is religious settlement. The formation and development of religious settlements add to the charm of Tibetan dwellings, such as Barkhor Street in Lhasa, which was developed around the Dazhao Monastery and is a typical representative of religious settlements in towns and cities. The formation of residential communities in the agricultural and pastoral areas is centered on monasteries, which are freely arranged and misplaced, forming a pattern that is not associated with each other.

Tibetan dwellings, while paying attention to cold, wind and earthquake prevention, also used to open wind doors, set up patios, skylights and other methods to better solve the climate, geography and other adverse factors of the natural environment on the impact of production and life, to achieve the effect of ventilation, heating.

Before the democratic reform in 1959, most of the residents of Tibet lived in low shacks, and the homeless and poor people could only live under the eaves and by the side of the road. After the establishment of the Tibet Autonomous Region, the government invested large sums of money to improve residents' housing, and by 1994, the per capita housing area in cities had reached 12.24 square meters, and in rural areas 20.36 square meters. Due to the slow economic development of old Tibet, the building materials were only limited to blocks of stone and clay, but nowadays the residential houses have made full use of all kinds of modern building materials, and many high-rise buildings have been built, so that the Tibetan architectural style has been put into better play. The indoor facilities of the vast majority of people in old Tibet were extremely simple, but now TVs, recorders, and complete sets of Tibetan furniture have entered the homes of ordinary Tibetans. The reform and opening up of the Chinese people has made the Tibetan residents have more money, they will decorate their houses beautifully and with special features.