Diversified literature in Han dynasty

Introduction: The literature of Han Dynasty is an era of diversified development of China literature, with many genres and contents, such as Han Fu, Parallel Prose, Political Comments, Poetry, etc. The following is the main content of the Han Dynasty literature I collected. Welcome to read it for reference!

The prosperity of economy, the strength of national power and the expansion of territory in the Han Dynasty filled the writers of that era with the joy of victory and heroic feelings. Reflected in literature, that is, everything in the world has to be placed under its own observation and reproduced artistically since ancient times. Sima Xiangru said: Give the family, including the universe, and be responsible for the characters. ? ("Xijing Miscellanies" Volume II) What did Sima Qian say was the purpose of his writing historical records? When studying heaven and man, can we change the past and present and become a family statement? (Report to Ren Anshu). Sima Xiangru and Sima Qian, one is a master of Ci Fu and the other is a master of biographical literature. They are in different fields of literary creation, but they all put forward basically the same idea. They all pursue the huge capacity and magnificent momentum of their works and appreciate the sublime and magnificent beauty. In Da Fu, everything that can be written into a work should be included, which is detailed and endless. In historical biography literature, astronomy, geography, economy and culture are all-encompassing. From the Yellow Emperor to today's era, from emperors to ordinary people, from three religions to nine schools of thought, all kinds of characters come in droves. Even the suburban worship songs with limited space are all-encompassing. The magnificent beauty of literature in the Han Dynasty embodies the full affirmation of the brilliant achievements of the unified empire, and its performance objects, fields and scope have reached an unprecedented breadth.

The Han Dynasty was on the rise in history, and it was peaceful and prosperous for a long time. Literati in Han Dynasty lived in this specific historical stage, and generally had a strong enterprising spirit and a strong desire to make contributions. They pursue the immortality of life and hope to make a name for themselves in history. Literati in Han Dynasty paid more attention to fame than deeds. In order to realize their life ideals, they can endure humiliation, go through fire and water, and even sacrifice their lives. Because of this, there is a spirit of self-improvement and positive progress in the literary works of the Han Dynasty, which maintains a high style. It goes without saying that in the prosperous period of the Western Han Dynasty, that is, the works in the declining period of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the literati are still obsessed with making contributions and making a name for themselves. Although the trend of thinking about going there has risen since the end of the Western Han Dynasty, and even a number of hermits have appeared, which are reflected in literature, but the proportion is not large and it is not the mainstream. ? Between Huan and Mausoleum, the country was in famine, the political situation was chaotic, and the country was appointed as Yan Temple, so scholars were ashamed to associate with it. Therefore, ordinary people resist anger, and Chu Shi talks about it horizontally. Therefore, they arouse their own reputation, discuss each other's problems, judge officials and judge whether they are in power as appropriate. The straightforward style prevails in our company. ? ("once"? The positive spirit of China's entry into the WTO, the noble character of the literati in the Han Dynasty, and the heavy spirit of death once again shone brilliantly at the end of the Han Dynasty, resulting in many cynical and sharp-edged works.

The official position of ancient scholars was related to the power of the monarch. When expressing the enterprising spirit of scholars, the literature of Han Dynasty regards the unity of sage and sage as its ideal, and Wang Bo's Ode to the Father is a masterpiece in this respect. The fate of scholars is also closely related to their times and situations. The literature of Han Dynasty vividly shows and incisively discusses the relationship between historical opportunity and personal destiny. Historical Records and many lyric poems have great depth in expressing the relationship between the inevitability of historical development and the contingency of personal fate. For ancient literati, there were few successes and many failures in their official career. Of course, winners have the joy of success, and losers are inevitably down and out. The literature of the Han dynasty shows the frustration and depression of life, and also shows the characteristics of the historical rising period. Although these works express the bitterness and dissatisfaction of the creative subject, they are rarely pessimistic and disappointed. Of course, with the passage of time, the content of Han literati's feelings is also changing. In the prosperous time of the Western Han Dynasty, frustrated literati lamented that they were born at an untimely time. Are Dong Zhongshu's Scholars and Sima Qian's Ode to Sadness for Scholars based on? Meet? And then what? Never met? For the theme. Since the late Western Han Dynasty, the lament of literati has focused more on fate, as Yang Xiong said? In case of misfortune? ("Han Shu? Biography of Yang Xiongzhuan), from paying attention to the external situation and opportunities in the prosperous period of the Western Han Dynasty, turned to paying attention to its own destiny. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, literati lamented that life was short because of their unsuccessful fame. Some works in Nineteen Ancient Poems belong to this type.

The imperial court of the Western Han Dynasty was established after the demise of the Qin Dynasty and a short struggle between Chu and Han. Criticizing the tyranny of Qin, summing up the lessons of Qin's rapid demise, and reflecting on history from a strategic perspective are important contents of literature in the early Han Dynasty. From Jia Yi's political theory, Sima Xiangru's Fu on the Second Discipline to Sima Qian's Historical Records, the spirit of criticizing history runs through it. Starting from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the ideological circle turned from criticizing history to constructing the theoretical system of the dynasty. Correspondingly, literature has turned from criticizing history to paying attention to reality. Praising and beautifying great achievements has become the main mission of the prosperous literature of the Western Han Dynasty, and Dafu is the effective undertaker of this mission. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, the trend of criticism in the literary world has risen again. From the political comments of Wang Chong and Wang Fu to the poems of Li Yan, Zhao Yi, Cai Yong and Mi Fei, the critical spirit is getting stronger and stronger. The objects of criticism include theological teleology, fatalism, superstition of ghosts and gods, darkness and decay of society, traditional values and outlook on life. The literature of the Han Dynasty began with historical criticism, praised morality in its prime, and ended with realistic criticism, completing a cycle. However, compared with the previous historical criticism, the later realistic criticism has more depth, breadth and strength.

Consistent with the development track of criticism-praise-criticism experienced by literature in the Han Dynasty, the status of literati in the Han Dynasty also experienced an evolutionary process from independence to dependence and then independence. In the early Han Dynasty, Mei Cheng, Zhuang Ji, Zou Yang, etc. Wandering in Wang Zizhong, he is a guest of the powerful. They are free to come and go, independent in personality, both literati and militarists. From the beginning of Emperor Wu, the imperial court advocated the literati to raise livestock, and the squire literati created works, which catered to the emperor's taste to a great extent. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, aides recruited by consorts sometimes sacrificed their personality and sang praises for their sons. Like court attendants, they are not free. These writers who are attached to the Emperor and consorts are mostly scholars, such as Wang Bo, Liu Xiang and his son, Ban Biao and his son. Since the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the independent spirit of Xiang Mu's personality has sprouted among the literati. Yang Xiong, Ban Gu, Zhang Heng and others consciously or unconsciously got rid of the dependence on attendants and aides to varying degrees and tried to create according to their own ideals. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhao Yi, Mi Fei and others were headstrong and arrogant, while Geng Jie was aloof and unruly. From them, we can see more party member's shadow. From Meicheng, Zou Yang and other places. Zhao Yi, who was born in the early Han Dynasty, was calm and cocky, and went to Mi Fei, who was almost crazy at the end of Han Dynasty. After a period of submission and attachment, the literati of Han Dynasty returned to their individuality independently and reached a higher level.

There is a deep relationship between Han literature and Chu literature in the pre-Qin period, so Han literature has a strong romantic color from the beginning. On the one hand, the literati in the Western Han Dynasty fully affirmed the real world, on the other hand, they fantasized about traveling to the fairyland and sharing the joy there. In many works, there are pictures of people and gods walking together and enjoying each other, and human life is full of vitality because of the communication with the fairy world. After entering the Eastern Han Dynasty, the romantic color of literary works gradually weakened, while the rational spirit increased day by day. Comparing Sima Xiangru's Ci and Yang Xiong's similar works with those of Ban Gu and Zhang Heng, and comparing Historical Records with Hanshu, we can see the difference between romance and reality. Of course, the romance of Eastern Han literature is far less than that of Western Han literature. The rise of Taoism and the introduction of Buddhism did not make the literature of the Eastern Han Dynasty illusory. On the contrary, it develops according to its own laws, and the reality of the work is further strengthened. In the creation of Ci and Fu, there are many realistic works, such as Ban Biao's Northern Expedition Fu, Ban Zhao's Eastern Expedition Fu, Cai Yong's Narrative Fu and Zhao Yi's Mourning Fu. There are also few illusory elements in literati poetry creation. Feeling sad and happy, what is the reason? The development of Yuefu poetry reached its peak. As for the "Lun Heng" written by East and West Rainbow? Disease and falsehood? The political theory of purpose also appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

The folk creation and literati creation of literature in the Han Dynasty presented a scene of prosperity, which promoted each other and effectively promoted the development of literature in the Han Dynasty. The mutual penetration and interaction between folk creation and literati creation is particularly obvious in Chinese poetry. There was a system of collecting poems in Han Dynasty, which enriched Yuefu music and was sometimes used to investigate political gains and losses and folk customs. A large number of five-character ballads were collected into Yuefu and became Yuefu songs. This new poetic style is very attractive to literati, who deliberately imitate it in their own creation, so there are five-character poems of literati and works of literati in Yuefu poems handed down from generation to generation. Under the influence of literati's five-character poems, folk five-character poems are becoming more and more mature. In addition to poetry, the historical biography literature of the Han Dynasty also left traces of the integration of folk creation and literati creation. Historical Records and Wu Yue Chun Qiu both wrote many folklores in the books, which increased the legendary color of these two works.