What do you mean by solidification and rigidity?

Thinking is rigid, the impression is solidified, and you give up thinking and don't want to think about it?

Ying Gu, who bounced back to the pipa, and Zhang, who rode the donkey backwards, left a deep impression, mainly because of their "opposition" and "opposition". This kind of expression that goes against common sense has something in common with logical reverse thinking. If this kind of reverse thinking is properly used in writing, it can achieve an ingenious and unconventional expression effect. How to cultivate reverse thinking in composition teaching. First, the idea of reverse thinking is to establish the theme. If the material is the "flesh and blood" and the structure is the "bone" of the article, then the theme is the "soul" of the article. It can be seen that the establishment of the theme plays an important role in an article. Having a novel idea is the basic requirement of writing. How do we do this? A convenient way is to use reverse thinking, that is, "use against your will." For example, when the ancients wrote fallen flowers, they often wrote very sadly. For example, "flowers are full of thanks, red flowers are gone, who has pity?" And "if you bury flowers today, you will know who they are when you bury them in another year." If you write an article on this basis, you will never get rid of your sadness and pain, so we might as well use it instead. I can write articles with novel ideas. In teaching, I attach great importance to cultivating students' reverse thinking ability. I remember I asked after writing "Litchi Honey": "The article warmly praised the noble and valuable sacrifice spirit of bees. However, does he also have some disappointments? Can you think and associate things and people? " So the students spoke one after another: "bees dare not get paid according to their work, and they are busy all day, but in the end the fruits of their labor are occupied by others. This is not the attitude of modern people." "Bees are too conservative, they will only work hard for generations and lack pioneering spirit, just like farmers used to eat on a single farm." "Bees don't know whether it is love or hate, but there are good and bad, and everyone is stung." These views of students may not be all right. But after all, it breaks the single rigid thinking and should encourage reverse thinking in many ways. For example, I ask students to write an article on the topic of "snow". Students are generally used to praising snow from the front, such as writing about its whiteness, dressing up the world and selflessness, while students who use reverse thinking think in the opposite direction. The "hypocrisy", "ruthlessness" and "hiding from the sun" of falling snow often give people a refreshing feeling. Second, the idea of reverse thinking is the organizational structure of the article. The application of reverse thinking in thinking can make the article achieve an orderly and unconventional expression effect. But the reverse thinking here is not a completely opposite way of thinking, but an opposition to stylization and a surprise victory. Write an article that everyone has no pen in mind. I remember when I was in Song Huizong, many painters gathered in the Beijing Painting Competition, and the test question was "Step on flowers and return to horseshoes". Some painters painted many petals and worked hard on the word "flower", some painted prancing horses and whips, and some painted horseshoes. Making a fuss about the word "hoof" ... these are not consistent with poetry-there is no fragrance. Only one painter used reverse thinking, not from "flowers", "horses" and "hooves", but found another way to draw several butterflies dancing around horseshoes. This idea describes the fragrance and perfectly expresses the fragrance of "horseshoe after stepping on flowers" The existing views are outdated and one-sided. Therefore, the ideas, viewpoints and opinions formed under certain historical conditions are also updated with the changes of society. Therefore, in composition teaching, students are required to be innovative and adopt reverse thinking to meet the needs of the times. For example, sometimes, they should not "play axe in front of the whole class", otherwise, you will never perform and you will not be wronged. Another example is "have it both ways", which is used to describe people who are glib and sophisticated. It's so vivid, those who look at other people's faces and decide their own actions are really mean. But if it is not to please, we must improvise and take corresponding countermeasures according to the changes in the situation. Isn't this a scientific attitude? Why not do it? Therefore, how to look at the wind direction and grasp the general direction is very useful.

What does it mean that key expenditures are linked to fiscal revenue and expenditure growth or GDP?

Lou Jiwei: A major focus of the reform is to improve the annual budget control method. The focus of budget preparation and review has shifted from the current balance of payments to expenditure budget and policy. This major shift has brought many changes. Taxation will no longer be the task of budget decision, but will become an expected goal. If the core of budget approval is balance of payments, in order to achieve this goal, we must complete the tax task, otherwise the deficit will be enlarged. This method can easily lead to the problem of "pro-cyclical" budget implementation: when the economy is hot, it is easier to complete the tax task, and the fiscal and taxation departments often collect less. The more private funds, the hotter the economy; When the economy is cold, the fiscal and taxation departments tend to collect more points to complete the tax task, and they will collect more "excessive taxes". If the people have less money, the economy will be colder. The focus of budget approval has shifted to expenditure policy, and the income budget has shifted from binding tasks to anticipation, which means more emphasis on taxation according to law, collecting all receivables and not "over-taxing".

Another major change brought about by improving the budget management system is the establishment of a cross-year budget balance mechanism. On the one hand, it is to establish a cross-year mechanism to make up for the budget deficit, on the other hand, it is to establish a scientific demonstration mechanism for medium and long-term major issues; Pay close attention to the study and implementation of medium-term fiscal planning management, strengthen its binding force on the annual budget, and enhance the forward-looking and fiscal sustainability of fiscal policy.

In addition, improving the budget management system will also promote the openness and transparency of the budget. At present, the budget is generally open to revenue and expenditure, and the next step will be to promote policy openness so that the public can better understand the budget.

Q: According to the Decision, there is generally no need to clean up and standardize the linkage between key expenditures and fiscal revenue and expenditure or GDP growth. What consideration is this requirement based on?

Lou Jiwei: This is a major measure to solve the outstanding problems in current budget management. At present, China's key expenditures linked to fiscal revenue and expenditure growth or GDP involve seven categories, including agriculture, education, culture, science and technology and social security. In 20 12, the above seven key expenditures accounted for 48% of the national fiscal expenditure. The expenditure linkage mechanism has played a positive role in promoting the development of the above-mentioned fields at a specific stage of development, but it will inevitably lead to the solidification and rigidity of the financial expenditure structure and increase the difficulty of overall arrangement of financial resources. The national finance requires linkage from the central government to the county level, which does not conform to the law of social development. Different regions have different levels of economic and social development, and their advantages and disadvantages are also different. The linkage system often makes the financial budget arrangement divorced from reality, and it is also easy to lead to comparison, and at the same time it also causes too many special transfer payments.

Improve the tax system and maintain the overall stability of the macro tax burden

Q: The tax system is an important part of the national financial system. The "Decision" proposes to improve the tax system. What tax system reforms will be promoted next?

Lou Jiwei: According to the requirements of the plenary session, the direction of promoting tax reform at present and in the future is to give full play to the functions of tax collection, adjusting distribution, promoting structural optimization and industrial upgrading on the basis of maintaining the overall stability of macro tax burden, accelerate the formation of a tax system conducive to scientific development, social equity and market unity, and play a decisive role in resource allocation to a greater extent and scope.

A major reform that China is currently promoting is the reform of the camp. From the perspective of value-added tax, it is also the transformation and expansion of value-added tax. Transformation is to change from the past production-oriented value-added tax to the consumption-oriented value-added tax. Expanding the scope is to introduce value-added tax into the service industry, establish a standardized consumption-oriented value-added tax system that conforms to the law of industrial development, and eliminate the problem of double taxation.

The next step will be to promote the reform of consumption tax, adjust the scope, links and tax rates of consumption tax, and further play the regulatory role of consumption tax on products with high energy consumption and high pollution and some high-end consumer goods. The "Decision" also proposes to gradually increase the proportion of direct taxes, including accelerating real estate tax legislation and promoting reforms in a timely manner. In the next step, the direction of real estate tax reform is to reduce taxes and fees for real estate construction and transactions, increase taxes on retention links, and promote tax collection.

Q: In the past, some places introduced various tax policies to attract investment. This time, the "Decision" clearly stated that it is necessary to strengthen the standardized management of taxation, especially regional taxation policies. What is the original intention of this move? How will it be cleaned?

Lou Jiwei: At present, China's tax policy, especially the regional policy, is excessive. According to statistics, 30 regional tax policies have been implemented, and some regional tax policy projects are being declared. At the same time, some localities and fiscal and taxation departments are lax in enforcing the law, reducing or exempting taxes in disguised form by way of tax refund, resulting in "tax depression", which has seriously affected the national tax system norms and fair competition in the market, and must be resolutely corrected ... >>

When I was a teenager, I used to be arrogant and proud, so I treated my classmates badly.

One thing that people can easily overcome is conformity. When the truth you think is different from what everyone thinks, you will panic. In fact, this is a kind of sadness. Creativity dies in the process of conformity. Often, you know a road is wrong, but more people will follow it. Who says normal people must be normal? Every criminal (murder, corpse abuse, baby abuse) evolved from a normal person, so don't care too much. The world is too noisy, you should find your own feeling.

Why is the "executive power" of Chinese enterprises very low?

The introduction of enterprise management system is not rigorous, and it often changes constantly, leaving employees at a loss. A good system often doesn't work well. Enterprises generally have to go through the process of rigidization, optimization and solidification when introducing new systems, which leads to the system changing with individual will.

Managers' execution tends to relax with the passage of time, resulting in two requirements: tight before work and loose after work, and self-imposed. On the wine table, civil servants generally say that drinking with me is execution; The private boss will say, give me a drink. In the final analysis, the reason why the implementation results are different is that they are not strict with themselves and are dead to others.

The system is unreasonable, the feasibility is weak, and the implementation of the process is cumbersome and difficult. Most enterprise systems are hastily introduced without argumentation, which makes it difficult to implement the system in enterprises, and the implementation process is complicated, which makes it difficult to adapt to enterprises, resulting in the system only appearing as a form. For example, an approval process normally takes 4 hours, but it takes 4 days after passing the system.

Enterprises lack scientific supervision system and evaluation system in the process of implementation. In the process of implementing the system, enterprises often have different effects than expected, and the lack of supervision leads to an increasing deviation in implementation. When there is slack between the executors of the supervision system, the enterprise has no evaluation mechanism to evaluate the supervision effect.

I don't know how to appreciate and read China's ancient poems, and I don't know how to say it.

Read more poems

First intensive reading. Make textbooks and poems clear. You can buy a book about poetry appreciation in the college entrance examination.

The level of poetry appreciation is based on your reading. Poetry pays attention to artistic images, but first you have to understand images, especially high-frequency images. For example, the moon means missing a person, wine is used to drown my sorrows and leave, the phoenix tree gives people a sad feeling, and the cuckoo Yuanming also expresses sadness ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Secondly, we should understand that many of China's poems are only abstracted from a few words for brevity, and the grammar of a poem for rhyming often does not conform to the logic of modern Chinese. The connection between words leaves readers a lot of imagination space, and the charm of poetry lies in this imagination space.

In short, you should have a rich imagination when reading poetry.

Third, it is not wishful thinking, and it is justified. That is, bold ideas and serious verification.

To cope with the Chinese exam in senior high school, we must first know the common expressions in poetry and happiness.

Rhetoric, expression (narrative, lyricism, discussion), performance skills (combination of reality and reality, blending of scenes, lyricism, contrast and contrast, etc.). )

If you don't understand, contact me again.

What is critical thinking? Can this way of thinking prevail in the current China society?

The original meaning of critical thinking is clear and rigorous thinking, which is far from the literal meaning of "critical thinking" in Chinese translation. For this reason, the Hong Kong Board of Education suggested that it should be interpreted as critical thinking, while Mrs Regina IP, a member of the Hong Kong Legislative Council and former Secretary for Security, thought that it should be translated into rigorous thinking. "Critical thinking" or "critical thinking" tends to think negatively and questioningly, leading to opposition and confrontation and unnecessary contradictions. This is not the original intention of advocating "critical thinking". According to the five links of the golden mean, "erudition, interrogation, careful thinking, discernment and perseverance" is not just speculation. Among them, "interrogation, careful thinking and discerning" is the so-called "critical thinking", which requires daring to think independently and ask questions, but "thinking" should be "cautious" and "distinguishing" should be "clear", and doubts should not be added indiscriminately. This should have a foundation, that is, "erudition", wide knowledge and broad vision. After speculation, there must be a continuation of practice, that is, "perseverance." Critical thinking is a theme of American education reform in 1960s+0940s. It doesn't seem to be very successful, because later in the 1950 s, McCarthyism appeared in the United States. In the1970s, "critical thinking" became the focus of the American education reform movement, and the American student movement was in the ascendant. Since 1980, scientific research has been vigorously promoted to launch a space race with the Soviet Union, and "critical thinking" has been greatly respected, which has really become a climate. On 1987 "International Conference on Critical Thinking and Education Reform", Englishman Michael Screvane and American Richard Paul issued a statement, pointing out that critical thinking is not a single thinking method, but a synthesis of a series of thinking methods, including scientific thinking, mathematical thinking, historical thinking, anthropological thinking, economic thinking and so on. No critical thinking is applicable to anyone, and anyone may have irrational thinking. Therefore, we should devote our whole life to cultivating the skills and habits of critical thinking. The above definition of * * * shows that the translation of critical thinking is not appropriate (just like the difference between evolution and evolution). I have argued with my parents who studied philosophy since I was a child, and I have taught myself critical thinking. But later I found that I was just a weak critical thinker. I used this kind of thinking to defend my point of view, instead of looking at everything rationally. Later, after I went to college, I was exposed to many books on critical thinking, and I really stepped into the society. Only then did I begin to understand what critical thinking is-an inclusive, rational and comprehensive view of things. The book I introduced to you is: The Power of Thinking-Critical Thinking Makes a Wonderful Life. This book is authoritative and well translated. It is the work of Richard Paul and Linda Aird (the systematic planner and pioneer of this critical thinking), but now this book is out of stock, and it may still be sold on Taobao. Note: Critical Thinking by Machinery Industry Press is not recommended, and its translation is extremely poor. However, other books published by Machinery Industry Press are of high quality, such as La Giraud's The Art of Thinking, neil brown's Learn to Ask Questions and Wolff's Focus. The translation of these three books is still in place, which can reflect the author's intention. Of course, it seems easier said than done. If you want to get rid of taking it for granted, you still have to rely on your willpower and rational long-term persistence. And please remember that critical thinking is more standard, not critical thinking. Ha ha ha ha ~ ~ ~

What is the fundamental purpose of philosophical understanding in senior high school?

The fundamental task of cognitive content principle: the fundamental task of cognition is to raise perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge and grasp the essence of things through phenomena. Methodology: Have rich perceptual materials and process them with scientific thinking methods. 6. Cognition is the ever-developing content principle: any specific cognition is only a level, an aspect and a development stage of the whole world. Therefore, people should not only deepen, expand and advance their understanding on the basis of practice. Methodology: We should adhere to the viewpoint that knowledge is constantly developing. All views of solidified and rigid knowledge are unscientific. 7. The people are the main content of the principle of practice: the people refer to all people who promote social history. The people are the creators of social wealth and fundamentally promote social development; The people are the creators of social spiritual wealth, and promote all-round social progress; The people are the decisive force of social change and should play the main role in social change. In a word, people are the subject of practice and the creator of history. Methodology: We should combine the mass practice, establish the mass viewpoint, adhere to the mass line, trust the masses, rely on them and seek benefits for them. 8. The relationship between transforming the subjective world and the objective world. Content principle: to transform the subjective world is to transform nature and human society. Transforming the subjective world means transforming one's own thoughts, cognitive ability and the relationship between the subjective world and the objective world. They are interrelated and interact. Transforming the subjective world is to better transform the objective world. People are transforming their subjective world while transforming the objective world. No matter how to transform the objective world or the subjective world, it is inseparable from social practice. Methodology: Practice is an activity from subjective to objective, and it is also an activity carried out by people in society. It is necessary to realize the scientific unity of subjectivity and objectivity and the correct unity of individuals and society in practice. The nature of epistemology 1. Marxist epistemology is a dynamic reflection theory (1), and the opposition between materialist epistemology and idealist epistemology (the opposition between reflection theory and transcendentalism) 1. Materialist epistemology starts from the premise of material first and consciousness second, carries out the route from material to feeling and thought, and adheres to the principle of reflection theory 2. Idealism epistemology starts from the premise of the material second nature of consciousness and carries out the thought of feeling. (2) The definition of knowability and agnosticism: advocating the unity of thinking and existence, and thinking that the world can be known. All materialist theories of reflection are knowable, completely idealistic and knowable. Agnosticism: denying the unity of thinking and existence, denying that people can know the world or can know the world thoroughly, and the representative figures are Hume and Kant. Only when Ma Zhe introduced the practical viewpoint into epistemology can agnosticism be completely refuted. (III) Definition of dialectical materialist epistemology and old materialist epistemology All materialist epistemology adheres to the theory of reflection and knowability, and fundamentally opposes idealist epistemology. But there are also essential differences: a, the old materialist epistemology can't see the dynamic role of the subject divorced from social practice on the object. B, leave dialectics to examine the problem of understanding, not knowing matter is a process of dialectical development, so it is a negative, intuitive and passive reflection theory, and it is a mechanical reflection theory. Difference: dialectical materialism epistemology: a, introduce practical viewpoint into epistemology and establish dynamic reflection theory. B. Applying dialectics to reflection theory reveals the universal law of dialectical development, so it is a revolutionary reflection theory based on practice. 1, dynamic reflection is the unity of imitation and creation. ① Dynamic response is imitative, and imitative response determines the objectivity of the response. ② Dynamic reflection is also creative, and it is a dynamic creative activity. ③ Dynamic reflection is the unity of imitation and creation, denying its imitation objectivity is idealism epistemology, and denying its creativity is old materialism epistemology. 2. The attribute, form and relationship of cognitive subject and object The subject is a person who engages in practical activities and cognitive activities in a certain social relationship. The object of cognition is the objective existence that enters the field of practice and is related to the subject. This is a survey of simplicity and cognition. Attributes of cognitive subject: 1 naturalness, 2 consciousness, 3 sociality, ... >; & gt

I learned the first few compulsory courses of politics well, but when it comes to philosophy, there is no system at all and I don't know how to combine materials. I hope everyone can enlighten me!

The essential function of philosophy is to teach people to think, so as long as you have your own ideas and opinions, but the premise is that your ideas must be comprehensive, not one-sided, meticulous and logical, and you must respect reality and conform to these three points. You can play it at will, and gradually you will find that the so-called philosophy is just a more advanced and theoretical summary of your thinking and your views, so what you need to do is to concretize philosophy and apply it to your life.

A little advice, good luck!