Discusses the garden layout form and design method

A, the principle of garden layout garden layout concept

Garden is composed of a one, a group of different landscape, these landscapes are not in an independent form, is organized by the designer of the scenery in accordance with certain requirements organically. In the garden of these scenes in accordance with certain artistic rules organically organized to create a harmonious and perfect whole, this process is called garden layout.

People visiting the garden, in the aesthetic requirements is to appreciate the various landscapes, and get the enjoyment of beauty. These scenes are natural, such as mountains, water, plants and animals; there are also artificial, such as pavilions, corridors, pavilions and other garden buildings. How to combine these natural scenery and artificial landscape organically, to create an excellent garden landscape that is both complete and open, which is a problem that the designer must pay attention to in the design. Good layout must follow certain principles.

(A) the garden layout of the comprehensive and unity

1) the function of the garden to determine the layout of the comprehensive form of the garden is determined by the content of the garden, the function of the garden is to create a beautiful rest and recreation for the people, at the same time in the improvement of the ecological environment plays an important role, but if you only consider the layout of its approach from this aspect, not from the economic and artistic aspects of the conditions to consider, this function is also not possible. However, if we only consider the layout from this aspect, without considering the economic and artistic aspects, this function cannot be realized. Garden design must be based on economic conditions, based on the principles of garden art and garden aesthetics, and aimed at the use of garden functions. Only consider the function, no economic conditions as a guarantee, and then the good design is also can not be realized. Similarly in the design only consider economic conditions, detached from its practical function, this garden will not be accepted by the people. Therefore, the economic, artistic and functional conditions of these three aspects must be considered comprehensively, only the environmental protection of the garden, cultural and recreational functions and the economic requirements of the garden and artistic requirements as a whole to be addressed comprehensively, in order to achieve the ultimate goal of the creator.

2) the layout of the garden elements with uniformity of the garden composition material mainly includes terrain, landforms, water and animals, plants and other natural landscapes and their buildings, structures and squares and other human landscape. These elements of plants is the main body of the garden, the terrain, landforms is the carrier of plant growth, both of which exist in a natural form in the garden. Natural elements without human intervention is often the most primitive product, its artistry often fails to achieve the desired effect, the building in the garden is based on the functional requirements of its use to create a humanistic landscape, these scenes must be combined with the natural landscape, plants and organic integration of nature in order to achieve its functional requirements.

The above three elements in the layout must be considered in unity, can not be divided, terrain, landforms can be enriched through the use and transformation of the landscape of the garden, while the building road is to achieve the function of the garden is an important part of the plants will give life to the nature, the green to the earth, no plants can not be a garden, there is no rich and varied topography, landforms and water bodies will not meet the artistic requirements of the garden. Without rich and varied terrain, landforms and water bodies will not meet the artistic requirements of the garden. Good garden layout is to unify these three, both division of labor and to combine.

3) from the combination of open, diverse and unified for the garden in the diverse changes in the scenery, there must be a certain pattern, otherwise it will be chaotic, not only to diversify the scenery, there are twists and turns, but also to make these twists and turns in an organized manner, so that a variety of scenery has its own interest, can be linked to each other, to form a unified and harmonious whole.

In China's traditional garden layout in the use of "start and open combination" four words to realize this diversity and unity. What is "start and open combination"? Shen Zongqian of the Qing Dynasty in the "mustard boat painting" pointed out that the layout "all lies in the potential, the potential, between the flow of the smooth reversal, then the opening and closing of the residence. The place of birth is open, a side of birth, that is, think of a side to clean up, then everywhere there is a structure without the evils of diffusion. Packing up the place is a joint, a side to pack a side and think about the birth of the hair, there is always a residual intention and not the end of the God,......, such as the encounter MianYan hold tugging place, should not be flat collapse, it is appropriate to think of another wave. Cover this place is not good to clean up, when opened from other places, common cotton collapsed carry on, or to the mountains and rocks, or to the forest, or to the smoke and clouds, or to the building, with its appropriate and use. Must be in the potential for both no harm and then can be obtained, in short, the layout of the pen, a moment shall not leave the joint." Here we are required to consider the layout of the infinite variations of the twists and turns, an open and closed, one side of the scene, and consider how to close

(ii) according to local conditions, skillfully because of the borrowed garden layout in addition to the content from the outside, but also combined with the natural conditions of the local area. China's Ming Dynasty, the famous gardeners counted in the "Garden Metallurgy" in the "garden skillfully because of borrowing" point of view, he pointed out in the "Garden Metallurgy": "because of the base of the potential high and low, the body shape of the end of the correct ...... ", "due to" is due to the situation, "borrowers, although the garden is not inside and outside, to get the scene is not bound to the near and far", "the garden but the mountains and forests are the best, there are high and concave, there are deep and curved, there are precipitous and hanging, there are flat and flat, to create their own natural interest, do not bother to make the garden. Self-contained natural interest, do not bother the work of human affairs, into the Austrian sparse source, on the low water storage, the high side of the pavilion on the platform, low concave can open the pool and swamp". This point of view is actually the best example of making full use of local natural conditions and adapting to local conditions 1) terrain, landforms and water bodies in the garden, terrain, landforms and water bodies occupy a large proportion. Terrain can be divided into flat land, hilly land, mountainous land, concave land and so on. When building a garden, it should maximize the use of natural conditions, for the low concave area, the layout should be based on water features, and hilly areas, the layout should be based on mountain features, to be combined with the characteristics of its topography and landscape to decide, not just from the imagination of the designer to decide, for example, Beijing Taoranting Park, before the founding of new China for the city south of the famous stinking puddle, the movie "old stories of the south of the city," the story told by the region, the story of the new China After the establishment of the government in order to improve the environmental conditions of the region, using the method of digging a lake to store water, the excavated earth in the north of the pile into a mountain, in the lake to arrange water features, to provide people with a place for water activities, so that not only the transformation of the environment, but also to create a beautiful landscape, beautiful environment of the garden attractions. If this method is not used, but from a distance to transport soil to fill the pit, although you can achieve the purpose of remediation of the environment, but there will not be such a rich landscape today's gardens.

In the engineering construction facilities should be local materials, while considering the economic and technical conditions. Garden in the layout of the content and scale, can not be separated from the existing economic conditions. In the selection of materials to local materials, such as rockery, in the garden does have a high landscape effect, but can not be pursued regardless of the effect of economic conditions allow, otherwise it is bound to cause great economic losses. Song Huizong made in Bianjing is an example: according to historical records, "1106 AD, Song Huizong for the construction of Mount Wanshoushan, in Taihu Lake to take the stone, high and wide several zhang, loaded with a large boat, pulling to a thousand, chiseling the river and broken bridges, destroy the weir and folding the wall, a few months and even", and ultimately resulted in a huge waste of manpower, material and financial resources, and the Beijing Summer Palace in the The origin of the "stone of defeat" (Qingzhi Cui) in the Summer Palace in Beijing is also the same.

The different materials used to build the garden, the garden composition will have a certain role, it is relative, non-absolute, Taihu Lake stone can be described as a stone in the top grade, is not indispensable, for example, Beijing Beihai Jingxinzhai rockery stone used for the Beijing Fanshanshiyuan, the Guangzhou garden rockery for the locally produced Huangde stone, etc. are successful examples of locally sourced materials.

2) plants and climatic conditions of the layout of Chinese gardens by climatic conditions have a great impact. China's hot climate in the south, in the choice of tree species should be mainly for the purpose of shade, while the northern region, the summer heat, the need for shade, cold winters, the need for sunshine, in the choice of tree species should be considered to deciduous tree species.

In the plant selection must also be combined with the local climatic conditions, to the native tree species. If only from the landscape considerations, a large number of planting the introduction of tree species, regardless of whether it can adapt to local climatic conditions, the result is bound to fail and end.

In addition, the adaptability of plants to the conditions of the site must be considered, especially the plant's masculine and feminine, drought resistance and moisture resistance, etc., if the water-loving tree species on the slopes, or the masculine tree species in the sheltered environment, the trees will not be the normal growth, can not be normal growth will not achieve the desired purpose. The artistic effect of the garden layout must be built on the basis of the right place and the right tree.

Garden layout should also pay attention to the original trees and vegetation on the use. Generally in the preparation for the construction of garden green space within the boundaries, there are often some trees and vegetation, these trees or vegetation in the layout, according to the degree of its availability and ornamental value, to maximize the organization of the composition to go. As the "garden metallurgy" said: "years of trees, in the way of building gable wall, let a step can be set up base, cut a number of, may as well be capped, it is said to carve the building flying pillar structure is easy, shade of acacia quite jade is difficult to become." The central idea is to make full use of the original vegetation, on this point, in China's modern garden construction has been affirmed, for example, Beijing Chaoyang Park, there are many large trees for the original residential area after the relocation of retained, this park was completed in 1999, these large trees, in improving the environment has played a very good effect, most of them in the form of "Orphaned Tree Most of them exist in the form of "ornamental trees", and if all of them are cut down and replanted, it will not only be a waste of manpower, material and financial resources, but also will not soon achieve the desired results.

In addition to this, in the layout of plants, must also consider the growth rate of plants. Generally new gardens, due to the planting of trees in the short term may not play an ideal effect, so in the layout should first choose fast-growing species as the main, slow-growing species as a supplement. In the short term, fast-growing tree species can quickly form a garden landscape effect, in the long-term planning and must be reasonably arranged for some slow-growing tree species. On this point in the residential green space planning has been a lesson learned, general residential areas in the completion of the requirements of the greening effect soon realized in the plant planting, large areas of planting lawn, while for the composition of the need to be matched with a number of conifers, the greening effect is achieved, but did not pay attention to the residents of the use of the green space requirements, the hot summer sun, it is difficult for residents to find a place to cool off, so the green space will not be popular. This kind of green space will not be popular. Therefore, in the layout of garden plants, to understand the biological characteristics of plants, both considering the long-term effect, but also to take into account the current use of function.

3) Theme clear, the main scene prominent any garden has a fixed theme, the theme is expressed through the content. The theme of the botanical garden is to study the growth and development of plants, plant identification, introduction, domestication, and at the same time to show visitors the objective natural laws of the plant world and human knowledge of the use of plants and transformation of plants, therefore, in the layout of the center must always be around, so that the theme can be distinctly reflected.

In the whole garden greening work, greening is important, but there must be focused, beautification to achieve its artistic requirements garden is composed of many scenic spots, these scenic spots in the layout of the main and secondary points, the main scenic spots in the garden in the form of the main scene.

In the whole garden layout to achieve the main scene is prominent, the other landscape (landscape) must be subordinate to the arrangement of the main scene, but also to the main scene to play a "baking clouds to the moon" role. The existence of the supporting scenery can be "complementary and complementary", in order to have a positive significance to the composition, for example, the Summer Palace in Beijing has a number of scenic spots, such as the Buddha Heung Pavilion Scenic Area, Suzhou Creek Scenic Area, Dragon King Temple Scenic Area, etc., but the Buddha Heung Pavilion Scenic Area as the main body of the other scenic spots for the secondary scenic spots in the Buddha Heung Pavilion Scenic Area to the Buddha Heung Pavilion building as the main scenery, other buildings for the supporting scenery.

What is the main view of Buddha's Fragrance Pavilion?

The role of the supporting scenery in highlighting the main scenery is twofold, one is to accentuate the main scenery from the aspect of contrast, for example, the calm water surface of Kunming Lake is contrasted to accentuate the rich fa?ade of Wanshoushan. On the other hand, the main scene is accompanied in a similar way, for example, the shape of the mountain in Xishan Mountain and the pagoda in Yuquan Mountain are accompanied in a similar form by Wanshoushan.

Highlighting the main scene commonly used methods are: the main scene is elevated, the axis of symmetry, contrast and harmony, dynamic concentration, center of gravity and suppression of the scene, etc., the specific content of the chapter, section V content (d) garden layout in time and space of the prescriptive garden is one of the environments that exists in our real life, in space and time has a prescriptive nature. The garden must have a certain area index as a guarantee in order to play its role. At the same time, the garden exists in a certain geographical scope, and the surrounding environment is bound to exist in some connection, these environments will have an important impact on the function of the garden, for example, the effect of the landscape of the Summer Palace in Beijing by the West Mountain, Yuquan Mountain, a great influence on the spatial is not closed, but the garden outside the environment of the landscape into the garden, this practice is called borrowed scenery, as the "Garden Metallurgy" said "The clear mountain ranges towering show, blue Yu Lingkong, the extreme eye as far as the common is screened, Jia is collected, not divided into town animal, all for the smoke scene ...... ". This approach goes beyond the limited garden space. However, some garden landscape in the layout is the use of closed space, such as the Summer Palace Harmony Garden, surrounded by buildings, the garden landscape is closed, the scenery of this closed space is also give people a sense of beauty.

Garden layout in the time of the prescriptive, one refers to the content of the garden function in different time is a change, for example, garden plants in the summer to provide shade for visitors to the main place, in the winter there is a need to have sufficient sunlight. Garden layout must also make provisions for the seasonal changes of plants throughout the year, the choice of plants should be the spring to green grass and flowers, summer to green trees and shade, autumn is rich in leaf color and fruitful, winter should be considered the demand for sunlight; on the other hand, it means that the plants grow and change with the passage of time until the death of aging, and in the morphology and color are also changing, therefore, the It is necessary to understand the growth characteristics of plants. Plants have senescence and death, and the garden should be ever-changing

Two, garden static layout

(A) static landscape layout static landscape layout static landscape refers to the visitors in a relatively fixed space to feel the landscape, this landscape is in a relatively fixed range of viewing, so there is an intrinsic influence between the location of its viewing and the effect.

1) the visual law of static space

(1) the scene of the best visual distance in general, normal people's visual distance of 25 ~ 30cm, the details of the scene can be seen at a distance of 40m or so, can distinguish between the type of scene in the distance of 250 ~ 300m or so, when the distance of the scene in the 500m or so can only be recognized as a scene of the contours of the scene, therefore, the different scenes should be different The distance of vision is about 250-300m.

(2) the field of view of the normal eye, in the viewing of still life, the vertical angle of view of 130 degrees, the horizontal angle of view of 160 degrees; but can see the scene of the horizontal angle of view of 45 degrees or less, the vertical angle of view of 30 degrees or less, in this range of the visual distance for the scene width of 1.2 times. In this position to view the scenery of the best results, but this position is, after all, a limited range, but also to make visitors in different locations to view, therefore, within a certain range need to set aside a larger space to arrange for resting pavilions, arbors, etc. for the visitors to stay and wander around to view.

The landscape in the garden in the arrangement of its height and width must be considered in terms of viewing distance. Generally for the magnificent appearance of the building, such as buildings, pavilions, pavilions, salutes, etc., should be in the building height of 1 times to 4 times the place of the layout of a certain site, for visitors in this range to different perspectives to view the building. In the design of flower beds, independence of flower beds are generally located under the line of sight, when visitors away from the flower beds, the flower beds seen by the area of the smaller, different perspectives within the scope of its ornamental effect is different, when the diameter of the flower beds in the 9 ~ 10m, the location of its best ornamental point in the distance from the flower beds 2 ~ 3m or so, if the diameter of the flower beds more than 10m, the plane shape of the flower beds should be changed into a sloping, the angle of inclination can be adjusted according to the size of the flower beds, but the angle of incline. The size of the flower bed to adjust, but generally in 30 ~ 60 degrees when the best results, such as Beijing Tiananmen Square flower beds, which in 1997 to the theme of the flower beds, its diameter of nearly 100 meters, and for the plane layout, so this flower bed from the air to look down on the effect to be far better than in the plaza to see the effect is much better.

In the monumental garden, the general requirements of its vertical perspective to be relatively large, especially some monuments, memorial statues, etc., in order to increase the effect of its majestic and tall, the requirements of the distance between the view to be smaller, and the scenery is arranged on a higher plateau, which increases its infectious power.

2) different perspectives of the landscape effect in the garden, the scenery is a variety of different scenery to be viewed in different locations in order to achieve the best results, generally according to the people in the viewing of the scenery, the difference between its vertical perspective is divided into the flat view of the landscape, the view of the landscape and the landscape of the three categories.

(1) plain view landscape plain view landscape refers to the tourists do not have to head up and down, you can view the scenery. The vertical perspective of this landscape in the horizon as the center of the 30.range, viewing this landscape without tension, giving a feeling of broad tranquility, especially strong in the spatial infectivity, this landscape is generally used in quiet rest, rest pavilions, places of rest and relaxation. In the garden often to create a wide water surface, gentle lawn, open up the field of vision and space to look into the distance to the flat viewing arrangements.

(2) elevated view of the landscape is generally believed that when visitors are viewing the scenery, the angle of elevation is greater than 45 °, due to the disappearance of the line of sight, the scenery on the visitors' vision to produce a strong high degree of infectious force, in effect, can give people a particularly majestic, tall and majestic sense. This kind of scenery in China's royal gardens often appear, for example, the Beijing Summer Palace in the Buddhist incense pavilion architectural groups, in the back of the De Hui Hall, look up at the Buddhist incense pavilion, the angle of elevation of 62., so that people feel that the Buddhist incense pavilion is particularly tall, giving a sense of towering people, but also feel the smallness of the self.

Looking up the landscape in general in the monumental garden often use, monument, memorial sculpture and other buildings, in the arrangement of its location, often using the visitors' distance from the arrangement in the main scene within 1 times the height of the method, do not allow visitors to have a backward margin, this is a use of illusion, so that the object appears to be majestic.

China's landscape in the use of rockery is often used in this way, in order to make the rockery to give a towering majestic effect, not from the height of the rockery, but from the arrangement of the viewpoint position, that is, the viewpoint is arranged very small, so that the viewpoint can not be backward, thus highlighting the infectious effect of the landscape looking up. Therefore, the wigwam should not be arranged in the center of the open grass.

(3) overlooking the landscape and the effect when the visitors are high up, looking down on the surrounding landscape, its perspective in the human horizon below, this landscape gives a person "Mount Tai and small world" feeling. This landscape is generally arranged in the garden in the highest point of position, in this position generally arranged pavilion porch and other buildings, condescending, to create a top-down view.

In addition, in the creation of this landscape, the requirements of the line of sight must be transparent, able to look down on the surrounding beautiful scenery, if the visual conditions are not good, or see the scenery is not ideal, the effect of this overlook will not achieve the desired purpose. A park in Beijing originally designed an overlooking landscape, in the highest point of the garden arranged a side pavilion, but due to the surrounding trees are too tall, from the pavilion to see the scenery are covered by the green canopy, can not view the beautiful landscape of the garden. Therefore, the intended purpose was not achieved.

The above three landscapes in the garden layout should be well combined with natural conditions, make full use of the flat land, mountains, rivers and lakes and other topographical changes, create into the landscape, look up, look down and look at the landscape, so that rich in changes in the landscape for the tourists to create the conditions for appreciating the effect of different landscapes. The famous "Three Pools and the Moon" in Hangzhou garden is a flat view effect, "Lingyin Taoguang" is an elevated view, and Mount Hua, Mount Tai and other famous overlooked landscapes.

(2) the treatment of open landscape and closed landscape

1) open landscape the so-called open landscape means that all the scenery within the field of vision are below the height of the horizon, the line of sight can be extended to infinity, parallel to the line of sight forward, and will not produce a feeling of fatigue. At the same time, it can make people feel far-sighted, open-minded and spectacular. Li Bai's "climb high and spectacular between heaven and earth, the great river is vast and will not return". It is the true portrayal of open space and cheerful scenery.

The open landscape due to people's low line of sight, often blurred when viewing the vista, sometimes see a large monotonous sky, which will make the artistic effect of the landscape worse, therefore, the layout should try to avoid this monotony.

In many garden landscapes, cheerful landscape is the use of raising the position of the point of view, so that the line of sight and the ground to form a larger perspective to improve the discernment of the vista, for example, China's famous scenic spots such as Mount Huangshan, Mount Lushan, Mount Huashan, Mount Tai, etc., due to the position of the point of view of the high, wide field of view, become a favorite scenic spots, as Wang Lax Zhi "boarding the storks Tower" left behind by the famous line "Want to poor thousands of miles of sight, a higher floor."

2) closed landscape when the sight of the tourists are surrounded by trees, buildings or mountains, etc., blocked, the view of the landscape for the closed landscape.

The greater the difference in height between the top of the landscape and the human horizon, the stronger the occlusion, and vice versa, the weaker, which is also related to the distance between the tourists and the landscape, the smaller the distance, the stronger the occlusion, the larger the distance, the weaker the occlusion. Closed landscape of the close-up infectious force, the four sides of the scene can be a wide range of things, but a long time to view and easy to make people feel fatigue. Beijing Summer Palace in the Harmony Garden in the landscape are closed landscape.

Generally when viewing the closed landscape, the angle of elevation should not be too large, otherwise it will make people feel too closed.

In addition, the effect of the closed landscape by the height of the scenery and the length of the closed space, the width of the ratio of the greater impact, that is, the scenery of the closed space formed by the size of the space, when the diameter of the space is greater than 10 times the height of the surrounding scenery, the effect of its poorer, the general requirements of the height of the scenery is the diameter of the space of the 1 / 6 ~ 1 / 3, the tourists do not have to raise their heads to be able to appreciate the surrounding buildings. If the diameter of the square is too small and the building is too high will produce a strong sense of closure.

In the garden of the lake, open meadows and so on around the trees planted in the landscape is generally more for the closed landscape, in the design should pay attention to its spatial scale and the height of the tree 3) open landscape and closed landscape of the unity of the opposites of the landscape open landscape and the closed landscape in the garden landscape is the antithesis of the two types, but no matter what kind of landscape, there are shortcomings, so in the creation of the landscape should not be One-sided pursuit of emphasizing a certain landscape, the two should be opposites and unity. Open landscape lacks the infectious force of the near scene, when viewing the distant landscape, its image and color is not sharp enough; and long viewing of the closed landscape and make people feel fatigue, and even produce a sense of closure. Therefore, garden composition should be done in the open part of the closed lock, closed locks and local open, the two landscapes should be applied comprehensively. In the open and closed, closed in the open, in the open landscape in the appropriate increase in the near scene, to enhance its infectious power. In the closed landscape can be through the leakage of the landscape and through the way to open the excessive closed space.

In the garden design, a large area of the center of the lawn can be used as a close-up isolated wood, in the view of the open lake can be used to break the monotony of the garden bridge or island. The famous Hangzhou West Lake scenery for the open landscape, but the lake in the three pools of the moon, the Lake Pavilion and Su, white two dykes and other scenery to increase its closure, the formation of the beautiful West Lake scenery, to achieve the unity of the open and closed.