Offering sacrifices to the kitchen and inviting neighbors —— Appreciation of ancient poems offering sacrifices to the kitchen

Please be next to our neighbors when offering sacrifices to the stove —— Appreciation of ancient poems about offering sacrifices to the stove? Wang chuanxue

The 23rd day of the twelfth lunar month is the festival of offering sacrifices to stoves, also known as "off-year". It is a common custom to offer sacrifices to stoves in the off-year period.

The 23rd night of the twelfth lunar month is the day when the kitchen god goes to heaven, so there are "23rd, the day of offering sacrifices to the kitchen" and "Heaven speaks well and goes back to the palace for good luck; Go on the 23rd and come back on New Year's Eve. On this day or in advance, every household will take to the streets to buy back the autocratic "Kitchen God Sugar" with corn or millet, and sacrifice the kitchen stove at night, which means to paste the mouth of the Kitchen God, so as not to report it blindly. At the same time, the whip was issued and the gun was sent to the kitchen god. Candy for offering sacrifices to stoves is usually mixed with fried Hosta, wrapped in jiaozi, and distributed to children or adults at home. According to the traditional concept, the day of offering sacrifices to stoves is a prelude to the New Year.

The custom of offering sacrifices to stoves has a long history. Kitchen God, in the Xia Dynasty, has become a respected god. In the Analects of Confucius, which describes Confucius' words and deeds in the Spring and Autumn Period, there is a saying that "it is better to be charming than beautiful." The sacrificial stove in the pre-Qin period is one of the "five sacrifices" (the five sacrifices are to worship the five gods of stove, door, line, household and thunder, and thunder is the land god. )。 When offering sacrifices to the stove, you should establish a spirit and make a sacrifice with rich wine and food. Ding should be set up, water beans should be erected, and corpses should be welcomed. With obvious traces of primitive fetishism.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Kitchen God, Door God, Well God, Ce Shen and Liu Zhong were jointly responsible for home safety, which was one of the important "Five Sacrifices". At that time, it was said that "the kitchen god died in darkness, and the man in white was guilty." On the last day of every month, Kitchen God goes to heaven to report the merits and demerits of the whole family.

In the Southern Dynasties, the sacrificial furnace was on the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month, which coincided with Laba Festival. The Chronicle of Jingchu's Age records: "On its day, dolphin wine sacrifices to the kitchen god".

Before the Southern Song Dynasty, the dates of offering sacrifices to stoves (off-year) were different in different places, all of which were on the 23rd or 24th or 25th of the twelfth lunar month, that is, the off-year of the official family was on the 23rd of the twelfth lunar month, the off-year of the common people was on the 24th of the twelfth lunar month, and the off-year of the family boat was on the 25th of the twelfth lunar month.

The Qing emperor began to offer sacrifices to the gods in Kunning Palace on the 23rd of the twelfth lunar month. In order to save money, the emperor also offered sacrifices to the kitchen god. Later, the royal family and Baylor followed suit and sacrificed stoves on the 23rd of the twelfth lunar month. Since then, there has been a division between the government and the people, and they live a small life on different days.

Off-year is a day for people to sacrifice their stoves. Sacrificing stoves is a very popular custom in China. In the past, almost every kitchen had a kitchen god. Kitchen God is the kitchen god of ancient folk beliefs. "Huainan Pan Zi Lun Xun" contains "Emperor Yan died when he made a fire". Kitchen God was originally an old woman in charge of diet, and later he drew an image of a man or a beautiful woman. His authority expanded from managing a family's diet to controlling the fortune of the whole family, and recorded the family's merits and demerits at any time and reported them to the Jade Emperor at the end of the year. Therefore, the kitchen god is regarded as the patron saint of the family. Every year on the 23rd of the twelfth lunar month, Kitchen God reports the good and evil of this family to the Jade Emperor, so that the Jade Emperor can reward and punish them. Therefore, when sending stoves, people put candy, water, beans and grass on the console table in front of the kitchen god statue; Among them, the last three are the mounts of the kitchen god ascending to heaven. When offering sacrifices to the stove, you should melt the Guandong sugar with fire and put it on the mouth of the kitchen god. In this way, he can't speak ill of the jade emperor In addition, on New Year's Eve, the Kitchen God will bring the gods to the world for the New Year, and there will be ceremonies of "receiving the kitchen" and "receiving the gods" on that day. Every family burns sedan chairs and horses, sprinkles three glasses of wine, and sends away the kitchen god, so it's their turn to worship their ancestors.

On the festival of offering sacrifices to stoves, people pay attention to eating jiaozi. Send jiaozi windward. Then eat stove candy. Kitchen sugar is a kind of maltose, which is very sticky. The candy that is drawn into a long strip is called "Guandong Sugar", and the candy that is drawn into a flat circle is called "honeydew melon". It tastes crisp and sweet, and has a unique flavor.

On the day of the Kitchen Festival, every household should thoroughly clean indoors and outdoors, commonly known as sweeping dust. Sweep the dust is to bid farewell to the old and welcome the new, drive away the ominous, and greet the new year neatly.

Poems about offering sacrifices to stoves, which are common in the Song Dynasty, reflect the customs and feelings of the world and the poet's thoughts and feelings, and are important works for us to understand and feel the connotation of this traditional festival.

Fan Chengda, a poet of the Southern Song Dynasty, introduced the contents of this traditional festival in detail:

In ancient times, on the 24th,

Kitchen God speaks to the sky.

Clouds, cars, wind and horses linger,

There are cups and plates at home.

The pig's head is rotten and hot,

Gan Song bean paste powder bait ball.

When a man tells his daughter to leave,

Drinking and burning money is good for you.

You can't smell the fight between a servant and a son,

Don't be angry with cats and dogs.

Send you to Tianmen to get drunk,

Don't repeat the clouds if they are long or short.

Seek profit and return points.

Around the 24th day of the twelfth lunar month in ancient times, Kitchen God would go to heaven to worship and report on major events in the world. The kitchen god takes the cloud as a car and the wind as a horse to stay in the world for a while, and every household is filled with a glass of wine and a rich food sacrifice. Serve rotten and spicy pig heads and delicious Pisces, as well as sweet and thin bean paste cakes and loose powder jiaozi. At home, men pour wine for sacrifice, but women avoid it, spilling wine on the ground to burn paper money, which makes the kitchen god happy. Just ignore the quarrel between the maids and my wife, and don't be angry at the ugly behavior of fighting between cats and dogs. When you are full of food and drink, I will take you to Tianmen. Please stop talking about the length of family affairs. When you come back from a profitable city, I will share the profits with you.

The poet gave an extremely vivid description of the folk sacrificial stoves at that time. His poems are true, detailed and interesting, and they are about the richness of offerings, the custom of offering sacrifices to stoves, and the expectations of the kitchen god. It shows that ancient folk customs attach importance to offering sacrifices to stoves.

Lu You, a famous poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, wrote Ten Poems on Reading White Books in Winter (the tenth poem), which reflected the village friendship of offering sacrifices to the stove:

Buli's family worships the stove, and the fat wine is fragrant.

Although the division is thin and few, if it is a neighborhood situation.

All the owners of birthdays, one by one.

Weak body is easy to get drunk, and the sleeping window is bright and clean.

On auspicious days, a sacrificial stove is held at home, offering fat pigs and fragrant and clear wine. Although there was not much meat to share after the sacrifice, neighbors were invited to share it. Everyone wished the master a long life together, and the poet took a large glass of wine and poured it into his mouth. It is easy to get drunk when you are old and weak, and it is dawn outside the window when you sleep.

The poet offered sacrifices to the stove at home and invited his neighbors to share the offerings after the sacrifice, which reflected the village friendship.

Su Shi, a great poet in the Song Dynasty, masturbated by offering sacrifices to the stove in "When I first arrived in Hangzhou, I sent my son to two places" (Part II);

Sages are generous,

Disease destroys self-fear.

Don't go to the post to see each other.

Please be next to our kitchen.

In the fourth year of Xining (A.D. 107 1), Su Shi went to Hangzhou as a judge. When I first arrived in Hangzhou, I wrote a poem for my brother Ziyou.

The poem said that the generosity of the Holy Father saved my life, but I was sick and weak, and I was often afraid of others. Don't stand on the mountain and worry about me. I invited my neighbors to my house to offer sacrifices to the stove. The poet is very dissatisfied with being framed and invited outside, and masturbates by offering sacrifices to the stove.

Song people used a kind of candy called "gum tooth jar" to make the kitchen god say something sweet. Some people say that it is to make the kitchen god's teeth stuck by sugar and speechless. There is irony here about Xie and others framing him.

Qin Guan, a poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, expressed his disappointment by offering sacrifices to stoves.

The ring is blocking your water,

Who is lonely and intense?

Youth does not feel the passage of books,

White hair appeared on the mirror for no reason.

Please talk to your neighbor about the sacrificial stove.

It is difficult to sell a knife, but it is difficult to buy a calf.

Don't talk about Marquis,

There is an old fishing platform in the river.

This poem was written in three years (A.D. 1088) and the poet came to Cai Zhou.

The first part of the poem is about the environment of Cai Zhou: surrounded by your water, the city gate is bright, and I don't know who to open it to. Zhuan Xu's poets lamented that their youth was unconsciously killed by books, and they had seen the white hair on their heads in the mirror. When the poets of the Neck Union offer sacrifices to the stove, is it feasible to invite neighbors to talk about the future way out and switch to farming? The poet of the United Front told his old friend to stop talking about the Marquis and go fishing on the river himself. The original Diaoyutai is still there. The feeling of being left behind is beyond words.

Chen Zao, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, wrote "Twenty-five Nights of the twelfth lunar month in Pingjiang", expressing his thoughts for the motherland:

The butcher sacrificed the kitchen yesterday.

Washing beans tonight is a common thing.

Wood burned with water is as bright as day,

Cut the bamboo and explode.

I hope to celebrate the New Year in my old country.

The old man recalled his childhood.

It's just a matter of life's dignity,

I'm just so sad.

Chen Zao, with clean character, is a disciple of Lin Guangchao, a famous scholar in the Song Dynasty, and can keep his mantle. Author of eight volumes of Le Xuan.

This poem was written after the sacrifice of the stove on the 25th day of the twelfth lunar month. The poem reads: Yesterday, everyone killed pigs to sacrifice stoves, and tonight everyone washed beans to make bean paste. On both sides of the stream, Chai Liang burns like a day, and people cut bamboo and explode in front of the steps to disenchant. Looking back at the old country and hoping to repay the wishes made in the New Year, my old man can't help but recall the situation of offering sacrifices to stoves when I was a child. Unfortunately, I was teased by God, and I have a strong personality and refuse to be sad.

The poet described the scene of people welcoming the New Year after offering sacrifices to stoves, and lamented that he lived in poverty in man of great talent, and it was hard to hide his yearning for the motherland.

Sun Wei, a poet in Song Dynasty, described the image of Kitchen God in "Celebrating Birthday":

Face as red as Chu Ting Hok,

The bearded one looks like a green turtle.

If you want to know Xiang Fu's birthday,

This is the time to offer sacrifices to the kitchen.

The poem describes the image of the kitchen god, and compares the prime minister to the kitchen god to offer his birthday, which is unique.

Liu Kezhuang, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, wrote Ten Things on New Year's Eve (I), describing the childlike interest of children secretly burning incense and offering sacrifices to stoves in the middle of the night;

The door is as cold as ice,

The source of wealth belongs to gray.

Who can learn to be stupid,

Sneaking and burning incense at night.

The poem says: the cold outside the door does not stop the kitchen god from going to heaven, and the wealth on earth has always belonged to God. I don't know who can learn from my stupid children and secretly learn from adults to burn incense and sacrifice stoves at night! Children secretly burn incense and offer sacrifices to stoves in the middle of the night, which shows the profound influence of the custom of offering sacrifices to stoves.

Zhou, a poet in Qing Dynasty, wrote "The Ci of Gusu Dancing Kitchen God", describing the custom of dancing kitchen god.

Another winter peak,

All the money horse shops in the street are open.

Kitchen God charms others,

After all, money comes from the bottom of the bag.

"Jia Qinglu" says: "Beggars are in groups of three or five, pretending to be cooks and wives, each holding a bamboo branch at the door to beg for money. Until the 24th, they are called the king of the kitchen." Zhou's first word was about jumping the kitchen god. People want to "jump the kitchen god", mainly to please the kitchen god and hope that he will bless the coming year.

Luo, a poet in the late Qing Dynasty, lamented that the article was worthless;

A green tea and a wisp of smoke,

Master chef is in heaven.

If the Jade Emperor asks about human affairs,

Articles written for the Tao are worthless.

Luo, a poet in the late Qing Dynasty, lived in poverty and was very dissatisfied with the reality, especially the "worthless articles" in the world. His poem "Sacrificing a Kitchen" reflects his mentality. It's just that the chef ignores the article and entrusts it improperly.

In modern times, the custom of sending stoves is very common in all parts of China. Mr. Lu Xun once wrote the poem "It is one thing for the Boxer to send stoves":

A chicken glue is sweet and a gown is fragrant.

If there is nothing at home, there are only a few antelopes.

He said in the article "The Day of Sending Kitchen Stoves": "On the day when the chef ascended to heaven, there was still a kind of sugar on the street, which was as big as a citrus. We also have it there, but it's flat, like thick pancakes. That's the so-called gum tooth. The original intention is to invite the kitchen god to eat and stick his teeth, so that he can't adjust his mouth to speak ill of the jade emperor. "

The allusion of "antelope" mentioned in the poem comes from Biography of Yin Shi in the Later Han Dynasty: "When Xuan Di proclaimed himself emperor, Yin Zifang was the most filial and kind. Cooking in the morning of the twelfth day, seeing the kitchen god, the children have to worship and celebrate; There is an antelope at home, so it is worshipped. After the third one, he naturally became extremely rich. I know the third world, but I am prosperous. Therefore, I often recommend antelope to sacrifice the stove on the twelfth day. " Yin Zifang met the Kitchen God and sacrificed the antelope. Later, she got lucky. Since then, the custom of killing antelopes to sacrifice stoves has been handed down.

The poet said that there are no valuables at home, but there are no antelopes. No matter how difficult it is at home, you should pawn clothes and buy offerings to worship the stove. Show people's piety to the kitchen god.