Agricultural scientific and technological achievements information

China is a country with a long history of agriculture, which plays an important role in the whole national economy. 1949 since the founding of new China, especially since the reform and opening up in 1980s, China's agriculture has developed rapidly, feeding 22% of the world's population with limited cultivated land, and has made remarkable achievements.

I. Agricultural Development and Achievements in China

Since the mid-1950s, China's national economy has made a short-term development plan every five years. It can be said that the implementation of every development plan has greatly improved the strength of China's national economy, including agriculture and rural economy. 200 1 year is the first year for China to implement the 10 five-year development plan (the tenth five-year plan).

1, agricultural production continued to grow steadily.

1999, China's grain output was 508 million tons, more than 200 million tons more than 1978, and the production capacity was stable at more than 500 million tons; Become the largest grain producer in the world. Since1978; The output of livestock products and aquatic products is increasing at a rate of more than 10% every year. 1999 produced 59.53 million tons of meat, 20.8 million tons of eggs and 7.9 million tons of milk, which were 5 times, 7 times and 8 times of 1978 respectively. The output of aquatic products is 4 1 10,000 tons, more than 8 times that of 1.978. At present, the per capita output of grain, cotton, oilseeds, meat, eggs and aquatic products in China has reached or exceeded the world average.

2. Township enterprises blossom everywhere.

Since 1978, township enterprises have sprung up suddenly, creating a rural modernization road with China characteristics. 1978- 1999; The proportion of non-agricultural industries in the rural economy rose from 30.5% to 75%. 1999 There are more than 20 million township enterprises with 230 million employees, with an added value of 2.5 trillion yuan, which is more than 0/0 times of1978. The profit was 558 billion yuan, and the tax paid was 654.38+075 billion yuan, which were 63 times and more than 80 times of 654.38+0978 respectively. At present, 1/3 of China's GDP, 1/4 of fiscal revenue, 1/3 of foreign exchange income, 1/2 of industrial added value, 2/3 of rural social added value and 1/3 of farmers' income come from township enterprises.

3. The living standards of farmers have improved significantly.

1978- 1999, the per capita net income of farmers increased from 134 yuan to 22 10 yuan, an increase of 374% after deducting the price factor; The poverty-stricken population has dropped from 250 million to 34 million: the incidence of poverty has dropped from 26% to below 3%; Engel's coefficient in rural areas decreased from 0.68 in 1978 to 0.55. At the same time, remarkable progress has been made in building spiritual civilization, democracy and the legal system. The farmers' ideas have undergone profound changes, and the illiteracy rate of rural labor force has dropped from 80% in the 1950s to around 1999. By the end of 1999, two-thirds of the villages had initially established the system of villagers' self-government, and more than 80% of the villages had established the system of villagers' representative meetings and the system of village affairs and financial disclosure. The election of village committees has formed a relatively systematic norm, and the system of villagers' representative meetings is gradually popularizing. On the whole, the rural areas in China have entered the stage from food and clothing to a well-off society.

4. International cooperation and exchanges in agriculture have developed rapidly.

Since the reform and opening up 20 years ago, foreign investment in China's agriculture has reached more than 654.38 billion US dollars, and a large number of crops, improved varieties of livestock and poultry, seedlings and a large number of agricultural scientific and technological achievements have been introduced. From 1999, the import and export trade volume of agricultural products was $21700 million, 6.5 times that of 1980. The international exchange of agricultural science and technology in China has also developed rapidly. China has conducted agricultural exchanges with more than 80 countries and established close ties with more than 40 countries. At the same time, China has a close relationship with 13 international agricultural research center; Actively carry out bilateral cooperation.

5. The rural economic system reform has achieved remarkable results.

After more than 20 years of development, the rural economic system in China has undergone profound changes in five aspects. First, it broke through the highly centralized people's commune system and implemented household contract management. The second is to break through the single structure with grain as the key link, develop diversified businesses and township enterprises, and fully activate the rural economy. Third, the system of unified purchase and marketing has been broken, and the role of the market in regulating the supply and demand of agricultural products and allocating resources has been significantly enhanced. The fourth is to break through the ownership structure of a single collective economy and form a pattern in which public ownership is the main body and multiple ownership economies develop together. The fifth is to break through the mandatory plan of agricultural production and implement the guiding plan. It has changed the way the government regulates agriculture, and initially formed a macro-control system of rural economy which comprehensively uses economic, legal and administrative means.

Second, the analysis of China's agricultural development entering a new stage

1, the characteristics of China's agricultural development entering a new stage

First, China's agriculture and rural economy are increasingly related to the world economy; Second, agriculture, rural economy and national economy promote each other, and the relationship between * * * and development is getting closer and closer; Third, the restrictive factors of agricultural development have changed from the past resource constraints to resource, demand and environment constraints; Fourth, the degree of specialization of agriculture and rural economy has improved, the pace of integrated management has accelerated, and the trend of mixed economy has emerged; Fifth, scientific and technological progress has become the main driving force for the development of agriculture and rural economy; Sixth, the financial constraints on the development of agriculture and rural economy have increased; Seventh, agricultural development has changed from simply pursuing output to paying equal attention to output, quality and benefit, actively promoting agricultural industrialization and vigorously developing industries and products with high commodity rate, high added value and high exchange rate; Eighth, the increase of farmers' income has changed from mainly relying on the increase of agricultural product output and price to adjusting the structure and developing diversified businesses according to the market.

2. Opportunities and challenges faced by agricultural development in China.

After entering the new century, China's agriculture will face the following opportunities: (1) The sustained and healthy development of China's national economy has created an increasingly relaxed environment for China's agricultural development, and agriculture will soon enter a new stage of equal development with industry. (2) The growing market demand for agricultural products has brought broad prospects for agricultural development. (3) China's entry into WTO will help China's agriculture to introduce foreign capital and advanced technology in a wider scope; Is conducive to the use of domestic and foreign production factors, improve the level of agricultural modernization equipment and management level; It is conducive to accelerating the transformation of traditional agriculture in China, realizing the transformation to modern agriculture, and comprehensively improving the quality of agricultural products and agricultural economic benefits. (4) The new revolution of agricultural science and technology will provide strong technical support for agricultural development.

At the same time, we should also see that at the turn of the century, China's agriculture is facing many new problems and challenges, mainly manifested in the increasingly complex international political and economic environment and the accelerated process of economic globalization. Especially after joining WTD, China's agriculture will face the impact of foreign high-quality and cheap agricultural products, and agricultural production and farmers' income will be affected to some extent; Cultivated land and water resources are increasingly scarce, and the pressure is increasing; The pressure on agricultural ecological environment has increased; The regional development of agricultural economy is unbalanced and the regional gap is getting bigger and bigger; Agricultural production costs rise, marginal benefits decline, and the pressure on farmers to increase their income increases; The continuous increase of rural surplus labor force and the increasing employment pressure have a negative impact on adopting new technologies, improving labor productivity and realizing agricultural modernization.

Three. Achievements and Prospects of Agricultural Science and Technology in China

1, main achievements of agricultural science and technology in China.

1949 since the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), China has made great achievements and a series of achievements in agricultural scientific research. Among them, the research of agricultural biological germplasm resources and the continuous development of genetic breeding theory and technology have enhanced the potential of agricultural production increase by popularizing improved varieties; Theoretical and technical research on the utilization of light, heat, water and chemicals has greatly promoted the efficiency of agricultural production; The application of basic research and control technology of agricultural biological diseases and insect pests has minimized the loss of agricultural production; Agricultural synthesis, macro-economic development strategy and agricultural science and technology information research provide theoretical guidance and information services for agricultural scientific research and agricultural production in China.

During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, China's agricultural science and technology has made extraordinary development and achieved fruitful results. Among them, the top ten scientific and technological progress is the most prominent. They are strengthening the combination of biotechnology and conventional technology, cultivating a large number of new crop varieties with high quality, high yield and multi-resistance, screening out a number of germplasm resources and improving the overall breeding level; A major breakthrough has been made in the research of super rice in China, and the yield per mu of the experimental field is nearly 800 kg; (3) The research and application of univalent and bivalent transgenic insect-resistant cotton are at the international advanced level; (4) Study on the comprehensive supporting technology system for large-area high-yield of five crops, and build a production technology platform of "five crops" in China for 2 1 century, so as to provide technical support and reserves for China's future food security; (5) A major breakthrough was made in energy-saving technology of solar greenhouse, which promoted the production of protected vegetables, fruit trees and flowers in winter and improved the technical system of annual protected gardening production; (6) The research on migration law of Helicoverpa armigera and Nilaparvata lugens provides theoretical and technical basis for improving the prediction of main pests in rice and cotton and pest control technology; (7) The large-scale breeding of major livestock and poultry and the diagnosis and monitoring methods of major livestock and poultry diseases have achieved fruitful results; (8) The research on new feeds and additives has achieved scientific and technological achievements with independent intellectual property rights, and the social and ecological benefits of industrialization are remarkable; (9) The research, development and application of agricultural information technology entered a period of rapid development, which provided effective support for agricultural development; (10) The research on agricultural sustainable development and efficient utilization of water and fertilizer resources has determined the strategic objectives of agricultural water use and the key points of water-saving technologies, and efficient fertilization and regulation technologies have been widely used.

2. The development direction of agricultural science and technology in China.

After China's agriculture has entered a new stage of development, the development of agriculture and rural economy is also facing new opportunities and challenges. To this end; It is necessary to make strategic adjustments to the development direction, fields and technical policies of agricultural science and technology;

-provide technical support to ensure the effective supply of agricultural products and ensure national food safety;

-Providing technical support for adjusting the agricultural structure, improving the quality of agricultural products and increasing farmers' income;

-To provide technical support for promoting the development of agricultural industrialization, accelerating the construction of small towns and narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas;

-Providing technical support for comprehensive utilization of resources, environmental protection and sustainable development of agriculture;

-Providing technical support for greatly improving the scientific and cultural quality of hundreds of millions of farmers;

-To provide technical support for promoting the growth mode of agricultural intensive management.

3. Adjustment focus of agricultural science and technology development in China.

To make major adjustments to the key areas of agricultural science and technology, we should choose the key areas of agricultural science and technology development according to its advanced nature, criticality, foundation and practical principles. Adhere to the principle of paying equal attention to introduction and independent development, give priority to the development of technology or technology system urgently needed by agriculture and rural economic development, technology or technology system with or close to the international advanced level, and basic research on agricultural research and application, and focus on organizing and implementing the "Ten Scientific and Technological Actions":

-Implementing scientific and technological actions for improved crop varieties and promoting the adjustment of planting structure;

-Implementing high-quality and efficient scientific and technological actions in animal husbandry and aquatic products, and accelerating the process of scale, industrialization and standardization of aquaculture;

-Implementing agricultural products processing science and technology actions, cultivating new rural economic growth points and increasing farmers' income;

-implementing water-saving agricultural science and technology actions to improve the utilization rate of water resources;

-Implementing scientific and technological actions for the construction of agricultural ecological environment to improve the ability of agricultural sustainable development;

-implementing scientific and technological actions to prevent and control desertification and curbing the deterioration of the ecological environment in key areas;

-Implementing agricultural high-tech research and industrialization of science and technology, promoting the transformation of traditional agricultural technology and improving the overall level of agricultural science and technology;

-Implementing the scientific and technological action of agricultural regional development, and developing regional advantageous industries and characteristic agriculture;

-Implementing the action of building agricultural science and technology capacity to enhance the strength and stamina of agricultural science and technology in China;

-Developing agriculture through science and technology and cultivating a high-quality agricultural science and technology team.

Fourth, take the post-harvest preservation, storage and processing of agricultural products as a breakthrough to accelerate the adjustment of agricultural structure and the construction of modern agriculture.

The strategic adjustment of agricultural structure has become an important task for the development of agriculture and rural economy in China. Relying on science and technology, we will guide farmers to adjust the structure of agricultural industries, products and varieties according to local conditions, stabilize grain output, improve quality, vigorously develop cash crops, animal husbandry, forestry and aquaculture, and actively develop deep processing of agricultural products such as grain. It is necessary to change ideas and promote the transformation of traditional agricultural products processing industry into modern food manufacturing industry. Through the popularization and application of modern high technology, a series of deep processing and fine processing of agricultural products should be carried out to greatly improve the scientific and technological content and added value of agricultural products. To promote the transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture, it is necessary to realize the transformation from agricultural product processing industry to industrial manufacturing industry.

In order to realize the strategic goal of China's economic development and turn the resource advantage into economic advantage, it is necessary to strengthen the research, development and application of agricultural products preservation engineering technology and continuously improve the commodity rate of agricultural products.

The preservation, storage and transportation of agricultural products is a global problem and must be solved through scientific and technological progress. Through internal introduction and external communication, we will develop various mature and applicable new preservation technologies, disseminate scientific and technological achievements through agricultural industrialization according to local conditions, and promote the technological progress of the whole industry. According to the development trend of the world agricultural products preservation industry and the demand of China's agricultural products preservation market, the key development direction of the preservation industry is determined from the height of the industry to improve its scientific and technological content. To solve the problems existing in many links of post-harvest processing of agricultural products, we should give full play to the advantages and functions of the National Preservation Engineering Technology Research Center in technological innovation, achievement popularization and transformation, vigorously strengthen the standardized and scientific basic work of agricultural products inspection and testing, attach great importance to personnel training, especially the construction of scientific and technological teams, introduce, adopt, assemble and match various high-tech, applicable technologies and equipment in time, and continuously enhance the ability of independent innovation. At the same time, it is necessary to emphasize the important role of the market in R&D, establish a market-oriented achievement transformation mechanism, form a virtuous circle of Industry-University-Research's close integration and give consideration to economic and social benefits, so that the agricultural product processing industry can truly become a breakthrough in structural adjustment and a new growth point for rural economic development, and accelerate the construction of modern agriculture in China.