What is the historical process of economic globalization?

With the increasingly frequent economic exchanges among countries in the world, especially after the Second World War, major breakthroughs have been made in high-tech fields such as atomic energy, computers, aerospace technology, microelectronics technology and bioengineering, and the world economy has entered a high-speed development track. The complementarity of resources, capital, talents and science and technology among countries and regions in the world has been further enhanced and the relationship has become increasingly close. No country's economy can develop in isolation, so the world economy has developed into a whole day by day. This trend is called "economic globalization".

Exploring the source of economic globalization can be traced back to the opening of new air routes. /kloc-in the 0/4th century, a workshop handicraft industry with employment relationship appeared in Florence, Italy, and capitalism began to sprout, which promoted the development of commodity economy. Early capitalists and adventurers longed for special products outside Europe (such as silk, porcelain and tea in China). ) and sell European goods to China, India and other eastern countries in an attempt to get rich. At the same time, it is necessary to bypass Ottoman Turkey, which controls the east-west trade route, so Portugal and Spain began to explore new eastward routes under the leadership of Portugal. After Diaz, Columbus, Da? The exploration of Gamma and Magellan opened up a new route to the East and the rest of the world. The opening of the new air route has completely declared the end of isolation in the world, and the world has begun to become a whole, with increasingly close traffic from Europe to Asia, America and Africa. The process of opening up new air routes is also the process of colonial conquest and plunder by colonial countries. The opening of American manor led to the rise and prosperity of "triangle trade". European goods are continuously exported to Africa, but nearly 1 100 million slaves are exchanged; American gold, silver and industrial raw materials were transported to Europe, which promoted the development of European capitalist economy. /kloc-in the 0/8th century, Britain gradually conquered India, plundered India's cotton and other raw materials, and dumped cotton and other commodities to India. It can be seen that the development and prosperity of capitalist economy in Europe is closely related to Africa, America and Asia, and Europe is no longer developing its economy independently.

The process of economic globalization is inseparable from the development of science and technology, and the scientific and technological revolution has provided a powerful impetus for economic globalization. 1765, the British weaver Hargreaves invented the Jenny machine, and the first scientific and technological revolution in human history began. 1785, Watt's improved steam engine was used in the textile field, pushing mankind to age of steam. Subsequently, transportation and other departments used steam power, trains and steamboats were invented one after another, and the production efficiency was rapidly improved. Since then, France, the United States and other countries have also completed the industrial revolution. The industrial products of capitalist countries such as Britain and France are sold abroad, and Asia, Africa and Latin America become their industrial raw material supply bases and commodity dumping markets. The world economy is getting closer and closer, but the East is subordinate to the West. From 65438 to the 1970s, the second scientific and technological revolution marked by the wide application of electric power began. Cars, telegrams, telephones and airplanes came out and put into use one after another, which strengthened the ties among all parts of the world, promoted the development of capitalist economy, and at the same time promoted the formation of monopoly organizations and the capitalist countries to enter the monopoly stage. 1869 The Suez Canal in Egypt was officially opened to navigation and controlled by Britain and France, and in 19 14, the Panama Canal was officially opened to navigation and controlled by the United States, which greatly shortened the voyages around the world, made it easier for the great powers to seize interests around the world and linked the world economic activities more closely in time and space. In the forties and fifties of the 20th century, the third scientific and technological revolution marked by breakthroughs in atomic energy, electronic computers, aerospace technology, microelectronics technology and bioengineering technology emerged, forming an information economy with electronic computers as the core, making the contact around the world more convenient and quick. This has promoted the unprecedented development of social productive forces, and the advantages of all countries and regions in the world are complementary and interdependent, forming an increasingly close whole, and the process of world economic integration is constantly developing. After the drastic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the tension between the two major groups in the East and the West disappeared, and the world showed a pattern of "one superpower and many powers". The European Union, Japan, China, Russian and other countries or groups of countries are growing in strength, becoming an important force to effectively contain American hegemonism. The world situation has eased, and all countries have formulated policies suitable for their own development, taking advantage of the convenience brought by the third scientific and technological revolution to vigorously develop high-tech industries in order to win in the competition in political, economic, military and cultural fields.

The catalyst of economic globalization is the development of international finance. At the same time, financial institutions are more modernized under the impetus of scientific and technological progress, the speed of international capital circulation is accelerated, and the interdependence of international financial markets is unprecedentedly strengthened.

The key factor to promote economic globalization is the vigorous development of multinational corporations. In order to obtain excess profits, multinational companies divide their labor within enterprises on a global scale, forming an international production and marketing network, which closely links the production of one country with that of many countries. The global economic activities of multinational corporations have promoted the further internationalization of trade, capital, science and technology, thus promoting the development of economic globalization. For example, in 2002, China Haier Group has established 13 factories in the United States, Italy, Morocco and other places, with 8 design centers overseas, more than 40,000 marketing outlets and 12 overseas sales companies, achieving a global turnover of 60.2 billion yuan.

In the process of economic globalization, trade frictions and trade conflicts between countries and regions in the world are constant, so it is necessary to establish a perfect international coordination mechanism. 1995 65438+ 10 1 The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established to arbitrate the differences among WTO members, so as to promote the market opening and fair trade of member countries and realize the liberalization of world trade. 20011,China officially joined the World Trade Organization, which opened a new page in China's economic development and China began to integrate into the tide of world economic development. With the further development of economic globalization, the world economy shows a trend of integration, and integrated economic regional groups have emerged, such as the European Union, the North American Free Trade Area, and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.

Economic globalization is conducive to the international flow of goods, labor and technology, to the further development of international division of labor, and to the sustained and stable development of countries and the world economy. However, economic globalization is a double-edged sword with both advantages and disadvantages. First of all, developed capitalist countries have competitive advantages in technology, capital and management, and will gain the greatest benefits in the process of economic globalization, which will reduce the development space of developing countries, thus widening the gap between the rich and the poor in developing countries and developed countries. Secondly, in the context of economic globalization, the vast number of developing countries and developed countries implement the same "rules of the game" and bear basically the same international responsibilities and obligations, facing enormous challenges and severe pressures, and some countries even pay a heavy price. Third, the risk of economic operation has increased. In the process of economic globalization, developing countries' dependence on foreign countries has generally increased, and they are more closely linked with the international financial market, so they are more vulnerable to the fluctuations of the world economy. For example, in 2008, the financial crisis originating in the United States led to a serious decline in the world economy, with a large number of banks closing down, a large number of enterprises going bankrupt and a large number of workers losing their jobs.

In the process of economic globalization, we should make use of its advantages, conform to the world development trend, seize the opportunity, actively introduce foreign capital, advanced technology and advanced management experience, implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education and strengthening the country through talents, implement Scientific Outlook on Development, promote healthy and sustainable economic development, and win the initiative in the fierce international competition.

On the reform direction of current construction project management system

Abstract: Capital construction is an important part of national economy and an important foundation of social material civilization construction. Architectural engineering is a systematic engineering. Because system engineering has its inherent laws, it needs to be realized through corresponding management modes, procedures, methods and technologies.

Keywords: project management; project management

First of all, the traditional management system is not suitable for modern project management.

Capital construction is an important part of the national economy and an important foundation for the construction of social material civilization. For a long time, under the planned economy system, China has implemented a system of division of labor and cooperation among construction units (construction headquarters), design units, Shi Ding units and material supply units, which has made positive contributions to the construction and development of the national economy. With the economic globalization and the rapid development of science and technology, the rules of modern engineering construction projects are getting bigger and bigger, the project content is getting more and more complicated, the construction requirements are getting higher and higher, and the aspects involved are getting wider and wider. The traditional project management system, with the construction unit (construction headquarters) as the main body, is increasingly showing the disadvantages of disjointed design, construction and material supply, long construction period, low work efficiency and low investment benefit.

Second, modern engineering project management calls for professional management institutions.

Architectural engineering is a systematic engineering. Because system engineering has its inherent laws, it needs to be realized through corresponding management modes, procedures, methods and techniques, that is to say, an organization specializing in project management is needed to serve it. The organization shall have functions, institutions, procedures, methods and technologies corresponding to project management; With the corresponding qualifications, talents and experience, we can provide the best project management services for the owners and create the greatest benefits for the owners.

There are basically two project management modes recommended by FIDIC (abbreviation of International Federation of Consulting Engineers): one is represented by FIDIC's Conditions of Contract for Civil Engineering Construction, that is, the owner selects the contractor through bidding on the basis of entrusted design, but the contractor is not responsible for the design. The other is the model represented by FIDIC's design and construction and turnkey project contract conditions. In this model, the owner selects the general contractor through bidding on the basis of completing the owner's requirements or project definition, and the contractor is responsible for the whole process of design, procurement and construction management. This is the EPC general contracting mode. FIDIC contract conditions are a model that has been revised and published many times on the basis of summing up the experience of engineering contracting for a hundred years. It embodies the same law of * * * project construction; Fully consider and give consideration to the responsibilities, rights and interests of the owner, contractor and subcontractor, and strive not to favor any party: its relevant clauses are based on the law, compiled in accordance with international engineering contracting practices after years of practice and improvement, and many clauses have the same understanding in the engineering contracting industry, which are scientific, fair, rigorous, standardized and international.

Three, some suggestions on the reform of the current construction project management system

(A) vigorously promote the use of FIDIC project management model and FIDIC contract conditions

China has adopted and accumulated some experience in some large-scale projects and international contracted projects, but the adoption is not universal enough and the publicity is not extensive enough. From 65438 to 0999, FIDIC published a new set of model contract conditions, which greatly improved the old version in terms of structure, definition and scope of application, and will play a positive role in China's engineering project contracting industry. Organize and formulate model contracts based on FIDIC contract conditions suitable for China's socialist market economy as soon as possible, increase publicity efforts, and change the situation that the reform of project management system is lagging behind, some owners and departments have outdated leadership concepts, local departments are fragmented, project management is not divided between government and enterprises, administrative intervention is prevalent, and protectionism is serious. Let project management move from traditional self-management to socialized and specialized market operation mode as soon as possible, and realize the integration with international practices.

(2) Vigorously cultivate EPC full-function engineering companies and project management companies.

At present, there is an overall surplus of domestic design strength and construction strength, and both the design team and the construction team are "not enough". However, the strength of professional EPC project management is very weak, and there are few engineering companies that can provide full-process project management services for owners and have EPC general contracting ability. One of the reasons for this situation is the lack of understanding that the whole process project management can create considerable benefits for the project and the owner. Practice has proved that the whole process project management is a kind of service activity with high added value, which can create value and benefit for the owners. Second, project management requires high knowledge and skills, that is, project management needs specialization. A considerable number of domestic owners and competent leaders think that project management is very simple and anyone can manage it, and they are unwilling to entrust specialized engineering contracting companies to implement project management. In order to quickly reverse this situation, we must vigorously cultivate EPC full-function engineering companies or project management companies in China. Large design institutes in China have the best conditions to transform into EPC full-function engineering companies or project management companies. China's large design institutes have the best conditions to transform into EPC full-function engineering companies, because design plays a leading role in engineering construction, and design institutes have concentrated talents and rich talent resources. It is an important and urgent task to transform a group of backbone design institutes into engineering companies with general contracting functions.

(3) Accelerate the implementation of the legal person system for investment projects and organize owner training.

1992, the State Planning Commission issued the Interim Provisions on Implementing the Owner Responsibility System for Construction Projects, and then implemented the project legal person responsibility system. The outline of the Tenth Five-Year Plan also points out that it is necessary to fully implement the legal person responsibility system, bidding system, project management system and contract management system for investment projects, and improve the investment restraint mechanism. This is a great progress in the reform of construction project management system in China. But in practice, there are still some problems, mainly two points: First, the responsibility of the owner. The root of the problem of owners' liability lies in the fact that the problems of "true owners" and "false owners" have not been completely solved. The owner is the main investor of the project, but due to various ownership and mechanisms, what the owner really cares about or actually considers when making decisions is often not the ultimate benefit of the project. At the project initiation stage, they often consider how and when the project can be approved. When deciding the project management mode, they must consider how to respond to the wishes of government officials; When deciding whether to implement EPC general contracting, they are more concerned about the arrangement and interests of their own evil people. The direct consequence of this is waste and corruption, and the final consequence is to damage the benefit of the project and cause a large number of invalid investments. The fundamental reason for these phenomena is that the project legal person responsibility system has not been really implemented. The second is the quality of the owners. The owner is the main investor of the project and has the greatest decision-making power in the process of project implementation. Whether the decision can be made correctly depends on the quality of the owner. Owners don't have to be experts in project management, but as owners of construction projects, they should have the necessary knowledge of project management. They should understand the three control factors of project management: cost, schedule and quality. They should understand that the lower the project cost, the better. If the cost is too low to guarantee the quality of the project, there will be quality accidents in the project. The progress is not necessarily as fast as possible, and if the construction period is compressed to an unreasonable extent, it will have to increase the cost or affect the quality; The higher the quality, the better. Quality standards should be appropriate and qualified. Too much quality is a waste. In other words, the final benefit should be used to measure and determine the reasonable cost, reasonable cycle and qualified quality standard of the project. When the industry blindly decides an unreasonable cost, unreasonable cycle or unreasonable quality standard, it often backfires, laying the foundation for the failure of the project.

The owner's project management involves the selection of project management mode, design and contractor, project coordination and control, project contract management and acceptance and many other aspects. The owner can neither replace the project management of the specialized engineering company in the early stage, nor give up the supervision and control of the project, which involves a lot of project management knowledge. Practice has proved that the quality of the owner largely determines the success or failure of the project. After the implementation of the project legal person responsibility system, it is necessary to train the owners (project legal persons).

(4) Organize the research and development of project management technology to improve the project management level.

China's construction project management system has long been influenced by the planned economy system, and the three powers of project design, procurement and construction are separated. There are few EPC full-featured engineering companies and project management consulting companies. The main business of existing engineering consulting companies in China is the preparation or evaluation of project proposals and project feasibility study reports; Existing design institutes are not responsible for procurement and construction management. The main task of the existing supervision company is actually the on-site construction quality supervision in the project construction stage. Therefore, there is still a lack of research, summary and improvement on project management as a science, general contracting as a systematic process and project management technology as an advanced scientific tool. Owners and contractors in some developed countries even think that engineering companies and contractors in China do not have the ability to independently manage and control large-scale engineering projects at present, which mainly means that the technical level of project management in China is still relatively low. Improving the technical level of project management is an urgent task in the field of engineering construction in China. In order to improve the management level of construction projects in China, we should attach importance to and advocate the research, development, application and popularization of engineering project management technology.