What are the main features of Ming dynasty Yongle, Xuande, Hongwu years blue and white porcelain?

Ming Yongle Dynasty Premium Customized Jingdezhen Porcelain Characteristics

Ming Yongle Dynasty typical ware have Jingdezhen Zhushan Imperial Kiln Factory Yongle strata excavated blue and white five-dragon pattern Jade Pot Spring Vase, dragon pattern paragraph blue and white cloud dragon pattern engraved seawater Palace Bowl, and so on a number of objects is the typical ware of the blue and white porcelain of the Ming Yongle Dynasty.

The tire is white and delicate, and the body is light and thin. The shape of the curve is rounded, the foot wall inside and outside the slope of the foot, the root of the foot wall is wider than the Hongwu period objects, the end of the foot flat cut. Ware type has jade pot spring vase, big spoon and high-footed handles, high-footed handles have caliber 8 cm and caliber 15 cm two specifications, the cup target has thick short, thin high, in the convex a prong of the next flared three style, bowl has a caliber of 13 cm and 20 centimeters to come to two kinds of. Patterns are mostly suitable for the pattern, in the mouth, near the foot, the foot has a decorative band, changing the main body of the Yuan blue and white, auxiliary decorative multi-layer decorative band layout. Varieties of blue and red color, blue and white color. Glaze color white slightly green, glaze juice fat, are full glaze. This dynasty calendar 22 years, it is worth noting is unearthed on the blue and white porcelain are no emperor years, a blue and white dragon bowl painted in the foot of a blue and white dragon, this is the pattern of the paragraph, indicating that the level of this bowl is the imperial products, heirlooms see the pattern of the paragraph, are opened after the Xuande dynasty foot of the precedent of the paragraph. Craftsmanship, high-footed cups are hollow. Bottles and jars are neatly repaired, and the tire marks are not obvious. The rim of the spoon is exposed, and is over-burned.

green material: Ming Yongle dynasty blue and white porcelain used in two types of green material, a class of colorful, with "rust scars". This type of testing for high iron and low manganese type imported material, namely "Su Nai Ma Qing" and so on; the other type, the hair color is slightly lighter and elegant, on the "rust scars" is relatively small, this type of green material has not been tested. Ming Yongle dynasty blue and white porcelain is divided into two categories of excavated products and heirlooms. Unearthed in Jingdezhen City, Ming imperial kiln factory site Yongle stratum, to Ming Yongle seventeen years (1419) around the line, divided into before and after the two phases.

Ming Yongle dynasty senior customized Jingdezhen porcelain pre: Ming Yongle three years as well as the following years. Decoration has folded, entwined, regimental flowers of peony pattern, lotus pattern, plum blossom pattern. Ware type has a large cover jar, diamond flower mouth folded edge or round mouth folded edge of the large disk, are fine sand bottom. This kind of large-scale ware are in the early years of the Ming Yongle for Zheng He to the West Ocean and burned a gift or Ministry of Industry export porcelain. Later: Ming Yongle seventeen years ago. Typical ware in the five dragon jade pot spring vase that this period. Bottle body painted five claws of five dragons, a large four small, the lower abdomen painted sea waves, foot decorated with a week of clouds. The main decoration of this period of artifacts are dragon, cloud phoenix, seawater fish, seawater sea animals, seawater Xianshan cloud dragon, Baoxiang flower pattern, brocade flower pattern, lotus pattern, lotus petal wheel flower pattern, folded chrysanthemum pattern, Brahma characters, etc., border decoration with lotus petals, dolomite cloud pattern, curly grass pattern, continuous back to the line, entwined chrysanthemums, and so on. There are two kinds of brushes: solid brush and outline rendering.

The layout of the pattern has two major categories: sparse and dense, and the overall characteristic is clear and sharp, all in one go. Patterns of fine lines are mostly solid brush, thick lines and ornamentation for the outline rendering, very rules, not out of the border. The main motifs are often seen in a variety of twigs and fruits, such as lychee, pomegranate, rafters, peaches, etc., as well as entwined lotus, peony, alfalfa, lotus petals, lotus ponds, cloudy dragons, Tibetan text and other motifs; side decorations have lotus petals, Meiduo, curly grass, banana leaves, flowers and so on. Tire is delicate and white, small pieces of ware body is very thin, there is a very light weight of the pulp tire bowl - made from the upper layer of the slurry water precipitation of the bowl, the glaze is fat and moist, even net, white in the green, mostly very moist fine sand bottom, there is also a glazed bottom. The shapes include plum vases, jade pot spring vases, straight-mouthed square-flowing pots, flat vases, monk's hat pots, funnels, flower-pouring amphorae, ribbon gourd vases, plum vases, gearless zuns, lotus bowls, folded-rim washes, folded-rim bowls, diamond-mouthed folded-rim and rounded-mouthed plates, and pressed cups, etc. The bowls were made in the same manner as the other bowls.

Marks, inside the lotus pond pattern outside the entwined branches of clover pattern bowl within the footrim of the snowflake-shaped mark. This bowl is only in the collections of the Palace Museum in Beijing, the National Palace Museum in Taipei, and the Confucius House in Qufu, Shandong. The pattern of such bowls, some of them are blue and white, some of them are blue and white with gold color, and the mark is gold color. Pressure hand cup inside the "Yongle year system" four characters in seal script, in addition to not see the mark of the object. In terms of craftsmanship, the porcelain clay is relatively fine, the billeting process is high, and the horizontal interface of the faceted ware is not obvious. Ming Yongle official kilns blue with "light body, white glaze, colorful, pattern sparse" characteristics.

Ming Xuande dynasty couture blue and white porcelain features

Ming Xuande dynasty typical ware: Jingdezhen Zhushan imperial kiln factory site of Xuande stratum excavated blue and white porcelain and heirloom products in the mark. The green material of Ming Xuande blue and white porcelain is the same as that of Ming Yongle Dynasty blue and white porcelain. Other characteristics. The following points unearthed and heirloom products of the two categories introduced to help identify 1322.817.3315 teacher identification

Earthed: Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln Factory Ming Xuande strata unearthed, divided into before and after the two phases. The first period of Ming Xuande one year to five years. Unearthed wares are: seawater Ruibeast pattern Jennifer fragment; Seal script paragraph "Xuande year system" fragment; Brick fragment; seawater Ruibeast pattern bowl fragment; outside the entangled branches of Ganoderma lucidum within the folded branches of Ruiguo pattern plate fragment, restored caliber 74 cm, bottom diameter 63 cm, 10.9 cm high; parrot peach pattern plate fragment, caliber 78 cm, and so on. The later period is from Xuande five years to Xuande ten years. On the wares unearthed from the Imperial Kiln Factory, there are flat chrysanthemum pattern or chi dragon pattern plum vase, blue ground white flower fish and algae pattern high-footed cups, cricket jars, bird feeders, lattice brocade doilies butterfly ear cups, pear-style pots, double-shouldered flat jugs, seawater dragons pattern Sanskrit small handles marigolds, seven-pronged folded rim flower-mouth bowls, as well as a variety of pots and so on. The layout and brushwork of the decoration is the same as that of the Ming Yongle dynasty.

Dezhen Imperial Kiln Factory Ming Xuande's high quality customized blue and white porcelain, the main patterns are grapes, chrysanthemums, camellia, peony, lotus, pomegranate, Dianthus, Ganoderma lucidum, folded peony, persimmon, chrysanthemums, Lotus, camellia, peach, Ganoderma lucidum, lattice brocade dorado flowers, vanilla dragons, seawater flying winged dragons, wearing flowers dragons, Tibetan text, etc.; border decorations are the size of the double-layered lotus petals, solid lotus petals, Ruyi cloud head, successive retracement, curly grass, banana leaves, Petal zigzag pattern, mat pattern, seawater, non word cloud, point color plum blossom, geometric pattern brocade ground pattern. The varieties include blue and white, pale blue and white, blue and white, yellow and blue, and blue and white relief. The tires of the small pieces are white and delicate, while the tires of the large pieces are thick. The glaze on the bottom is greenish, and the small wares have glazed bottoms, while the large wares have sandy bottoms. The shapes are both large and small, ranging from a 60-centimeter-high jar with a large lid to a 4.4-centimeter-high bird feeder that can be played with in the palm of one's hand.

Heirloom: Ming Xuande dynasty heirloom products of blue and white porcelain, compared to Yongle ware, in addition to the tire is slightly thicker, the shape of the curve is not as beautiful as Yongle, the vast majority of the paragraph, the rest of the factors are basically the same as the Ming Yongle period. Marks: this dynasty over ten years, the vast majority of official kiln wares have a mark. Sand bottom jars, bottles, plates and other large pieces and individual full glaze small pieces, such as birdseed jar, drop in the shoulder, side or folded under the rim, the form of six characters without a border a line of regular script horizontal paragraph, there is a border of six characters a line of regular script vertical paragraph. The glazed bowls, bottles, and jugs are inscribed within the footrim, in the form of a double-ringed six-character, two-line, six-character, three-line mark, a single-ringed six-character, two-line mark, a double-ringed, non-ringed four-character, two-line regular-script mark, and a double-ringed seal-script mark (only two pieces of this vessel are known to exist). The character ""（"""）is the most common feature of the mark, and the "四"（four characters）of the character "德"（"de"）is close to the character "心"（"heart"）, with no cross in the middle. "" character "clothes" in the horizontal painting but "knife" side, "clothes" of the fourth stroke of the hook and the fifth stroke of the apostrophe is not connected. The hook of the fourth stroke of "衣" and the apostrophe of the fifth stroke are not connected. Craft, see individual over-fired ware, small bird feeder, full body glaze, mouth edge to glaze to over-fire. Ming Xuande dynasty blue and white porcelain is characterized by: the color is heavy, dense pattern, glaze green, shape increase, body weight, paragraph Dasheng.

Ming Hongwu dynasty high quality customized blue and white porcelain characteristics

Ming dynasty blue and white porcelain, official kilns products excellence, late folk kilns to product volume is characterized. In addition to the kilns of the Yuan Dynasty continued to burn, the Ming Dynasty has emerged many new kilns, the famous folk kilns kilns are: Yaoli, Hutian, Guanyinge, Shibadu, Dongjiawu and other places. Qinghua porcelain, with its unique advantages, dominated the porcelain production in the Ming Dynasty. Here we mainly examine the artifacts excavated from tombs with exact stratigraphy and chronology and those with chronological marks.

Ming Hongwu dynasty: so far identified as Hongwu strata unearthed wares *** there are three discoveries. The first is in 1964, Nanjing Ming Palace unearthed a number of fragments; the second is the summer of 1984, Beijing four middle school unearthed a number of fragments, the third is the Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln Factory unearthed a number of fragments; they are incomplete, but can be used as a typical ware to compare with the complete heirloom. In addition, the Shanghai Museum collection of blue and white "Chunshou" Yunlong vase and Henan Museum collection of blue and white Yunlong Jade Pot Spring Vase for complete typical ware. Ming Hongwu dynasty blue and white is obviously less than the glazed red, complete ware even less, but from a large number of comparative analysis of the data, this period of blue and red glaze decoration and shape are the same.

This period was characterized by the use of domestic materials of varying purity of elution, but the use of a few imported materials left over from the Yuan dynasty cannot be ruled out. This period of green material is roughly divided into three categories: a class of fresh and bright light blue, stable tone, not fainting, heavy decoration can also show the level of blue and white; the second type of blue and white hair color is light, less fainting, decorations often have obvious dark dots scattered irregularly in which, like stars; the third type of blue and white color grey, glaze is grayish-white. Because of this color material contains high metal manganese impurities, so the decorations show a larger patch of black and blue, some also deep into the tire bone, was uneven. The varieties are mainly white ground blue and white.

Layout follows the Yuan dynasty multi-layered decorative bands and suitable for two kinds of patterns. Common themes and features are as follows: the main body of the decoration has a variety of flowers and dragons. Floral motifs have twining peony, flat chrysanthemum, camellia, lotus, peony, chrysanthemum, moonflower and other assorted flowers composed of twining flower motifs. They are mostly used on the inner and outer walls of plates and bowls. Inserted in the rock of the assorted flowers, plantain garden landscape, pine, bamboo and plum, mostly used in the outer wall of the larger faceted vessels and the bottom center of the large plate. Dragon pattern: the dragon's body elongated, typical of the Ming and Qing dynasty kilns dragon pattern, dragon pattern basically maintain the style of the Yuan dynasty, but changed the Yuan dynasty dragon pattern of the sense of robustness and ferocity, mostly wheel-shaped five-clawed, but also three-clawed, four-clawed, claws and claws between the separation of the more open, pig-shaped mouth, for the open-mouthed tongue-like. Auxiliary ceramic decorations are various such as lotus petals, curly grass, back to the pattern, meaning clouds, banana leaves, lingzhi, seagulls playing in the water and so on. Pin-shaped cloud is a typical pattern of Ming Hongwu porcelain, in a number of varieties are depicted.

Tire glaze: the body is white, dense porcelain, but compared with the Yongle official kilns is thick and loose, the body has a needle eye or small cracks. Porcelain clay plasticity is good, the objects are never collapse bottom, pinch flat malpractice. Glaze surface is fat, white in green, round ware class mouth edge have accumulated glaze phenomenon, forming a circle of obvious natural thick lip. Some artifacts glaze layer is thicker, visible small glaze bubbles gathered intensively, giving a person a warm and soft feeling. Especially light blue and white decorations, in this fat glaze, more obvious green and elegant.

The shape of Ming Hongwu dynasty blue and white porcelain is mainly bowl, plate, diamond flower mouth marigolds, pots, jade pots and vases, pomegranate-shaped melons and jars. Bowl caliber of about 20 cm and 40 cm about the two dun style bowl is the most common, divided into straight mouth round lip and flared mouth two styles, deep curved abdomen, flat cut foot, glazed bottom. Plate about 20 cm and 45 cm two kinds of caliber plate is most common. Divided into diamond flower mouth and round mouth two styles. Diamond mouth plate shape for the wide folded edge, shallow curved abdomen was melon petal convex rib, flat cut foot. Nanjing yudaihe Ming Palace excavated blue and white three cloud pattern disk fragment without mouth, but combined with the British Museum collection of the same pattern of complete ji red, ji blue glaze disk, shallow belly, large circle foot, foot root inside and outside of the slope, the inner slope is more, the foot end of the flat cut, the bottom of the sand to see a large piece of kiln red.

Diamond mouth marigold tray caliber of about 20 cm or so. Wide folded edge diamond mouth, square lip, shallow curved wall, petal type convex rib, inner raised a circle rib, used to put cups and lanterns, shallow circle foot, bottom unglazed, see flint red. In the Hongwu period, the square lip of the lantern holder is surrounded on the outside by a continuous pattern of bifurcation. Jug: height of 30 cm and 20 cm is the most common. Modeling for the small straight mouth, long neck, slip shoulder rounded belly, the abdomen has a long curved stream, the mouth of the stream and the neck of the jug is connected with a flat and wide band in the shape of Ruyi cloud. The neck is connected to the abdomen with a curved, slab-like, convex handle. There is a small round hole at the upper end of the handle, and the lid of the pot is a pagoda-shaped pearl knob, inserted.

The jade pot spring vase, there are two kinds of size, the big one is 30 centimeters high. Flared mouth, long bunched neck, sloping shoulders rounded belly, rim, bottom glaze. Pomegranate-shaped melon prism large jar this large jar is the typical shape of the Hongwu period, there are different sizes of specifications, the height of the large one is about 60 centimeters or more, generally about 50 centimeters. Flared mouth, short neck and plump shoulders, long belly down, twelve melon prongs of the belly, bundled shins, rimmed feet, sandy bottom, with flint red. Plum vase: small mouth with a rounded lip and short neck, slightly larger and smaller at the top and bottom, with a full shoulder, the lower abdomen closed, the shins flared, a ring-shaped foot, cut flat, with a slanting cut on the outside, on a sandy foot, with a raised center, and partially flint-red. Marks and Craftsmanship: The mark is found only on the shoulders of the vase, in seal script, with the words 'Chunshou' (spring life). In terms of craftsmanship, the interior of the bottle is clearly marked, and the base of the bottle is clearly flint-red, commonly known as the 'cinnabar' base.

This shows that the Ming Hongwu dynasty blue and white porcelain peony, flat chrysanthemums, clouds and other decorations are left with white edges. Tangled peony, flat chrysanthemum pattern of the leaf is not carved large, banana leaf for the double stems, leaving the center blank; stamens for the thin square of flat chrysanthemum pattern. The pattern is continuous in two directions, one positive and one negative. Bottom foot flat cut, with kiln red.