What is cloud computing?

Cloud computing [1] is a mode of increasing, using and delivering related services based on the Internet, which usually involves providing dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources through the Internet. Cloud is a metaphor of network and internet. In the past, cloud was often used to represent telecommunication networks, and later it was also used to represent the abstraction of the Internet and the underlying infrastructure. So cloud computing can even let you experience the computing power of 10 trillion times per second. Such a powerful computing power can simulate a nuclear explosion and predict climate change and market development trends. Users access the data center through computers, notebooks, mobile phones, etc. , and calculate according to your own needs. [2] There are many definitions of cloud computing. What is cloud computing? There are at least 100 explanations. [3] At present, it is widely accepted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) that cloud computing is a pay-per-use model, which provides available, convenient and on-demand network access, enters a configurable computing resource pool (resources include networks, servers, storage, application software and services), and can be provided quickly with little management work. Chinese name cloud computing mbth cloud computing directory 1 background 2 features 3 concepts 4 brief history 5 evolution 6 influence? What is the impact of software development? What is the impact on the service form of software test 7? IaaS: Infrastructure as a Service? Platform as a service? SaaS: 8 applications of software as a service? Cloud-object association? Cloud security? Cloud storage? Cloud game? Cloud computing and big data 9 privacy 10 technology 1 1 related issues 12 development 1 background editing cloud computing is another great change after the large computer was transformed into a client-server in the 1960s. Cloud computing is the product of the development and integration of traditional computer and network technologies such as distributed computing, parallel computing, utility computing, [4] network storage technology, virtualization and load balancing. 2 Features Editing Cloud Computing is to distribute computing on a large number of distributed computers instead of local computers or remote servers, and the operation of enterprise data centers will be more similar to the Internet. This enables enterprises to switch resources to required applications and access computers and storage systems as needed. This is like changing from the old single generator mode to the centralized power supply mode of power plants. It means that computing power can also be circulated as a commodity like gas and water and electricity, which is convenient to obtain and low in cost. The biggest difference is spread through the Internet. The recognized characteristics of cloud computing are: (1) The very large-scale "cloud" has a considerable scale, Google Cloud Computing has more than 1 10,000 servers, and Amazon, IBM, Microsoft, Yahoo and other "clouds" all have hundreds of thousands of servers. Enterprise private clouds generally have hundreds of servers. "Cloud" can give users unprecedented computing power. (2) Virtualization cloud computing supports users to obtain application services at any place and using various terminals. The requested resources come from the "cloud" rather than a fixed tangible entity. The application runs somewhere in the cloud, but in fact, users don't need to know or worry about the specific location where the application runs. All we need is a notebook or a mobile phone, and we can achieve everything we need through network services, even such tasks as supercomputing. (3) High-reliability "Cloud" adopts measures such as fault tolerance of multiple copies of data and isomorphic interchange of computing nodes to ensure high reliability of services. Using cloud computing is more reliable than using local computers. (4) Universal cloud computing is not specific to specific applications. With the support of cloud, ever-changing applications can be constructed, and the same cloud can support different applications at the same time. (5) The scale of highly scalable "cloud" can be dynamically expanded to meet the needs of application and user scale growth. (6) On-demand service "Cloud" is a huge resource pool, which you can buy on demand; Clouds can be charged like tap water, electricity and gas. (7) extremely cheap. Due to the special fault-tolerant measures of the cloud, extremely cheap nodes can be used to form a cloud. The automatic centralized management of cloud makes a large number of enterprises do not have to bear the increasingly high cost of data center management. Compared with the traditional system, the universality of cloud greatly improves the utilization rate of resources, so users can fully enjoy the low-cost advantage of cloud, and often it takes only a few hundred dollars and a few days to complete tasks that used to take tens of thousands of dollars and months. Cloud computing can completely change people's future lives, but at the same time, we should pay attention to environmental issues, so as to truly contribute to human progress, rather than simply upgrading technology. (8) Potential Hazards Cloud computing services not only provide computing services, but also provide storage services. However, cloud computing services are currently monopolized by private institutions (enterprises), and they can only provide commercial credit. For government agencies and commercial organizations (especially commercial organizations with sensitive data like banks), it is necessary to be cautious when choosing cloud computing services. Once commercial users use cloud computing services provided by private organizations on a large scale, no matter how strong their technical advantages are, these private organizations will inevitably seize the whole society with the importance of "data (information)". For the information society, "information" is crucial. On the other hand, the data in cloud computing is confidential to users other than the data owner, but it is really not a secret to commercial organizations that provide cloud computing. All these potential dangers are important premises that commercial organizations and government agencies have to consider when choosing cloud computing services, especially those provided by foreign organizations. [5] 3 Concept Editor Original: Cloud computing is a computing style in which dynamically scalable and usually virtualized resources are provided as services through the Internet. Et。 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines that cloud computing is a pay-per-use model, which provides available, convenient and on-demand network access, enters a configurable computing resource pool (resources include network, server, storage, application software and services), and can be quickly provided through little management work or service providers. XenSystem, as well as foreign very mature Intel and IBM, the application service scope of various "cloud computing" is expanding day by day, and its influence is immeasurable. Due to the deepening of cloud computing application and the expansion of big data processing demand, users' demand for 4-way and 8-way servers with strong performance and high availability has obviously accelerated, and the growth rate of this sub-product has exceeded 200% year-on-year. IBM has considerable advantages in this field. What's more noteworthy is that Inspur achieved a market share of 2065,438+065,438+0 over 65,438+05% with Tissot TS850, ranking behind IBM and HP with a share of less than 65,438+0% and becoming the top three domestic high-end servers. At present, the 32-channel high-end fault-tolerant server Tissot K 1 developed by Inspur has not yet appeared, and its huge market potential needs to be tapped. Cloud computing is a model that supports ubiquitous, thoughtful and on-demand network access to shared pools of configurable computing resources (such as networks, servers, storage, applications and services), and can provide and publish these resources quickly with minimal management work or service provider interaction. Cloud computing is often confused with grid computing, utility computing and autonomic computing. Grid computing: a kind of distributed computing, a super virtual computer composed of a group of loosely coupled computers, which is often used to perform some large tasks; Utility computing: A packaged charging method for IT resources, such as charging by calculation and storage like traditional public facilities such as electricity; Autonomous computing: a computer system with self-management function. In fact, many cloud computing deployments rely on computer clusters (but they are very different from grid in composition, architecture, purpose and working mode), and also absorb the characteristics of autonomous computing and utility computing. 4 brief history editor 1983, Sun Microsystems put forward "network is computer", and in March 2006, Amazon launched elastic computing cloud; ; EC2) service. On August 9th, 2006, Eric Schmidt, CEO of Google, first proposed the concept of "cloud computing" at SES San Jose 2006. Google's "cloud computing" originated from the "Google 10 1" project of Google engineer Christopher Bisciglia. From June 5438 to October 2007 10, Google and IBM began to promote cloud computing programs in American university campuses, including Carnegie Mellon University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, University of California at Berkeley and University of Maryland. This plan hopes to reduce the cost of distributed computing technology in academic research. And provide related hardware and software equipment and technical support for these universities (including hundreds of personal computers and BladeCenter and System x servers, these computing platforms will provide 1600 processors and support open source platforms including Linux, Xen and Hadoop). Students can make various research plans based on large-scale computing through the network. On June 30th, 2008, at 65438, Google announced the launch of the "Cloud Computing Academic Plan" in Taiwan Province Province, and will cooperate with Taiwan Province National Taiwan University, Jiaotong University and other schools to promote this advanced cloud computing technology to the campus on a large scale and quickly. On February 1 2008, IBM(NYSE: IBM) announced that it would establish the world's first cloud computing center for China software enterprises in Taihu New Town Science and Education Industrial Park, Wuxi, China. On July 29th, 2008, Yahoo, Hewlett-Packard and Intel announced a joint research plan covering the United States, Germany and Singapore, and launched a cloud computing research test bed to promote cloud computing. The plan is to create six data centers with partners as research and experimental platforms, and each data center is equipped with 1400 to 4000 processors. These partners include Singapore Information and Communication Development Agency, Steinbuch Computing Center of Karlsruhe University, University of Illinois at Champion, Intel Research Institute, HP Labs and Yahoo. On August 3, 2008, the information on the website of the United States Patent and Trademark Office showed that Dell was applying for the trademark of "cloud computing" in order to strengthen the control of this term that may reshape the technical architecture in the future. 20 10 On March 5th, Novell and CSA jointly announced a vendor-neutral plan called Trusted Cloud Plan. 20 10 in July, NASA and other supporting vendors including Rackspace, AMD, Intel and Dell announced the "OpenStack" open source plan. In June, 20 10, Microsoft expressed its support for the integration of OpenStack and Windows Server 2008 R2. Ubuntu added OpenStack in version 1 1.04. 2011February, Cisco system officially joined OpenStack, focusing on developing OpenStack's network services. 5 Evolutionary Editing Cloud computing has gone through four stages: power plant mode, utility computing, grid computing and cloud computing. Power plant mode stage: Power plant mode is like using the scale effect of power plant to reduce electricity price, making it more convenient for users to use, without maintaining and purchasing any power generation equipment. Utility computing stage: around 1960. At that time, the price of computing equipment was very high, which far exceeded the affordability of ordinary enterprises and institutions, so many people came up with the idea of sharing computing resources. 196 1 year, McKinsey, the father of artificial intelligence, put forward the concept of "utility computing" at a meeting. The core of the concept is to integrate servers, storage systems and applications scattered all over the country and share them with multiple users, so that users can use computer resources as if they were plugged into a light bulb socket and pay according to the usage. But at that time, the whole IT industry was still in the early stage of development, and many powerful technologies, such as the Internet, had not yet been born. Therefore, although this idea has always been praised, it is generally "applauding and not making a big impression". Grid computing stage: Grid computing studies how to divide a problem that requires huge computing power into many small parts, then distribute these parts to many low-performance computers for processing, and finally combine these calculation results to overcome big problems. Unfortunately, due to the lack of business model, technology and security, grid computing has not achieved the expected success in engineering and business circles. Cloud computing stage: The core of cloud computing is very similar to utility computing and grid computing, and it is hoped that IT technology can be as convenient and low-cost as electricity. But unlike utility computing and grid computing, it has a certain scale in demand and is basically mature in technology. 6 Impact on editing software development In the cloud computing environment, software technology and architecture will change significantly. First of all, the developed software must adapt to the cloud, organically combine with the virtualization-based cloud platform, and adapt to the dynamic changes of computing power and storage capacity; Second, it can meet the needs of a large number of users, including data storage structure and processing capacity; Third, we should use the Internet to provide software applications based on the Internet. Fourth, it requires higher security, can resist attacks and protect private information; Fifth, it can work in various environments such as mobile terminals, mobile phones and network computers. In the cloud computing environment, the environment and working mode of software development will also change. Although the traditional software engineering theory will not change fundamentally, the development tools, development environment and development platform based on the cloud platform will bring convenience to agile development, cooperation within the project team and development in different places. Software development project teams can use the cloud platform to realize online development, and realize knowledge accumulation and software reuse through the cloud. In the cloud computing environment, the final forms of software products are more diverse. On the cloud platform, software can be a service, such as SAAS, a Web service, or an application that can be downloaded online, such as the application software in Apple's online store, and so on. [6] Impact on software testing In the cloud computing environment, due to changes in software development work, it will inevitably have an impact and change on software testing. Changes in software technology and architecture require that the focus of software testing should be adjusted accordingly. Software testing should not only pay attention to the traditional software quality, but also pay attention to the new quality requirements put forward by the cloud computing environment, such as software dynamic adaptability, mass user support, security, multi-platform compatibility and so on. In the cloud computing environment, the tools, environment and working mode of software development have changed, which requires the tools, environment and working mode of software testing to change accordingly. Software testing tools should also work on the cloud platform, and the use of testing tools should also be carried out through the cloud platform, rather than the traditional local way; The software test environment can also be transplanted to the cloud platform, and the test environment can be built through the cloud; Software testing should also be able to achieve collaboration, knowledge sharing and test reuse through the cloud. The change of software product form requires that software testing can test different forms of products, such as the testing of Web services, the testing of Internet applications, and the testing of software in mobile intelligent terminals. The popularization and application of cloud computing still has a long way to go. Social recognition, people's habits, technical ability and even social management system should be changed accordingly, so that cloud computing can be truly popularized. But in any case, Internet-based applications will gradually penetrate into everyone's life and have a far-reaching impact on our service and life. In order to cope with this change, it is also necessary for us to discuss the future development mode of our business and determine the direction of our efforts. [6]7 Editing service forms Cloud computing can be considered as including the following levels of services: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS). IaaS: Infrastructure as a Service Iaas (Infrastructure as a Service): Infrastructure as a Service. Consumers can get services from a perfect computer infrastructure through the Internet. PaaS: Platform as a Service PaaS (Platform as a Service): Platform as a Service. PaaS actually refers to taking the platform of software research and development as a service and submitting it to users in the mode of SaaS. Therefore, PaaS is also an application of SaaS mode. However, the emergence of PaaS can accelerate the development of SaaS, especially the development of SaaS applications. SaaS: Software as a Service (SaaS): Software as a Service. It is a mode of providing software through the Internet. Users don't need to buy software, but rent network-based software from suppliers to manage business activities. 8 Application Editor Cloud IoT "Internet of Things is the Internet connected by things". This has two meanings: first, the core and foundation of the Internet of Things is still the Internet, which is an extension and expansion network based on the Internet; Second, its customers extend to any goods and exchange information and communicate with each other. Two business models of the Internet of Things: 1. Mai (M2M application integration), internal MaaS；; 2.Maas (M2M as a service), MMO and multi-tenancy (multi-tenancy mode). With the increase of business volume of the Internet of Things, the demand for data storage and calculation will bring the requirement for "cloud computing" capability: 1. Cloud computing: From the computing center to the data center, in the early days of the Internet of Things, PoP can meet the demand; 2. In the advanced stage of the Internet of Things, there may be MVNO/MMO operators (which have existed abroad for many years), and the combination of virtualized cloud computing technology and SOA is needed to realize the ubiquitous service of the Internet: TaaS (everyTHING As A Service). Cloud security is a new term evolved from "cloud computing". The strategic concept of cloud security is that the more users there are, the safer each user will be, because such a huge user base is enough to cover every corner of the Internet. As long as a website is hanged or a new Trojan virus appears, it will be blocked immediately. "Cloud security" obtains the latest information of Trojans and malicious programs on the Internet through abnormal monitoring of software behavior by a large number of clients, pushes them to the server for automatic analysis and processing, and then distributes the solutions of viruses and Trojans to all clients. Cloud storage Cloud storage is a new concept that extends and develops from the concept of cloud computing. It refers to a system that integrates a large number of different types of storage devices in the network through application software through cluster application, grid technology or distributed file system, and provides data storage and business access functions. When the core of computing and processing in the cloud computing system is the storage and management of a large amount of data, it is necessary to configure a large number of storage devices in the cloud computing system, and then transform the cloud computing system into a cloud storage system, so cloud storage is a cloud computing system with data storage and management as its core. Cloud game Cloud game is a game mode based on cloud computing. In the running mode of cloud games, all games run on the server, and the rendered game images are compressed and transmitted to users through the network. On the client side, the user's game device does not need any high-end processor and graphics card, but only the basic video decompression ability. At present, cloud games have not become the networking mode of home computers and handheld computers, because X360 still uses LIVE, PS is PS network, and wii is wi-fi. But after a few years or more, it is very likely that cloud computing will replace these things and become the ultimate direction of its network development. If this idea can be realized, then the host manufacturer will become a network operator. They don't need to invest a huge amount of new host research and development expenses, but they only need to upgrade their servers with a small part of this money, but the effect is almost the same. For users, you can save the cost of buying a host, but you can get the top game screen (of course, the hardware of video output must be excellent. )。 As you can imagine, the picture of a PDA and a home computer is the same, and the home computer is as simple as the set-top box we use today, and even the home computer can replace the TV set-top box and become the TV viewing mode in the next era. [7] Cloud Computing and Big Data Cloud Computing and Big Data [1] Technically, the relationship between big data and cloud computing is as inseparable as the front and back of a coin. Big data can't be processed by a single computer, so distributed computing architecture must be adopted. Its characteristic lies in the mining of massive data, but it must rely on the distributed processing of cloud computing, distributed database, cloud storage and virtualization technology. [1]9 privacy editing cloud technology requires a large number of users to participate, and privacy issues are inevitable. User participation means collecting some user data, which raises concerns about user data security. Many users are worried that their privacy will be collected by cloud technology. For this reason, when many vendors join the cloud plan, they promise to avoid collecting user privacy as much as possible, and even if they do, they will not disclose or use it. But many people still doubt the commitment of the manufacturers, and their doubts are not unreasonable. Many well-known manufacturers are accused of leaking user privacy, and leaks do occur from time to time. In fact, while vigorously promoting the construction of cloud computing centers, the country also attaches great importance to the security of cloud technology and the Internet. The Opinions on the Development and Construction of the Next Generation Internet in the Twelfth Five-Year Plan jointly issued by the National Development and Reform Commission and other seven departments emphasizes that the Internet is an important information foundation highly related to national economic and social development, and it is necessary to strengthen network and information security and comprehensively improve the security and credibility of the next generation Internet. Strengthen the deployment and management of network core infrastructure such as domain name server, digital certificate server and key application server; Strengthen the planning and management of network address and domain name system; Promote security level protection, personal information protection, risk assessment, disaster backup and recovery, and earnestly implement various security requirements in network planning, construction, operation, management, maintenance and abandonment; Accelerate the development of information security industry, cultivate leading backbone enterprises, increase the training and introduction of talents, and improve the technical support and support capabilities of information security. "10 technical editing 1, programming mode 2, mass data distributed storage technology 3, mass data management technology 4, virtualization technology 5, cloud computing platform management technology 1 1 related issues Editing data privacy: How to ensure that the data privacy stored in cloud service providers is not illegally used requires not only technical improvement, but also further legal improvement. The security problem of cloud computing data can not be solved, which will affect the application of cloud computing in enterprises. User's usage habits: How to change users' usage habits and make users adapt to networked software and hardware applications is a long-term and arduous challenge. Network transmission problem: cloud computing services depend on the network, and the current network speed is low and unstable, which makes the performance of cloud applications not high. The popularity of cloud computing depends on the development of network technology. Lack of unified technical standards: The bright future of cloud computing makes traditional IT vendors transform to cloud computing. However, due to the lack of unified technical standards, especially interface standards, manufacturers go their own way in the process of developing their own products and services, which brings severe challenges to the interconnection between different services in the future. Draft cloud computing standardization system formed 20 14[3] China International Cloud Computing Technology and Application Exhibition opened in Beijing on March 4th, and Chen Wei, Director of the Software Services Department of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, revealed at the meeting that the draft cloud computing comprehensive standardization technology system has been formed. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology should promote the rapid development of cloud computing from five aspects: First, strengthen planning and guidance, rationally arrange, and coordinate the construction of national cloud computing infrastructure and the development of cloud computing service industry; Second, it is necessary to strengthen the research and development of key core technologies, innovate cloud computing service models, support the research and development of basic technologies such as ultra-large-scale cloud computing operating systems and core chips, and promote industrialization; Third, it is necessary to promote the coordinated development of the upstream and downstream of the industrial chain with the construction of large-scale cloud computing platforms and pilot demonstration applications in important industries for key areas with urgent application needs; The fourth is to strengthen the construction of network infrastructure; Fifth, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of standards system, organize the formulation of standards for cloud computing and services, and build a standard system for cloud computing. 12 development editor In recent years, cloud computing has developed rapidly as a new technical trend. Cloud computing has completely changed the unprecedented working mode, and also changed the traditional software engineering enterprises. The following aspects can be said to be the most concerned aspects in the current development of cloud computing: 1. Cloud computing expands investment value. Cloud computing simplifies software, business processes and access services. Compared with the traditional mode change in the past, it is more to help enterprises operate and optimize the investment scale. This is not only through cost reduction, effective business model, or greater business flexibility. Many companies optimize their investments through cloud computing. Under the same conditions, enterprises are expanding to more innovations and their IT capabilities, which will help enterprises bring more business opportunities. 2. The emergence of hybrid cloud computing Enterprises use cloud computing (including private and public * * *) to supplement their internal infrastructure and applications. Experts predict that these services will optimize the performance of business processes. Adopting cloud service is a newly developed business function. In these cases, narrowing the advantages of both will become a common feature. 3. More and more cloud-centric designs regard organizational design as an element of cloud computing migration. This simply means that the enterprises that need to optimize the cloud experience will give priority to cloud technology. This is a trend. With the expansion of cloud computing, this growth is expected to spread to different industries. 4. In any case, the future of mobile cloud services must be mobile. With the rapid increase in the number of mobile devices, tablets, iphone and smart phones have played more roles in mobile. Many of these devices are used to extend business processes, communications and other functions. Let cloud computing be applied to all employees in a "mobile" way. More cloud computing platforms and APIs will become mobile cloud services. 5. Cloud security People are worried about the security of their data in the cloud. Therefore, users should expect to see more secure applications and technologies. Many new encryption technologies and security protocols will appear more and more.