What is a Mongolian totem?

Different nationalities have different cultures, and in cultural totems, different nationalities are different, so that many times we will know what nationality it is and what is Mongolian totem when we see the corresponding totem. Below I have compiled the knowledge about Mongolian totem for you, hoping it will be useful to you.

Mongolian national totem

First, the national totem

Totems worshipped by Mongols include wolves, deer, bears, cattle, eagles, swans and trees. The first sentence at the beginning of the Secret History of Mongolia reads as follows: The ancestors of Chenghe Han were born of fate, and the totems worshipped by Mongols include wolves, deer, bears, bulls, eagles, swans and trees.

In addition, influenced by the Han culture in the Central Plains, Mongolians also worship dragons, and other tribes also worship totems of trees, mangniu and so on. All kinds of totem myths reflect the characteristics of Mongolian nationality and have many similarities with the myths of northern nationalities, especially Altai nationality, reflecting the close relationship between them.

1, wolf totem

Mongolian wolves feel that painting the Mongolian wolf totem is only the totem of the ancient begging tribe Jin, which is recorded in the Secret History of Mongolia and the Origin of Mongolia. After hundreds of years of deduction, the wolf totem has been regarded as the totem of the whole Mongolian nation.

At the beginning of the Secret History of Mongolia, it is clearly recorded that "the ancestors of Chenghe Han were born of the fate of Bortiechina (a pale pervert) and his wife Huo Amal (a white deer) who crossed the Tengji Sea and lived in front of the Bourhan Mountain at the source of the South River, and their son was named Bata Chihan". It reflects the important historical fact that two Mongolian tribes with wolves and deer as totems migrated from Hexi, Ergon in the late Tang Dynasty. And Mandarin &; Middot's Zhou Yu records: "Mu went hunting dogs in the west and won five kings, four white wolves and four white deer." Historian Jane Bozan textual research: "White Wolf and White Deer were the clans at that time".

According to the origin of Mongolia, Genghis Khan released two kinds of wild animals by special decree during hunting, namely, "Guo Wo Ma La Le" (grass yellow doe) and "Bultecqin Chunuo" (Cang Lang), which shows that they are taken care of as sacred animals. The History of Dorsang Mongolia records that Wokuotai released a wolf in the hope of prolonging his life, but he was "killed by hounds" when he didn't want the wolf. Wokuotai thought it was an ominous sign at that time. Sure enough, he died soon.

2. Deer totem

Mongolian shamans believe that deer can manifest spirits and exorcise evil spirits. The hats worn by shaman wizards in Hu Ba, Chahar, Horqin and other areas in Inner Mongolia are decorated with iron antlers, and the bronze mirrors and drums used also depict the image of deer, which shows that Mongolian ancestors, especially forest hunters, regard deer as totem gods.

3. Eagle Totem

Horqin right-wing Dorbert Urtunasube is the 27th grandson of Genghis Khan's younger brother Hasal. Their clan calls itself the Eagle clan, and the eldest son and grandson of each generation are named after various eagles.

According to the Secret History of Mongolia, Chaer, the youngest son of Genghis Khan 10 ancestor, was black. Abandoned by his four brothers, he made a living by hunting eagles. His descendants, only Jin, regarded the eagle as the savior and worshipped it as the protector. Temujin was framed by his "Anda" (friend of brothers) Jamukha before he called Khan, and a falcon saved him.

According to Mongolian shaman tradition, Christina was the messenger of the divine bird, and was ordered to descend to earth to marry a tribal leader, and gave birth to a beautiful girl, and cultivated her into the earliest "Wodugen" (witch) in the world. In Buryat's shaman myths and legends, the earliest incarnation of male shaman is also related to eagle.

4. bear totem

Buryats and Dalhattes often call bears ancestors and sacred objects, and call them "Wotog", which means elders and old people. They think that people are descendants of bears and call them grandfathers, fathers and ancestors. This is precisely the expression that people regard bears as their own blood relatives, so they are called by corresponding kinship terms and treated as relatives. When hunting bears, the Darhat people follow a very special set of customs and etiquette. For example, the male bear can hunt all year round, but the female bear can't. He won't start hunting until he gives birth to the bear and comes out of the cave in spring.

Mongolian religious belief

Shamanism is an ancient primitive religion of Mongols. Shamanism worships many natural gods and ancestor gods. Genghis Khan believed in Shamanism and worshipped Tengger Khan's "immortal emperor". Until the Yuan Dynasty, Shamanism was still dominant in Mongolian society and still had an important influence on Mongolian royal family, nobles and people. When the royal family sacrificed their ancestors, ancestral temples and emperors were lucky enough to come to the capital, the shaman presided over the sacrifice. Genghis Khan and his successors adopted an inclusive policy towards various religions. Popular religions are Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Christianity, Shamanism and so on. During the period of Mongolian Khan, Mongolian Khan and the royal family not only believed in Shamanism, but also cared about Muslims, Christians, Taoist disciples and Buddhist monks, and personally participated in various religious ceremonies. The Yuan Dynasty also adopted the same policy. During the Yuan Dynasty, Muslims built temples all over the country, and Christianity was also valued and protected. Ba Siba, a Buddhist, once enlightened Kublai Khan, his queen, prince and many others. Buddhism replaced shamanism in the court. But the influence of Buddhism is limited to the upper ruling class in Mongolia, and most Mongolians still believe in Shamanism.

/kloc-In the second half of the 6th century, alatan Khan of the Tumd Department of Mongolia welcomed the Gelug Sect of Tibetan Buddhism in Zong Kaba. 1578, An Dan Khan and _ _ III Sonan Gyatso met in Huayang Temple, Qinghai, and held a dharma meeting. At the Fa Conference, Sonam Gyatso was named by An Dan Khan as "the Lama who knows all the Dalai Lama in Wazir", and the title of _ _ Lama came into being. Since then, with the support and advocacy of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Tibetan Buddhism has flourished in Mongolia. However, shamanism has been preserved in different degrees in the eastern region in the form of sacrifice, divination and treatment.

Under the advocacy of the Qing government, temples were built, Buddha statues were carved, murals were painted, statues were cast, and various metal crafts were developed in various parts of Mongolia. Lamaism became a tool to paralyze the Mongolian people.

Mongolian language and writing

Mongolians have their own language and writing. Mongolian belongs to Altai Mongolian family, and there are four dialects: Inner Mongolia, Urad, Balhubriat and Horqin.

Traditional Mongolian language can be traced back to AD 1204. After Tatatang, a Uighur official, was captured by Mongols, Genghis Khan highly praised his loyalty to the country and awarded him the same rank, so Mongolian was born in Uighur characters. At first, it was written horizontally, and later it became vertical. The explanation of Mongols is that it is more convenient to write vertically on the horse's neck.

At the end of this century, Kublai Khan of Yuan Taizu created another "Ba Si Ba" and made it popular. This is an intricate writing, which was praised by Luo Zhejian, a Tibetan monk of Kublai Khan. Middot baziba created it. He hoped that this kind of writing could bring a unified way of writing and communication to Han, Tibetan and Mongolian in the Yuan Dynasty. But this writing is only passed between the upper levels.

/kloc-At the beginning of the 4th century, Mongolian scholars were short of luck &; Middot Voser reformed the original script and became a common Mongolian language. Mongolians in Yunnan can speak Yi and Chinese, and their Mongolian can communicate with Mongolian in the north. 1368, after the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, the word Basiba also withdrew from the general system.

In the 1940s, under the influence of the Soviet Union, Mongolia established a "writing reform committee" with writers such as Damdinsulun as participants. Soon after, it officially abandoned Uighur Mongolian and began to use Cyrillic Mongolian based on Slavic letters. After the 1980s, some junior high schools and senior high schools in Mongolia offered Uighur and Mongolian courses, but the promotion effect was not satisfactory. Only some schools in Mongolia offer Uighur and Mongolian courses, but neither parents nor students attach importance to this course.

1979 China officially confirmed the basic dialects and standard sounds of Mongolian. 1980 the people's government of inner Mongolia autonomous region approved the working group on Mongolian language in eight provinces and the request for instructions on establishing basic dialects, standardizing phonography and trying out Mongolian phonography, and decided to use Chahar dialect as the standard pronunciation. 1977 "Provisions on Punctuation in Mongolian Language" was adopted at the second conference of Mongolian Language in eight provinces and autonomous regions. 199 1, the People's Language and Characters Committee of the Autonomous Region issued the Notice on the Trial Implementation of Mongolian Abbreviations and Abbreviations. 1996 standardizes the "Mongolian alphabetical order". 1997, the "Mongolian Working Committee of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region" was established and held its first meeting. More than 3,000 irregular basic entries are standardized as 1500, which unifies the writing form of their derivatives.

In 20 10, Mongolian President elbegdorj issued an order to restore and expand the use of Mongolian in Uygur. The order stipulates that the President of Mongolia, the President of the National Great Hural (Parliament) and government officials must use Uighur Mongolian in official documents and letters when communicating with foreign officials at the same level; Mongolian citizens' birth and marriage certificates, relevant certificates issued by educational institutions at all levels, graduation certificates, etc. Must be Uighur Mongolian and Cyrillic Mongolian.