Gannan colorful tea drama

The so-called tea-picking opera is a kind of opera popular in Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong and Guangxi provinces. In each province, popular areas are always different, and they are distinguished by local names. For example, tea-picking opera in northern Guangdong, Yangxin tea-picking opera in Hubei, Huangmei tea-picking opera, Qichun tea-picking opera and so on. This kind of drama, especially in Jiangxi, is more common, and there are many kinds of dramas. For example, Jiangxi tea-picking operas include Gannan tea-picking opera, Fuzhou tea-picking opera, Nanchang tea-picking opera, Wuning tea-picking opera, East Jiangxi tea-picking opera, Ji 'an tea-picking opera, Jingdezhen tea-picking opera and Ningdu tea-picking opera. Although these operas have various names, they were formed from the middle to the end of the Qing Dynasty.

origin

Jiangxi tea-picking drama mainly originated in Xinfeng and Anyuan areas in southern Jiangxi, which is related to tea production. In the tea areas of southern Jiangxi, eastern Jiangxi and northern Jiangxi in the Ming Dynasty, during the Grain Rain season, working women went up the mountain to pick tea and sang folk songs to stimulate their labor enthusiasm. This folk song, which is popular in tea areas, is called "tea picking song". It developed from folk tea-picking songs and tea-picking lanterns, and later became a folk drama with characters and story lines. Because it usually has only two performances, one ugly or three performances, it is also called "triangle class". After the formation of tea-picking drama in southern Jiangxi, it developed outward several times and merged with local dialects and tunes, forming five schools of eastern Jiangxi, western Jiangxi, southern Jiangxi, northern Jiangxi and central Jiangxi, each with different local accents. The overall characteristics of Jiangxi tea-picking drama are: cheerful performance, humor, singing and dancing, strong comedy, strong local flavor, and popular among the masses.

There are several stages from singing tea-picking songs to developing tea-picking dramas. Tea-picking songs only sang minor songs at first, and each sentence had only four lyrics, such as "the spring of tea-picking is long, and the roadside is full of white camellias;" "When the elder sister came home, she reported to the second sister that the first tea was not better than the tea at night. This little song is lively and euphemistic. After further development, tea-picking songs have formed a "chorus of tea-picking songs" from the original tea ditty, which is called "December tea-picking songs". For example, "tea picking in the first month is Chinese New Year, and both sisters entered the tea garden and rented 12 mu of tea garden. Pay for this book in person. Picking tea in February ... "Later," Tea Picking Songs in December "was combined with folk dances and entered the ranks of Lantern Festival lanterns, becoming" Tea Picking Lantern ". The main vocals of "tea-picking lamp" are [tea-picking Huang Tiao], [tea-picking song], [tea-watching tune] and [tea name]. It consists of eight or twelve girls dressed as tea pickers, and two young elders are the group leaders, holding flower baskets and singing "Tea Picking in December". This kind of "tea-picking lamp" is a simple form, purely a collective performance of song and dance, but it has taken a step towards tea-picking drama.

In the Ming Dynasty, tea farmers in Jiulongshan tea area of Anyuan county in southern Jiangxi province often performed impromptu tea-picking programs in the form of tea-picking lanterns in order to receive tea customers from Guangdong merchants. That is to say, among the eight (or twelve) tea-picking girls in Tea Picking Lamp, two are elder sisters and second sisters, and the remaining group leader is a clown, which happens to be a "triangle class" with two talents and one ugliness. The two sisters performed tea picking on the mountain, holding tea baskets, singing and dancing, and singing "Tea Picking Song in December" (each person took turns singing for six months); Dressed up as a clown with a paper fan and interspersed with jokes. This is the original program "Sisters Picking Tea". Later, details such as opening a tea mountain, frying tea, sending my brother to sell tea, and serving tea were added. The clown disguised himself as a dry brother to sell tea and changed his name to send my brother to sell tea. The performance of this kind of tea-picking lamp (also known as "tea basket lamp") is the prototype of tea-picking drama. New contents are constantly added to the Tea Basket Lantern in Gannan, and there are also small plays that perform other labor and life, such as planting wheat, digging bamboo shoots, repairing shoes, picking snails, selling flower thread and grinding bean curd. Because singing in a tea-picking tone, there is no orchestral accompaniment. Tea-picking opera is a local opera developed from folk songs, dances and lanterns. The repertoire reflects the life of working people, and the music singing is full of folk songs, so it is deeply loved by the people.

affect

If there is no tea picking, there will be no tea picking and dancing; If there were no tea-picking songs and events, there would be no tea-picking drama widely popular in many provinces and regions in southern China. Therefore, tea-picking drama is not only related to tea, but also a splendid cultural content originated from tea culture or absorbed by traditional Chinese opera culture.

The formation of tea-picking drama is not only prominent in tea-picking songs and tea events, but also very similar to the style of lantern drama and ancient painting drama, and forms an interactive relationship with it. Lantern Opera is the general name of the types of Lantern Opera popular in Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hubei, Jiangxi and other provinces. Yunnan lanterns are the most popular. It came into being a little later than tea-picking opera and flower drum opera, and most of them were formed in the late Qing Dynasty. Huagu Opera is the most popular in Hubei and Hunan provinces, and its formation time is roughly the same as that of tea-picking opera. These two kinds of operas also originated from folk songs and folk dances. Because of the similarity in origin, formation and development time and style of tea-picking drama, lantern drama and flower drum drama, there is naturally a cross relationship of mutual absorption and mutual nutrition between them.

The influence of tea on operas not only directly produces tea-picking operas, but also affects all operas. Playwrights, actors and audiences all like drinking tea. It is tea culture that permeates all aspects of people's lives, making drama inseparable from tea for a moment. For example, there was an artistic school in China's script creation in Ming Dynasty, which was called "Tang Yuming School" (also called Linchuan School) because the great dramatist Tang Xianzu loved tea and named his Linchuan residence "Tang Yuming". Tang Xianzu's plays pay attention to expressing characters' feelings and rhetoric. After the publication of Four Dreams of Tang Yuming, it had an immeasurable influence on the drama creation at that time and later generations. At this point, tea makes Tang Xianzu's role in the history of China drama not limited to the name of a genre.

For another example, I used to play not only singing, cross talk, drumming and storytelling. Most of them are performed in teahouses, but there are also theaters with various theatrical performances. These theaters are all engaged in selling tea or used to be in teahouses. Therefore, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, all commercial places where theatrical performances were performed were generally called "tea gardens" or "teahouses". Because of this, the income of opera actors was paid by teahouses earlier. In other words, the income of early theaters or theaters was mainly selling tea; Only charge for tea, not for theater tickets. The performance is to entertain and attract tea guests. At the end of the last century, the most famous tea houses in Beijing, Guanghe Teahouse, Dangui Tea Garden and Tianxian Tea Garden in Shanghai were all performance places. This kind of tea garden or teahouse is usually built in the middle of a wall. The ground in front of it is called a "pool", and there are balconies on three sides, with tea tables and chairs for the audience to watch the play while drinking tea. Today's professional theaters only appeared around the Revolution of 1911, when they were specially named "New Drama Tide" or "Theater Garden" and "Theater Hall". The words "garden" and "pavilion" come from tea gardens and teahouses. Therefore, some people vividly said: "Opera is an art of watering with tea juice in China." In addition, since the production, trade and consumption of tea have become an important aspect of social production, social culture and social life, it is naturally impossible not to be absorbed and reflected by drama. Therefore, many famous dramas in ancient and modern China and abroad not only have the contents and scenes of tea affairs, but some even take tea affairs as the background and theme. For example, the opening words of China's traditional drama "West Garden" include "Buy lanling wine and cook new tea in Yangxian County", which leads the audience to a specific local customs.

Introduction of several tea-picking dramas

Gannan Hakka tea-picking opera

Liu Sha, a drama theorist and drama historian in Jiangxi, once said that "Gannan is the hometown of tea-picking drama", and Gannan Hakka tea-picking drama is a tea-picking drama born and raised in Gannan.

Tea-picking songs are the embryonic form of tea-picking drama, especially popular in mountainous areas of southern Jiangxi. Its singing form is relatively simple. At first, it was sung by one person without accompaniment, and later it developed into a chorus form of "December tea-picking songs" with bamboo bats and chorus, which was the beginning of the introduction of tea-picking songs into quadrangles. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, folk people entered the gentry's residence to sing (see Biography of Xiong Tifu, the Sixth Genealogy of Xiong Family in Yaling County, Shicheng County). After the middle of Ming Dynasty, under the influence of Gannan folk lanterns and other artistic forms, the chorus of "Tea Picking Songs in December" further developed into tea picking lanterns made of paper tea baskets, fans, handkerchiefs and other props, also known as "Tea Basket Lamps" (see Cantonese Newspeak by Qu Dajun in the late Ming Dynasty and Lingnan Miscellanies by Wu Zhenfang in the Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty).

After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Jiangxi and Guangdong provinces exchanged tea-picking lanterns frequently. In the mutual communication, Gannan tea-picking lanterns have been developed, from the original twelve tea-picking women and two male tour leaders to two women and one man, namely, big sister, second sister and tea boy. The original chorus of "Tea Picking Song in December" was changed into a duet of sisters, which showed the joyful mood of holding a tea basket up the mountain to pick tea and dancing while singing, while the tea boy shook a paper fan and inserted his mouth to adjust the atmosphere. In this way, the first original traditional drama "Tea Picking Sisters" of Gannan Hakka tea-picking drama was formed. Later, on the basis of picking tea lanterns, he created a little play "Bench Dragon", in which a bench was imitated as Jackie Chan's lantern, Er Dan was the eldest sister and the ugly one was called Sabouraud Branch. These two plays are called the earliest and oldest tea-picking plays.

The Spread of Hakka Tea-picking Opera in Gannan: Records of Ganzhou Opera: "Tea-picking Opera has been widely spread in Jiangxi Province since its birth in Gannan's hometown, and it has also been distributed to Fujian, Guangdong, Hunan, Guangxi and other provinces. Its route is as follows: 1 After it was introduced from southern Jiangxi to western Fujian, it was divided into two branches: one spread along Wuyi Mountain to eastern Jiangxi, central Jiangxi and northern Jiangxi, and even crossed the Yangtze River into Huangmei, Hubei; The other is popular in Zhangzhou and spread to Taiwan Province Province, which has become the basic factor for the formation of Taiwanese opera. " Zigong Valley flows into Wan 'an and Suichuan areas in the middle and lower reaches of Ganjiang River, and then flows to western Jiangxi and central Hunan along the Luo Xiao Mountains. It was introduced into southern Hunan and southern Guangxi through eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong.

Sister tea-picking in Gannan tea-picking drama spread to Wuning, Jingdezhen, Huangmei and other places in Hubei, and was called sister-in-law tea-picking or monk tea-picking After it spread to Hepu, Guangxi, it was called "sending my brother to sell tea". The bench dragon spread to the east of Jiangxi, and was called the three sisters or the three dwarfs after the middle of Jiangxi. And spread to Yunnan, Guangxi is still called "bench dragon". There are also repairing shoes, mending porcelain bowls, picking mushrooms, picking snails, digging bamboo shoots, selling money, selling side dishes, selling paper flowers, sewing clothes for the blind, making shops for the blind, grinding bronze mirrors, pawning cotton trousers and giving advice to husbands.

Tea-picking opera in northern Guangdong

(1) The curtain of history. Tea-picking operas in northern Guangdong used to be called Lantern Singing, Flower Drum Singing, Tea-picking Opera, Big Tea or Ding Class. It is a local folk opera originated from the festival lantern dance in the northern mountainous area of Guangdong Province. Focusing on Shaoguan, it is mainly popular in Nanxiong, Shixing, Qujiang, Renhua, Lechang, Ruyuan, Xinfeng, Li Anping, Heping, Longchuan, Heyuan Fogang, Qingyuan, Yingde, Lianxian and Liannan Lianshan counties in northern Guangdong. The original three schools, Nanxiong Dengzi, Shaonan Tea and Yang Lian Tune, gradually blended and merged through 1950, and 1959 was unified into the tea-picking drama in northern Guangdong.

The formation and development history of tea-picking drama in northern Guangdong has also been more than 200 years. According to Li (Notes of South Vietnam) during the reign of Qianlong in Qing Dynasty, "Guangdong folk were right yuan when they were young, and they decorated children and picked women. There were 12 people in the team, each holding a basket, in which treasure lamps were burned, covered with crimson yarn, and the hole was round, and tea was picked in December." During the reign of Qianlong and Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty, tea picking prevailed in northern and northeastern Guangdong. There are many descriptions of "singing tea picking songs", "singing tea picking songs in December" and "singing tea picking songs is particularly beautiful" in local chronicles and literati works. The country artists organized a shift class, a lantern class and a big tea class, which were staged by 1 male 1 female or 1 male, and danced with fans or colorful towels while singing folk tunes, commonly known as singing lanterns and drumming. Later, artists used the tune of lantern dance to praise the stories of labor production, love and marriage, such as dressing and carving, and husband and wife picking tea. And formed a program action with the main characteristics of fan flower, small step and hanging horse. At this time, people called it "three-legged class" and "tea-picking drama". According to the survey, there were classes in Hejia Children's Hall in Lian County, Li Xideng Class in Nanxiong County, Old Le Qunying and Le Qunying Tea Class in Qujiang County in Qing Dynasty. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, tea-picking operas in northern Guangdong gradually moved from rural areas to towns outside the province, and some operas from this province and other provinces often came to these mountainous counties to perform. Through exchanges with some operas in Jiangxi and Hunan, the music and performances of tea-picking operas have been enriched. On the basis of the original two plays and three plays, the characters such as The Story of One Pot and One Bottle, Nine Lotus Lights and Babaoshan were edited and performed one after another. Later, 150 well-known plays were excavated through investigation, such as Woodcutter, grinding bean curd, Double Match, selling groceries, Beating Dogs to Persuade Husband, Seeing Sister A, and a few fairy tales and case-solving dramas. In the heyday of tea-picking opera in northern Guangdong, there were more than 30 professional troupes and more than 200 professional artists, among whom Liu Jizeng, Liu Jizeng, Liu Zhong, Tang and Xie Qichi enjoyed high reputation. After the thirty-second year of the Republic of China (1943), the tea-picking drama in northern Guangdong gradually declined due to war and turmoil. After the founding of New China, due to the attention of the Party and the government, 1957 established the Yuebei Folk Art Troupe, and 1959 changed its name to Yuebei Tea Picking Troupe. At the same time, Qujiang, Wengyuan, Nanxiong and Lianxian counties have also established professional tea-picking troupes. These tea-picking troupes collected and arranged the traditional tea-picking drama art in northern Guangdong, and obtained more than 200 traditional plays and more than 200 musical tunes. At the same time, they hold actor training classes to study and innovate traditional art. In 1950s and 1960s, there were quite a number of performances of tea-picking dramas in northern Guangdong, some of which were traditional dramas with dramatic characteristics, such as mending shoes, thrush, Wang San's shooting birds, burning plums, catching mussels, borrowing relatives and so on. The other part is transplanting and adapting drama to expand the artistic expression forms of drama, such as Cowherd and Weaver Girl, Third Sister Liu, Poem of Red Leaves and so on. There are also some modern dramas that reflect real life, such as Liu, Agate Mountain and Blood List Hate. Through various artistic practices, the traditional art has been seriously inherited and innovated, and the advantages of other operas have been widely used for reference, so that the art of tea-picking drama in northern Guangdong has been comprehensively improved. Luo Fabin, He Yaozhu, He and Xie became popular actors in this period. During 1966, the tea-picking drama in northern Guangdong stopped performing due to the "Cultural Revolution", and it was not until 1976 that the performance, research and innovation activities were carried out normally. Since 1980s, a number of plays have been staged through creation, adaptation and arrangement, such as My Daughter Goes to College, My Heart Flower, A San Xi Gong Ye, The Road of Life, The Legend of Qingfeng-xiangguang fracture and so on. , not only welcomed by the audience, but also won many awards in Guangdong Province. A number of outstanding young and middle-aged actors such as Wu Yancheng, Chen Lianfeng and Lan Xinglang also appeared on the stage.

Gaoan tea-picking opera

Gao 'an, which was called "Upper Right County of the Yangtze River" in ancient times, has a profound cultural accumulation, and Gao 'an tea-picking drama is an old wine bred by hardworking and intelligent people in this ancient land, and it has an intoxicating fragrance. Farmers in Gao 'an, whether raising silkworms or celebrating the harvest, have feelings, speak freely, one person calls, many people make peace, orchestral instruments are interesting and noisy, and an old play is born in the casual frolicking of farmers.

Looking at the formation and development of tea-picking drama in Gao 'an, the most striking and exciting part is the part since the founding of the People's Republic of China. After hundreds of years of deductive development, Gao 'an tea-picking drama has formed artistic features of simple language, elegant singing and harmonious performance style. Wild music, once dismissed as a "good custom", has now become one of the four major local operas in Jiangxi, which is quite influential throughout the country. Up to now, many county and city troupes have performed tea-picking operas in Gao 'an in central and western Jiangxi.

Tea-picking drama: Sister-in-law's free online video appreciation.

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Ruichang Tea-picking Opera: Spring Gong-Full Play Video Online Appreciation

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