What are the geographical factors in history that have a great influence on the formation and development of China culture? For example.

The opening and maintenance of the ancient Silk Road has made important contributions to the exchange of material culture and spiritual culture between China and the West. On the Silk Road, there are also many stories and legends about cultural exchanges between the East and the West. When it comes to the Silk Road, people will naturally think of the westward spread of China silk. Long before Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions, silk had been shipped to the western world in large quantities. In ancient Rome, silk clothing became the elegant and fashionable clothing of the nobles at that time. Because it comes from the Far East, it is very expensive. Rome lost a lot of gold to import silk. Today, on the statue of Parthenon in the Acropolis in Athens, and on the priestess Bacchus in the collection of Naples Museum in Italy, we can all see the silk clothes worn by people in Greek and Roman times, which are soft, elegant and touching. The pursuit of silk clothing has reached the point of luxury, waste and immorality, which makes the Roman Senate order the prohibition of silk clothing many times, but it has not played much role. Classical writers of the Roman Empire called the silk-producing country "Cyrus". Gais Pliny the Elder (23-79), a naturalist in the first century A.D., said in the Natural History: "Silk is very famous in the forest. Silk is born on leaves. Take it out, wet it with water and cut it into shreds. It was woven into brilliant flowers and sold to Rome. The rich and aristocratic women were cut into clothes and dazzling. " Ju Lushi is China, which is a true portrayal of silk export to Rome at that time. Pliny Sr and western scholars for quite some time later didn't know how silk was woven. China's sericulture and silk reeling techniques were introduced to the west very late. Xuanzang, a monk who went west to learn Buddhist scriptures in the early years of the Tang Dynasty, heard a legend on his way back to Khotan (now Hotan) in 644 AD, and there are similar records in the existing Tibetan literature on the Buddhist history of Khotan. The main plot of this story is that King Khotan once married a woman from the Eastern Kingdom (one is China) as a queen and secretly asked her to bring her silkworm eggs. When the bride got married, she secretly hid the silkworm eggs in the hat wadding, cheated the customs and spread the method of sericulture and silk making to Khotan. Since then, Yutian has become a "shady mulberry tree" and can make its own silk. King Khotan specially established Mashe Sangalan as a memorial for this purpose. Modern archaeologists once found an eighth-century woodcut at the Dandan Uhrik site deep in the desert in the northeast of Hotan, which depicts a Chinese princess wearing a big hat and a maid pointing at it. The researchers agree that the painting here is the silk goddess who spreads the method of sericulture and silk making. After liberation, archaeologists excavated a large number of Chinese documents from the Gao Changguo era (502-640) in the ancient tombs in Turpan Basin, which proved the silk products produced by the oasis kingdom in the west of Tarim Basin. As for the further western world, it was not until Justinian the Great (reigned from 483 to 565) in the 6th century that Indians (Persians) smuggled silkworm eggs from the western kingdom in Tarim Basin with diabolo sticks. Material and cultural exchanges are always two-way. China has contributed exquisite and practical silk to the western world, and people from all over Europe and Asia have also returned to China for various needs. Not all the plants we see today are native to China. A number of plants with the word "Hu" recorded in ancient Chinese documents, such as walnuts, cucurbitaceae, shallots, parsley, peppers, tears of hutongs, carrots, etc., all came from the west. Moreover, ancient literature often attributed the transplantation of these plants to China, Zhang Qian, the first beautiful messenger of China's communication with the West. In fact, only alfalfa and grapes can be brought back to Zhang Qian now. The former is native to Media in the northwest of Iranian plateau, and the latter is the earliest cultivated plant in West Asia and Egypt. Since the early Han Dynasty, not only plants have been introduced from the western regions, but also Roman glassware, music, dance and acrobatics. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, historical records recorded: "Emperor Ling (reigned 167- 189) was good at,, Hu Chuang,,, Hu Konghou, Hu Di, Hu Wu and Hu Konghou. During the Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties, with a large number of Sogdians belonging to the Iranian cultural system moving into China, music, dance, food and clothing from West Asia and Central Asia were also introduced into China in large quantities. The Sogdians are called "Nine Surnames of Zhaowu", "Nine Surnames of Hu" or simply "Hu" in ancient historical records of China. Their hometown is in the Sogdian region between the Amu Darya River and the Syr Darya River in Central Asia, with Samarkand (now Uzbekistan) as the center, and there are nine oasis kingdoms such as Kang, An, Cao, Shi and Mi. Most of these Sogdians are engaged in business. They formed business groups and came to the East in droves to trade, and many people gradually stayed in business places. Therefore, as far as we know, from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, many towns along the Silk Road have footprints of Sogdians, such as Khotan, Loulan, Kucha (Kuqa), Gaochang (Turpan), Dunhuang, Jiuquan, Zhangye, Wuwei, Chang 'an and Luoyang. Their descendants are gradually sinicized, but many people still have deep eyes and high noses. In the history of China, many people have influenced the wheel of history, whether it is good or bad. An Shi of Wuwei, for example, helped the Tang Dynasty to pacify the separatist forces of Li Gui in Liangzhou, and was later given the surname Li by Tang Gaozong. Another example is An Lushan, a rebel in Hebei Province who launched the Anshi Rebellion, and Shi Jingtang, who ceded territory to sixteen states and proclaimed himself emperor, who are descendants of the Sogdians in Anguo and Shiguo respectively. Sogdians have long been culturally influenced by Persian and Iranian culture, and their arrival has filled some cities in the Tang Dynasty with an open Hu style. Look at the relevant records of the most prosperous Kaiyuan Tianbao period in the Tang Dynasty, and you can feel the trend of this era. Li Bai's poem "There is a restaurant in front of the door" says: "Hu Ji is like a flower, smiling at the spring breeze." (Full Tang Poems 162) It means that there is a restaurant in Chang 'an, which specializes in attracting guests. Cen Can's poem "Drunk on Jiuquan Taishou Table" says: "Pipa and flute are in harmony, and Qiang Er and Hu Chu sing together. Stir-fry cattle and wild camels and make rivers to make wine. " (Volume II of Cen Can's Notes) tells the story of Hu people singing at a local official banquet in Jiuquan. Bai Juyi's poem "Hu Xuannv": "Tianbao season changes, everyone learns to turn around; Among them, there is too real Lushan, and the two are the best. " ("All Tang Poems" Volume 426) Taizhen was the favorite concubine of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, Yang Guifei, who was good at dancing Hu Xuan dance, showing the popularity of this dance at that time. It is probably an exaggeration to record the An Shi Rebellion "from the belly to the knee" in history books and try to describe its bloated appearance. As a descendant of the Sogdians, Hu Xuan is commonplace. History books say that he was "as fast as the wind before he became the dancing emperor of Hu Xuan (Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty)", which can be compared with Yang Guifei. The late professor of Peking University History Department wrote a long article "Chang 'an and Western Civilization in Tang Dynasty" to Mr. Da. From this historical masterpiece, we can see all kinds of Hu Hua sights in Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty. At the same time of material and cultural exchanges, spiritual and cultural exchanges through the Silk Road have been going on since ancient times. Buddhism, as one of the three major religions in the world, was introduced to China as early as the end of the Western Han Dynasty. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, frequent wars provided good conditions for the development of Buddhism. By the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Buddhism had been deeply rooted in people's hearts, and the China School was founded by the eminent monks in China. Today, Buddhism is not as popular as it was in ancient times, but the thought of karma in people's minds; Some words often used in language, such as "instant", "influence" and "harmony"; Buddhist temples and caves are everywhere; Literary forms such as novels and lyrics; Are directly or indirectly influenced by Buddhism. In particular, Buddhist grottoes preserved along the Silk Road, such as Qizil in Qiuci, Baizixi in Turpan, Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, Yulin Grottoes in Anxi, Tiantai Mountain in Wuwei, Bingling Temple in Yongjing, McKee in Tianshui, Yungang in Datong and Longmen in Luoyang, have mostly integrated the artistic styles of the East and the West, and witnessed the cultural exchanges between China and the West on the Silk Road. They have become a string of pearls and an important part of the Silk Road. From Wei Jin to Sui and Tang Dynasties, Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism, Nestorianism and Islam in West Asia were first introduced to China, and all of them had a certain influence. Manichaeism, originally a religion originating from ancient Persia, was suppressed and almost extinct in Persia, but it spread widely in China, especially among Uighurs in China, and even was established as the state religion in the Uighur Kingdom of Xizhou with Turpan as its capital in the 9th and 10th centuries. The Chinese and various documents of Manichaeism in Iranian and Uygur languages found in Dunhuang and Turpan, as well as the documents of Manichaeism in Coptic language found in Egypt, constitute the basic documents for us to understand Manichaeism in the ancient world today. Relatively speaking, before the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the spread of China's thoughts to the west was far less than what she accepted, but it was difficult to count the spread of China's products and technologies to the west. The spread of paper, printing, lacquerware, porcelain, gunpowder and compass has made great contributions to world civilization. It was not until the arrival of Jesuits in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties that China's thoughts and culture were introduced to the west on a large scale, and at the same time, the era of modern western civilization entering China was opened. The Silk Road is very long, with no beginning and no end. In ancient times, it was a road to spread friendship and was trampled by the iron hoof of war. Today, people have forgotten the sufferings of the past and regard the Silk Road as a link between eastern and western civilizations. In recent years, the "Silk Road Research Plan" initiated by UNESCO called the Silk Road "the road of dialogue" to promote the dialogue and exchanges between the East and the West. For the people of China, today's Silk Road is an open road, an enterprising road and a bright road leading to the 2 1 century.