Which feature of ancient Chinese politics

1, the basic system -- feudal absolutism centralized system

(1) sprouted in the Warring States period

Contents: ① Theoretically, during the Warring States period, Han Fei Zi proposed the establishment of feudal absolutism centralized monarchical dictatorship. ②In practice, during the Warring States period, Shang Yang of Qin changed the law, stipulating the abolition of feudalism, the implementation of the county system, and the implementation of a centralized system of power.

(2) Established in the Qin Dynasty

Contents: Establishment of the emperor system, the system of three dukes and nine ministers, the county system, and the promulgation of the Qin Law. Unification of weights and measures, currency and writing. Burning books and burying scholars to strengthen ideological control. The law was used as a teaching tool and officials as teachers.

Features: Organic combination of authoritarian decision-making and centralized political system.

(3) Consolidation in the Western Han Dynasty

Contents: Implementation of the system of assassins, promulgation of the "Decree of Pushing Grace" and the "Law of Attachment and Benefit" to solve the problem of the kingdom. The government also adopted the "Dismissal of the Hundred Schools and Respect for the Confucians".

Features: Re-enforcement of the direct rule of the central government over the localities; transformation of Confucianism into a guiding ideology adapted to the needs of centralization of feudal absolutism.

(4) Perfection in the Sui and Tang dynasties

Contents: the implementation of the system of three provinces and six ministries, which led to the formation of a complete and rigorous system of feudal bureaucracy, weakened the power of the phases, and strengthened the power of the emperor. The creation and improvement of the imperial examination system broadened the source of officials. The system of government soldiers was adjusted and perfected.

Features: ① Strengthening the power of the monarch by separation of powers; ② Standardizing and institutionalizing the selection of officials.

(5) Strengthened in the Northern Song Dynasty

Contents: Centralization of military power - the military power of generals and local governors was lifted, and the three magistracies were set up to lead the forbidden army and to check each other with the Privy Council. Centralization of administrative power - the establishment of the Councillor, the Privy Councilor and the Three Secretaries of Departments to divide the political, military and financial power of the Chancellor; and the sending of civil officials to be prefects to keep each other in check with the Tongjian. Centralization of financial power--Set up transfer ambassadors on each road to manage local finances. Centralization of judicial power - the central government sent civil officials to serve as local judicial officers. Through the above measures, the emperor grasped the military, administrative, financial and judicial powers from the central to the local level, and eradicated the foundation of feudal feudalism.

Features: strong trunk and weak branches; local decentralization on the basis of central decentralization.

(6) Development in the Yuan Dynasty

Contents: At the central level, the central official system was improved by the establishment of the Zhongshu Province, the Privy Council, and the Imperial Palace, which were in charge of administrative, military, and supervisory affairs; and the Xuanzheng Yuan, which was in charge of religious affairs and had jurisdiction over the Tibetan area. At the local level, a system of provinces was introduced.

Features: significant development of the local administrative system; establishment of a system of direct administration of border areas by the central government.

(7) Strengthened in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

Contents: the early Ming abolished the prime minister, the power is divided into six ministries, the local implementation of the three divisions of power, the change of the Dachengduofu for the five military governors, the separation of the right to unify the army and the right to mobilize the army, the enactment of the "Laws of the Daming", the establishment of factories and guards of the secret service agencies. Implementation of the eight-legged examination. The Qing Dynasty followed the Ming Dynasty system, the establishment of the Military and Political Affairs Office, and the establishment of the Prison of Words, strengthening the centralization of authoritarianism.

Features: The centralization of authoritarianism reached its peak.

(8) Ended in 1912

The Xinhai Revolution overthrew the Qing Dynasty and ended more than 2,000 years of feudal monarchy in China.

2. Central Administrative System

(1) The system of three principal officials and nine ministers: it was the central administrative system in the authoritarian centralized system created by Emperor Qin Shi Huang, and consisted of the official positions of prime minister, imperial historian, and lieutenant, of which the system of prime ministers lasted for more than 1,000 years, while the imperial historians were also responsible for supervisory affairs, and lieutenants were responsible for the management of military affairs.

(2) Three Provinces and Six Ministries: The Three Provinces and Six Ministries system was a new centralized administrative system created by the Sui Wendi Emperor, who synthesized the official systems since the Han and Wei dynasties. The three provinces are the Shangshu Province, the Zhongshu Province, and the Menxia Province, which are the highest governmental institutions in the central government. Zhongshu Province was responsible for drafting and issuing imperial edicts; Menxia Province was responsible for reviewing decrees; Shangshu Province was responsible for executing important national decrees, and the governors of the three provinces were all prime ministers. The Six Ministries, i.e., the Six Ministries of Revenue, Household, Rites, Military, Formation, and Labor, were the subordinate organizations of the Shangshu Province. The three provinces and six ministries had both division of labor and cooperation, and supervised and controlled each other, so that the feudal bureaucracy formed a tight and complete system, which strongly improved the administrative efficiency and strengthened the ruling power of the central government. The division of the phisical power into three weakened the phisical power and strengthened the imperial power. Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, the official system are on this basis slightly changed, the substantive situation has not changed much

★Ancient chancellor (prime minister) system of change: Qin set up in the center of the system of three princes and nine secretaries of state, the prime minister as the head, to assist the emperor to deal with political affairs; Western Han Dynasty Emperor Han Wu Di reform of the official system, the implementation of internal and external system, weakening the power of the prime minister; Eastern Han Dynasty Emperor Guangwu to expand the power of the Shangshutai; Sui and Tang Dynasty set up a three-province and six-ministry system, the power of the prime minister is divided into three, the mutual control system, reflecting the power of the emperor, and the power of the emperor. Mutual checks, reflecting the strengthening of imperial power; Northern Song Dynasty in the prime minister under the additional counsellor for the vice-phase, split the administrative power of the prime minister, set up the Privy Councilor to split the military power, set up the three secretaries of state to split the financial power, the prime minister's authority is divided into three, to facilitate the emperor's total power; Yuan Dynasty set up the central book province, set the right and left prime minister, prime minister, for the supreme executive authority, and the establishment of a Privy Councilor, the Royal Palace of History, the Declared Political Yuan, in charge of the military, supervision and religious affairs; Ming dynasty abolished the prime minister, the power of the six departments; Yongle dynasty set up a cabinet, the implementation of the "vote"; Qing dynasty set up the Office of Military Affairs, the remnants of the prime minister system is gone, reflecting the imperial power has reached its peak. From the changes in the emperor to see the split, weakened, step by step to concentrate all kinds of power into their own hands, so as to effectively implement the monarchical dictatorship.

3, local administrative system

(1) feudalism (purpose, object, content, role): In order to consolidate the power of the slave masters, the rulers of the Western Zhou Dynasty politically implemented a system of feudalization of vassals, which consolidated the rule of the Zhou Dynasty and enlarged its territory. It gradually collapsed during the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period and was replaced by the county system, which was still retained in some later dynasties.

(2) County system: appeared during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods, and was implemented in the whole country by the Qin Dynasty, thus replacing the feudal system in the whole country, greatly weakening the independence of the local authorities, and strengthening the centralized power, which is an epoch-making reform on the local administrative system of China, and the county system has been used for a long time in our country, with far-reaching influence.

(3) Parallel system of counties and states: In the early Western Han Dynasty, the county system was implemented at the local level, and at the same time there was a system of feudal states. The parallel system of counties and states was not conducive to the unified management of the country and posed the danger of division.

(4) the system of partition between Han and Fan: In the territory of Liao, there were many ethnic groups living in the country, and there was a great difference between the Han and Khitan in terms of the level of economic and cultural development and the people's way of life, which led to the implementation of the political system of partition between Han and Fan, i.e., "to rule the Khitans by the system of the state, and to treat the Han by the system of the Han". "It was characterized by the separation of ethnic groups, the essence of class rule rather than ethnic oppression, and promoted the development of Khitan, accelerated the process of feudalization of Khitan, and also promoted the development of multi-ethnic state.

(5) Manganmouke system: After the establishment of Jin, in order to strengthen the ruling power, Bonehart implemented the Manganmouke system, which was a system of unity between soldiers and farmers. Manganmouke was both a military organization and a local administrative organization, which promoted the feudalization of the Jurchen race.

(6) Provincial system: The Yuan Dynasty was a feudal state with an unprecedentedly vast territory, and in order to carry out effective jurisdiction and rule over various places, the Yuan government established the provincial system. Its establishment consolidated the unity of the country, so that centralization of power in the system can be guaranteed, following the Qin Dynasty county system, a major change in the history of China's political system. The province system of the Yuan Dynasty had a far-reaching influence on the political system of later generations, and the provinces have since become the local administrative institutions of China, which were adopted by the Ming and Qing Dynasties and have been preserved until today.

(7) Monk-official system: The Ming Dynasty practiced the monk-official system in Tibet. Since the Tibetan people believed in Tibetan Buddhism, the Ming government used religion to rule the Tibetan people, but stipulated that the monk-officials at all levels should be appointed by the imperial court, thus strengthening its jurisdiction over Tibet.

(8) eight banners system: the eight banners system is a system created by Nurhachu, the leader of the jurchen in the late Ming dynasty, the eight banners system according to the form of military organization of the jurchen compiled, controlled by the nobles, with the military conquest, administration, organization of the production of the three functions, is a kind of soldiers and people of one social organization, both military organization and administrative system, promote the development of the jurchen society. Eight banners army for the Qing dynasty played an important role in the unification of China, but with the invasion of Western capitalism, the eight banners army's own corruption, its combat effectiveness gradually declined in the suppression of the Taiping heavenly kingdom in the process of the rise of the Xiang army, the Huai army, the impact of the impact of its very large, especially in the Qing dynasty, the compilation and training of the "new army" of the large-scale, eight banners army end of life.

(9) Tusi system: The Ming Dynasty followed the Yuan Dynasty's rule in the southwestern ethnic minority areas, where the Tusi system was implemented. These Tusi officials, who were local ethnic minorities, had autonomy over the administration of the jurisdiction and could be hereditary, and possessed a great deal of power, which gradually evolved into a kind of force.

(10) "Rehabilitation": Formation and Development: During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, the government began to abolish the government offices in the southwestern ethnic minority areas, and replaced them with the government's dispatch of exiled officials to rule directly; after the Qing Dynasty pacified the Three Clans Rebellion, the Yongzheng Emperor implemented it on a large scale. Reform of the land is a major reform in China's political development, which not only strengthened the central government's rule over the southwestern ethnic minorities and changed the local backwardness, isolation and strife, but also promoted economic and cultural exchanges among the various ethnic groups, and was conducive to the consolidation and development of the united multi-ethnic state.

Awareness: ①Feudal rulers of successive dynasties, through a series of administrative divisions and changes, strengthened the control of the people, the centralization of local power centralized, so that the multi-ethnic state continues to develop. ②From the feudal system to the county system, mainly reflecting the principle of management appointment from the patriarchal blood relations to the administrative appointment relationship changes, belong to the political system of progress. From the county system to the provincial system of change, mainly reflecting the changes in administrative division, generally speaking, with the development of society, the administrative division of the smaller and smaller, more and more. ③ the evolution of the local official system: Qin Shang Yang changed the law to set up counties, after the unification of the implementation of the county system, the county governor for the highest local governor, in charge of military and political power; the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the state assassin became the highest local governor; Tang Xuanzong set up sectional ministers, administrative, financial, military and other powers, evolved into the clans and towns; Northern Song Dynasty to reduce the sectional ministers sectional ministers, send civil servants as governor, set up the Tongjian, and centralize the local financial and judicial power (set up the transit ambassador, etc.); The Yuan set up the Central Committee Province; the Ming implemented the separation of powers among the three departments, with the Chengxuan Buzhengji, the Tiyinzhuzhi and the Du Commanding General's Department keeping each other in check, and the beginning of the reclassification process; the Qing set up governors, governors, generals, and ministers of affairs in all provinces and districts to carry out the management and large-scale reclassification of the land into the countryside.

4. Election of officials

(1) Shijuan system: the Western Zhou period in accordance with the patriarchal blood relations to implement the Shixing Shilu election system.

(2) Chaju system: the Han Dynasty developed a system of electing officials, of which the Chaju system was the main content, it is a bottom-up selection of talents for the official system. The Western Han strengthened centralized power through this system, which was based mainly on individual talent and character. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the system focused on filial piety and integrity. The selection was mainly based on the individual's reputation at the local level, and it was called the township selection. With the development of the power of the powerful landlords, the prestige of the clan became the main basis for election.

(3) The Nine-Profile System: It was introduced in the Wei, Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties. At first, family and talent were given equal importance; after the Western Jin Dynasty, emphasis was placed on both family status and family lineage, which contributed to the development of the scholars' system.

(4) The Imperial Examination System: With the decline of the scholarly clans and the rise of the landlords of the common people, the original system of selecting officials could not be carried out, so the Sui Dynasty created the Imperial Examination System, which was perfected by the Tang Dynasty. This system has been used throughout the ages and has had a profound impact.

Trends in the evolution of the ancient system of selection of officials: ① selection criteria by the family gradually developed to the talent, selection by selection gradually developed to the public examination; ② talent gradually tends to be institutionalized, the form is increasingly strict, reflecting the principle of relative fairness, openness and objectivity.

5, the ancient system of supervision: the central government set up a royal historian, supervision of officials, used throughout the dynasties, but there are some changes in the local supervision system.

(1) Qin Dynasty: the central government set up the imperial historian, local supervision of the imperial historian.

(2) Western Han Dynasty: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up 13 states as the inspection area, and set up an assassin to carry out the inspection, which was not at a high level, and could inspect the vassal kings as well as the local high-ranking officials.

(3) Eastern Han Dynasty: the power of the assassins to monitor was further strengthened and gradually increased the local administrative and military power, and at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the assassins evolved to become the highest local military and administrative officers.

(4) Northern Song Dynasty: A general judge was set up to supervise the governor, who could report directly to the emperor, and official documents had to be co-signed by the governor and the general judge in order to take effect.

(5) Ming Dynasty: the local set up the Department of Justice, the local supervision, justice; and the establishment of additional factory guards and special agencies to monitor the officials and civilians.

6, the military system (military system)

Public army system; conscription system; forbidden army system; more garrison law; Baojia law; generals law; Manganmouke system; eight banners system.

7. Systems created by the ethnic minorities:

Equalization of land, the rent system, the government military system, the separation of the Manchu and Han Chinese systems, the Manganmouke system, the provincial system, and the eight banners system.

8. Other Important Political Systems in Ancient Times

(1) Chancellorship: It is a system of democratically electing the head of a tribal alliance at the end of the primitive society, and it is carried out within the circle of prominent families. It was both a political reflection of the primitive communal system and a signal of the collapse of primitive society.

(2) Hereditary system: from cession to hereditary throne, from the world for the public to the world for the family, it is the result of the development of productive forces, the product of class antagonism, and the inevitable trend of historical development. The hereditary system embodies the major progress of society with its distinctive privatization.

(3) Patriarchal system: Patriarchal system is a system of determining inheritance relationship and name by blood affinity and commonalty since the Western Zhou Dynasty. The clan system and the system of privileges formed by the patriarchal system had a great influence on the later generations.

(4) Awarding titles for military service: During the Warring States period, Shang Yang changed the law, stipulating that titles were awarded and fields and houses were given according to the size of military service. It politically abolished the privilege of the slave-owning aristocracy to enjoy titles, and was conducive to the establishment of the dictatorship of the emerging landowning class.

(5) The Scholarship System: The Scholarship was developed by the powerful landlords and belonged to the privileged class of the landlord class. The Shih clan system was formed in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, fully developed in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, declined in the late Southern Dynasty, and died out in the Sui and Tang dynasties. It is a corrupt political system, which selects officials on the basis of their rank, i.e., "to be an official depends on the rank of the family, and marriage is divided into scholar and commoner".

Three key issues

1, authoritarian centralized system

(1) Concept: authoritarian centralized system is the basic political system in feudal society in China. It contains two meanings of authoritarianism and centralized system. Authoritarianism is in terms of the central decision-making mode, refers to the monarch has supreme power, specifically, the emperor's personal arbitrariness and dictatorship, set the highest power in the country; centralization of centralization for the local decentralization, refers to the relationship between the central government and the local government, which is characterized by the lack of independence of the local government in the political, economic, and military aspects, and must be strictly subordinate to the central government. In essence, it was a tool for the landlord class to oppress the vast number of working people, mainly peasants.

(2) the reasons for the formation and long-term maintenance: ① the feudal economy (small peasant economy) is the economic reasons for its long-term existence; ② advocating centralization of power, the rule of law of the state of law and Confucianism, which combines the essence of law and Taoism, and other schools of thought for the degree of the theoretical basis (ideological basis); ③ China's special geographic and climatic conditions is to contribute to the formation of the system and the consolidation of an important factor (geographic reasons); ④. The rulers' policies were adjusted to maintain national unity and social stability and to ensure the need for production development.

(3) the basic contradiction: ① the central government and local forces of division. ② the contradiction between the imperial power and the phantom power within the central government.

(4) Development trends: ① continuous reform of the central administrative institutions, weakening the power of the phisical power, and strengthening the imperial power; ② continuous reform of the local administrative institutions, and strengthen the central government's jurisdiction over the local areas, especially the border areas; ③ strengthened the ideological control of the people; ④ strengthened the selection and supervision of the officials.

(5) Characteristics: ① the supremacy and indivisibility of the imperial power; ② the life-long system of the imperial throne and the hereditary system of the imperial throne; ③ all officials at all levels from the central to the local level were appointed and dismissed directly by the emperor, and were not allowed to be hereditary; ④ the emperor's decision-making and the exercise of legislative, administrative, judicial and other powers had an arbitrary and capricious nature; ⑤ the imperial power was aided by the power of the gods, and the theory of the divine right of kings was promoted; ⑥ the imperial power was aided by the divine right of kings, and the divine right of kings was promoted. " and other theories; ⑥ to consolidate the cultural dictatorship and political dictatorship; ⑦ central and local, the contradiction between the power of the monarch and the power of the centralized system of centralization of the development of the system; ⑧ authoritarianism in the centralized system in the Ming and Qing dynasties to the extreme, and to the reactionary.

(6) Evaluation:

Positive: ①Political: the central government was able to control the localities, thus helping to maintain social stability and national unity. ②Economic: It can effectively organize human, material and financial resources for large-scale economic construction and production activities, which is conducive to the development of social economy. ③Ethnic relations: Under a unified social environment, economic and cultural exchanges among regions became more frequent and ethnic integration was strengthened, thus promoting the development of a unified multi-ethnic state. ④External relations: the strengthening of centralized power provided strong human, material and financial resources to resist aggression and safeguard sovereignty, and to a certain extent safeguarded national interests. ⑤ Culture: National unification and social stability facilitated cultural exchanges among various ethnic groups and countries, and promoted the improvement of the cultural level of the Chinese nation as a whole.

Negative: ①Political: The dictatorship of the monarch was prone to tyrannical rule and led to the emergence of corruption, which became a factor hindering the development of history. ②Economic: In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it seriously hindered the emergence and development of the bud of capitalism. ③Culture: It clamped down people's thinking, made intellectuals detached from reality, and hindered scientific and technological innovation and cultural progress. ④Foreign relations: the Ming and Qing dynasties practiced the closed-door policy, blocking contact with the world and causing China to gradually lag behind the world trend.

2, the imperial examination system

(1) the development process: ① Sui Wendi abolished the system of the Nine Pins, began to use the ten examination methods for the selection of officials; ② Emperor Yang, the beginning of the establishment of the Scholarship Section, the formation of the imperial examination system; ③ Tang Zhenguan increased the number of subjects in the examination, to the Scholarship and the Mingjing two subjects; ④ Wu Zetian created the Wu Jiu and the Imperial Examination; ⑤ the Kaiyuan period, the appointment of senior officials to preside over the examination to improve the status of the Imperial Examination; (6) the Northern Song Dynasty, the examination is divided into township test, the provincial test of the Palace test three levels, the Palace test has become customized, Jinshi Section has become the most important subjects, the implementation of the paste name law, the admission quota greatly increased; (7) Wang Anshi reform of the imperial examination, the abolition of the Mingjing, Jinshi Section test and the current affairs of the Secretary of the Department of Justice, the establishment of the Ming Law Section; (8) the Ming Dynasty began to implement the eight-quotient system; (9) the pre-Qing dynasty inheritance of the Ming system of imperial examination, the Hundred Days' Reform of 1898, put forward by the abolition of eight-quotient system, the Qing Government in 1905 The development of a new school system, the abolition of the imperial examination system.

(2) Evaluation: the inception of the imperial examination system is a product of social and economic development and changes in class relations, and is a system of selecting officials to maintain the rule of the feudal landlord class. Its historical role varied in different periods.

Positive effects: ①Open examination, absorbed a lot of humble people into the regime, useful for expanding and consolidating the political base of feudal rule, changed the situation of the pre-feudal society, the clan clan hold the dynasty. ② the majority of commoners and landowners through the imperial examinations into the official, to the feudal regime injected vigor and vitality. (3) the selection of officials from now on there is an objective basis for the level of culture and knowledge, is conducive to the formation of high-quality civil officials. ④ Reading, examination, and being an official were linked, combining power, position and learning, and creating a tradition of respecting teachers and an atmosphere of hard and diligent study in the Chinese nation. ⑤ Promoted the prosperity of literature, such as the Tang's practice of taking students by poetry and fugue, which promoted the prosperity of Tang poetry.

Negative effects: ① the Ming and Qing dynasties, the implementation of the eight-legged scholarship, from the content to the form of a serious constraint on the applicants, so that many intellectuals do not seek practical learning or bound the intellectuals of the mind. ② The detachment from the practical style of learning brought about by the eight-legged soldiers has had an extremely negative impact on the development of academic culture. ③ The imperial examination system at the end of the Qing Dynasty seriously hindered the development of science and culture, and was one of the important reasons leading to the backwardness of natural science in modern China. ④The imperial examination system is not conducive to knowledge innovation, and even less conducive to the cultivation of innovative talents.