Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Traditional customs - Before soap and washing powder, what did ancient people use to wash clothes, bathe and wash their hair?

Before soap and washing powder, what did ancient people use to wash clothes, bathe and wash their hair?

Ancient people washed their hair with Gleditsia sinensis or Polyporus umbellatus. Polyporus is used by richer people. Polyporus with some spices will have a strong aroma after use. Ordinary people just wash their hair with saponin.

After checking the information, we found that the ancients were much more hygienic than we thought. During the Qin and Han dynasties, the habit of washing your head once every three days and taking a bath once every five days was formed. So that the government has a holiday every five days, which is also called "Hume". "Hailu Broken Officials" records that "Chinese law, once it is closed for five days, can rest and get up."

The ancients also bathed with pancreas and bath beans. The pancreas in the Tang Dynasty played the role of chilblain cream. High-end products are called "face medicine" and "oral fat", which are used to smear the face and mouth. The palace will give it to officials in winter. In Du Fu's La Ri, there is a saying that "oral fat flour medicine is accompanied by kindness, and the jade tube is in the clouds". That's the truth. Dare to send labor insurance supplies in ancient winter.

The ancients used plant ash and Gleditsia sinensis to wash clothes. Wash your hair with Taomi water and call it this pot. For example, in Zuo Zhuan's fourteen years of mourning for the public, there is "Pan Zhi died of illness."

Extracted a paragraph, as follows, interested parties can have a look.

Trace the history of bathing

First, the formation of pre-Qin bathing etiquette

Bathing is what is usually called bathing today, including bathing of head, body, hands and feet. However, the ancients were very meticulous. Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi in the Eastern Han Dynasty said:

Mu, Zhuo Fa also.

Take a bath, shower.

Wash your feet and sprinkle water.

Take a shower and give up.

The so-called "Zhuo" and "Sprinkle" means washing. From this point of view, the meaning of bathing in ancient times is not completely consistent with that of bathing today. Only by combining Xu Shen's explanations of "bathing", "bathing", "washing" and "bathing" can we bathe today in a complete sense.

At that time, the villagers only bathed in the river. With the development of society, people gradually developed the habit of taking a bath, which was recorded in Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen in Shang and Zhou Dynasties at the latest. Taking a bath, the glyph is like holding a basin of water in both hands, which means taking a bath and washing your hair; Bathing is like a person in a vessel, and water drops are added to the casserole on both sides of the person, which means bathing, which means bathing. The bathing utensil is a bronze sword. Shuo Wen Jie Zi says, "Sword is a big basin", and water is used as a washing utensil. "Zhuangzi Ze Yang" records that "Gong Ling's three wives share the same bath and sword". Before the bronze mirror came out, the ancients often used the sword Shui Sheng to look at its appearance. Oracle Bone Inscriptions's "sword" (sword and sword are the same word in ancient and modern times) is like a person bending over a plate to look at its appearance. From the word "should", it looks like a person taking a bath, which is similar to the word "Yu". The only difference is that the word "Ying" in the bath shows naked bathing (Kang Yin's "A Brief Introduction to the Origin of Ancient Chinese Characters"). The word "welcome" shows people the scene of people taking a bath in the bath in the pre-Qin period.

During the Western Zhou Dynasty, bathing etiquette was gradually customized. Because bathing has penetrated into all aspects of society, people have a deep understanding of bathing, not only as cleansing, moisturizing and keeping fit; As a grand etiquette in the pre-Qin period. You should bathe and purify yourself before offering sacrifices to gods and ancestors. This is a fixed law, which means that you are clean and pious. It is called abstinence, also called fasting. The fasting ceremony began in the Shang Dynasty and was customized in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The fasting ceremony in the Western Zhou Dynasty was very grand and elegant. Before the major sacrificial activities, there were two fasts. The first time was called fasting on the 3rd day or 1 before the sacrifice, and the second time was called lodging on the 3rd day or1day before the sacrifice. Full-time officials preside over certain ceremonies and ask worshippers to fast and bathe to show respect for the gods. Fasting and bathing has always been an important part of sacrificial ceremonies in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and it is managed by full-time officials. This was recorded in Zhou Li.

Bathing is closely related to the behavioral norms of people's lives. The Book of Rites contains: "Both men and women are happy, bathrobes and food." Living at home, both men and women should get up early, take a shower and change clothes. As a couple's gift, a wife can't share a bathroom with her husband. The so-called "no well inside and outside, no bath inside". There is also the etiquette of respecting the elderly at home. "On the fifth day, please take a bath with soup. On the third day, please take a bath. In the meantime, the surface is dirty, and Qing Tan invites you; Your feet are dirty, please wash the soup. " Etiquette stipulates that the younger generation should burn warm water once every five days to bathe their parents and once every three days to wash their hair. In the meantime, if parents' faces are dirty, they should burn rice and wash them with water. If your feet are dirty, wash them with warm water. It is also important to bathe in the birth ceremony. The Book of Rites says: "A child is born, bathed and obedient, and so is his wife." It also said: "When a son was born, he was in the side room. At the end of March, his mother bathed and appeared in the king's robes. " When the prince is born, the monarch and his wife will bathe and appear in front of the monarch in royal robes. Bathing is also an important etiquette in carrying etiquette. "Etiquette bride price" contains: "The manager is a guest, taking a bath every three days and taking a bath every five days." He also said, "If you don't come, the guests won't worship. You can eat after taking a shower." When receiving guests, people should wash their hair once every three days and take a bath once every five days. When the host entertains the guests with gifts, the guests don't need to thank them, but they should eat after taking a bath to show their respect for the host. The Book of Rites Jade Bath also stipulates that "a gentleman should always live in one household", "take a five-day bath and lick Hui Liang with millet bath" and "take a bath outside the bed". The Etiquette stipulates that before the festival is held, people who attend the sacrifice should wash their hair and take a bath first, which is called "bath". In order to protect the souls of the deceased, there are sacrifices in Japan and China, which is called a dangerous ceremony.

In the Zhou Dynasty, the princes appeared before the emperor, and the emperor gave him a fief for him to bathe in Ji Wang, which was called "Tang Muyi". "Etiquette King System" says: "Fang Bo is the son of heaven, and the city of Tom is in the county of the son of heaven." Governors should wash their hair and bathe in feudal towns that specialize in bathing, and then they can go to the emperor and bathe themselves to show their respect for the emperor. Confucius took self-denial as his responsibility all his life and practiced the ritual of bathing. "Confucius bathed in sunshine" has long been known to the world.

The formation and perfection of bathing etiquette in pre-Qin period is a summary of bathing going deep into all aspects of society and life. As a custom, it is followed by the world, which is unique in the history of world bathing. Paying attention to bathing is also an ancient tradition of China people.

Second, the Qin and Han emperors were bathed in strange news.

Ying Zheng and Qin unified China and founded a unified feudal autocratic centralized state in China, calling themselves the first emperor. At that time, there were hot springs in Lishan Mountain, Lintong County, Shaanxi Province. After Qin Shihuang established his capital in Xianyang, he built a temple and a stone pool in Lishan, which was named "Lishan Hall". The Lishan hot spring in the bathroom became the royal washing place of Qin Shihuang.

According to the book "Xin's Three Qin Records" quoted in Volume 71 of Taiping Yulan, it is said that Qin Shihuang came to Li Mountain for a bath one day and saw a beautiful woman standing by the green and quiet spring. She suddenly became lustful, regardless of etiquette, and went forward to flirt. Angered, the beautiful woman opened her mouth and spat at Qin Shihuang to fight back. Qin Shihuang immediately suffered from sores and thick blood, and he was in pain. Only then did Qin Shihuang know that this was a goddess, and he panicked and begged the goddess' forgiveness. The goddess bathed him with hot spring water and cured his sore. Therefore, the legend of Lishan hot spring, also known as "goddess soup", is quite interesting. The goddess punished the powerful Qin Shihuang. When he knew how to apologize, he cured his sore with a hot spring. This shows that Lishan Hot Spring has the medical function of "detumescence and detoxification", so it went to the "New Stone Three Ji Qin" where "future generations take a bath". As early as the Qin dynasty, people realized this function of Lishan hot spring and came to the hot spring to bathe and cure diseases. This legend also illustrates the fact that Qin Shihuang liked bathing very much.

The most famous palace in Qin Dynasty is Epang Palace. A waterway was built in Epang Palace to introduce Wei water and Fan water into the palace, and the powder water after bathing in the palace flowed out of the palace through the waterway, leaving a layer of dirt floating on Wei water. It is conceivable that there are many bathing facilities in Epang Palace for concubines to bathe in, and these bathing facilities are carefully designed, which can not only absorb river water, but also discharge sewage circularly, and even have facilities for filtering water for health and fan, so that they can not give up day and night and gurgle down. The bathing facilities in Epang Palace can be described as ingenious. Although Du Mu's description inevitably contains literary rhetoric, there is still a real historical legacy between his own lines, which is an example of the prevalence of bathing in Epang Palace.

Entering the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, also left a record related to bathing in history. Since the pre-Qin dynasty, there has been a custom of feeling sad on the river, that is, bathing on the river in late spring and March can also eliminate ominous signs, diseases and disasters. This custom was very popular in the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once took part in bathing by the river to pray for the unlucky children.

Before the ancient people held a major sacrifice, both worshippers and worshippers should bathe themselves to show their reverence for the gods, otherwise it would be blasphemy. According to the Biography of Yidu, one year, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty went to Ganquan Palace to offer sacrifices, accompanied by Zhang Kuan, a courtier of Shu. When a group of people walked to Weiqiao, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty suddenly found a woman taking a bath in the water under the bridge. Strangely, this woman's breasts are very big, seven feet long. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was surprised and sent someone to ask. The woman said, "The people in the seventh car behind the emperor know my origin." At that time, Zhang Kuan was sitting in the seventh carriage, and Emperor Wu of Han asked people again. Zhang Kuan replied, "She is a star, and she is responsible for offering sacrifices. If the sacrifice is unclean, there will be women with long breasts. " The so-called fasting means asking worshippers to fast and bathe before offering sacrifices. Obviously, Tianxing, who is in charge of sacrifice, is responsible for supervising the fasting of worshippers. The gods hate fasting and are unclean, so they "bow their heads every time they fast." According to Zhang Kuan's explanation, Tianxing, who is in charge of the sacrificial ceremony, must have found that the sacrificial ceremony was unclean through fasting, and let the phantom long-breasted woman bathe in the Weihe River to warn that the sacrificial ceremony should seriously bathe herself, otherwise it will not only avoid disaster, but also be convicted. After this incident, I think Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty will take part in the sacrificial activities again and will definitely take a bath for himself.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the bathing custom of the whole society has been formed, especially the good custom of "bathing for three days and bathing for five days" contained in the Book of Rites Bride, which was formally fixed by law in the form of "bathing" in the Han Dynasty. The so-called "Hugh Mu" is a legal holiday for court officials in the Han Dynasty. "Han Gong Yi" says: "Five-day holiday bath, also known as rest." "beginner's notes" said: "Chinese law: the official took a bath on the fifth day and said that he would take a rest and take a bath." "The Biography of Han Huo Guang" contains: "The light person does not bathe." Supplementary explanation: "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" Hu Note: Chinese officials must rest in the palace on the fifth day of the fifth day. "The Han emperor gave officials a day off every five days to go home to take a shower and wash clothes, which was fixed as a legal holiday. This is the first time in the history of our country to have a holiday on the grounds of taking a bath, which shows that the Han Dynasty attached great importance to the cleanliness of the Wash River and had a good habit of taking a bath often inside and outside the palace.

It was not until the Tang Dynasty that the "five-day bath" was changed to an official's rest and bathing every ten days, which was called "Hugh Huan". The morning, middle and evening of each month is a variant of Shang Han, and Han Yi is Huan, which means washing. Probably because ten days and one Huan means timing, and one Huan means ten days, so the Tang Dynasty system has the name of ten days off.

Third, the aristocratic bathing habits in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

As a representative of the upper class, nobles need a clean appearance to match their prestige. "History of the South: Under Liang Benji" records that Liang Xiaogang in the Southern Dynasties especially loved bathing, and wrote three volumes of "Bathing Classics" for Liang, which strongly advocated bathing. It is the earliest bathing monograph in China. Because of this, shampooing and bathing became a part of people's daily clean and hygienic life at that time. Since the pre-Qin period, there has been a custom of washing your hair once every three days and taking a bath once every five days. There is a reason why the ancients washed their hair so frequently, because both men and women in ancient times wore scarves, which easily accumulated dust, so they had to wash their hair often.

There was a very interesting conversation between the Jin Emperor Si Marui and Prince Si Mashao. Prince Si Mashao, known as the "most filial piety" in history, heard that his father washed his hair, and specially offered his blessing, because "this is a good day to wash his hair and live a long life." The reply of Emperor Jinyuan was that his head was "dirty and smelly" and should be washed well. It seems difficult to wash a long hair, too. Si Mashao added, I heard that I washed my hair for a long time, and I must be very tired. I don't know how my father got rid of it Emperor Jinyuan replied: It feels particularly good to wash away dirt and greasy, and I don't feel tired at all. The comfort of shampoo is beyond words.

The Book of Rites Jade Bath once stipulated a set of bathing procedures. After taking a bath, you should wipe your body with a clean thin towel and a thick towel, then take a shower with hot water, put on a special cloth and have a drink to quench your thirst. This kind of bathing can at least be done by middle-class families. It should be said that it is a procedure of aristocratic bathing, which the poor can't enjoy. The ancients also had the custom of taking a bath and changing clothes. "The Fisherman of the Songs of Chu" said: "Those who take a new bath will play the crown, and those who take a new bath will change clothes." The nobles in the Jin Dynasty took bathing as an important part of personal hygiene. According to the ancient custom, they had to change clothes after bathing. Liu Yiqing, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, wrote in Shi Shuo Xin Yu Yuan Xian that Huan Chong, who rides a motorcycle, likes to take a bath because he is frugal and doesn't like to wear new clothes. After the raccoon took a bath, Qizi specially changed his new clothes. Huan Chong angrily urged to take it away, and his wife said, "Where can I get old clothes without new clothes?" Huan Chong laughed and put on new clothes. Huan Chong bathes and his wife sends clothes, regardless of new clothes and old clothes. At that time, people had to change clothes after taking a shower, so it was much more comfortable to put on clean clothes.

However, the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were an era of publicity of human nature, as Du Mu said in the poem Runzhou in the Tang Dynasty: "Generally, the Southern Dynasties were broad-minded and the Eastern Jin Dynasty was the most romantic." In this era, different people have different attitudes towards bathing. One is that bathing is not good, and the other is that bathing is addictive and goes to extremes.

Bian Bin, who wronged Yin in the Southern Dynasties, was a snob. However, due to "careless bathing and untimely bathing", Bian Bin has a lot of lice and bugs. Although his itching was unbearable, he didn't take a bath and claimed that he could survive safely.

Eat when you are hungry, sleep when you are sleepy, and clean up the dirty things. This is the life content of civilized people. People can only be clean and hygienic if they take a bath frequently. However, Comrade He of the Southern Dynasties was addicted to bathing. Comrade He was born into a noble family. He taught himself, was expert, kept writing, and read more than 300 articles on etiquette, all of which were catchy. Historically, apart from being famous, what made He Tong famous was that he was addicted to taking a bath. History books call him an incorruptible man. He often takes a bath more than a dozen times a day, but it is not enough for almost a whole day. Because He Tong washes more than ten times a day, people give him a famous nickname, called "Shuiyin". It is a good habit to take a clean bath and pay attention to cleanliness. However, Comrade He seems to have gone too far. He takes a dozen baths a day. Such people are really rare in the world. Therefore, when li yanshou wrote "Heather How Children's Works Handed Down from Generation to Generation" in the Tang Dynasty, He Tongzhi's "Land Bath Addiction" was highlighted. This really made Comrade He cut a dash. Li Zhi and Feng Menglong both talked about Comrade He's bathing in their works.

Fourth, the royal family in Sui and Tang Dynasties loved to soak in hot springs.

Hot spring bath was popular in ancient times, and it was only popular in Tang Dynasty. Because the emperor loves hot spring bath, when people mention hot spring bath, they think of the famous Huaqing Pool in the Tang Dynasty.

Shanxi Lishan Hot Spring was known as "Goddess Soup" in the Qin Dynasty. Since the Qin Dynasty, thousands of people from cities and countries have come to soak in hot springs. In the eighteenth year of Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong built the "Tang Bath Palace" in Lishan; In the sixth year of Tianbao, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty built a large-scale project, and then expanded it, and incorporated the spring pool into the luxurious palace, renamed it "Huaqing Palace", also known as "Huaqing Pool", for the exclusive use of the emperor. Huaqing Pool is divided into Jiulong Soup and Furong Pool. Jiulong soup is specially washed for the emperor, and Furong Pool is specially used for bathing Yang Guifei. Later, it was also called "Guifei Pool", which was managed by a special person. The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, Official History III, said that "the hot spring supervisor is forbidden by Tang Chi officials", and this hot spring supervisor is a full-time official in charge of royal Tang Chi affairs. Archaeologists excavated five sites in Tang Chi, including Lotus Soup, Begonia Soup, Star Soup, Prince Soup and Shangshi Soup. This reflects the record in Wang Renyu's "The Legacy of Sixteen Long Soups in Kaiyuan Tianbao" in the Five Dynasties: "In addition to offering two soups, Huaqing Palace still has sixteen long soups for bathing." Qing Shi Menglan's "The Ci of the Whole History Palace" also said:

The trees are cool after the rain, and the wind comes to the front hall.

After the supreme bath, I came out today and found sixteen soups in the imperial palace.

It can be seen that there were many hot springs in Huaqing Palace at that time, which was the heyday of Huaqing Palace.

Since Emperor Taizong, most emperors like hot spring baths, and Tang Gaozong and Li Zhi have a poem "Warm soup is not enough". In 20061February, Li visited Xinfengwen Palace and gave Tang Chi a bath. Ministers also presented poems, and Shangguan Waner also presented three quatrains, named "Auspicious Xinfeng Hot Spring Palace, Three Poems". Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, pushed the hot spring bath to the peak. Every October, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty took Yang Guifei to Huaqing Palace for the winter, bathing and enjoying the hot spring bath.

At that time, there were many hot springs around Xi 'an, the ancient capital, the most famous of which were Lishan Tang, Shimen Tang and Quanfeng Tang. Lishan hot spring became the place where the emperor washed, and Quanfeng soup was also the place where the emperor often went. In the poem "Lucky Quanfeng Soup", Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty expressed that "I am willing to be infinite, and I will immerse myself in my heart." Shimentang, located on the west side of Tangyu Estuary in Lantian, has attracted much attention, although Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty failed to come in person. It was specially named "Daxing Tangyuan", and five Tang Chi, Jade Girl, Snowmelt, Julian, Laiyu and Zhuoying were opened according to the water temperature. At that time, people from all walks of life in Chang 'an went to take a bath, which was very popular.

Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty also knew well the therapeutic and health-care functions of hot springs. He often soaks in the hot springs of Huaqing Palace. In the poem, "Only today's hot springs say that they are sick, should they be blessed alone, and think about it with trillions of people, but only express their aspirations", he said:

Guidian is connected with mountains, and orchid soup is natural.

Shady cliffs are full of color, and warm valleys are full of gurgling yuan.

Merit is evil, and merit is reason.

I am willing to say a trillion words, which will last forever.

Fifth, the scholar-officials in the Song and Yuan Dynasties took a cool bath.

Historians believe that around the Song and Yuan Dynasties, with the development of cities and the prosperity of commercial economy, public bathhouses appeared in cities, and most people built houses with bathrooms, so bathing became more popular. Even the guests from afar, the host should first put fragrant soup to bathe the guests, and then give a banquet, which is called welcoming guests. Literati and scholars are even more cool and easy to take a bath, which is recorded in literati notes.

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, there were various forms of bathing for literati. For example, Yang Jian, a powerful man at that time, had a special bath at home, which was quite similar to the family swimming pool of the rich today.

Emperor Wen of Sui was a favorite of Song Huizong during his administration. He built a luxurious swimming pool and liked to bathe alone in it. However, his bathing and swimming seem to be integrated, so he seems to enjoy it. Before Yang Jian, many powerful people built this kind of private swimming pool. According to the New Five Dynasties Biography, Lehman in Langzhou in the late Tang Dynasty dug a deep pool in his home. When a guest came to visit, he held a party by the swimming pool. When the wine was finished, he threw the glass into the pool and touched it naked. After drinking water, he got dressed and drank water. Lehman built the pool mainly for swimming and having fun, while Yang Jian mainly took a bath, because every time he entered the pool, it was fatal to put "bath utensils and bath beans" on the pool to take a bath. Swimming is just a kind of entertainment when taking a bath.

Duke's bathing place was very popular in Song and Yuan Dynasties, and it has formed a certain commercial scale. Some literati also meet regularly to take a bath in public bathhouses.

Wang Anshi is not good at bathing and has lice on his body, which is famous in history. Wu Chong, his marriage friend, knows the importance of taking a bath and has developed the good habit of taking a bath frequently. For Wang Change Anshi's bad habit of taking a bath, he made an appointment with Wang Anshi and Han Wei to "take a bath in his house every two months". Because of their agreement, they went to the public bathhouse to take a bath and changed into new clothes. Under this constraint, Wang Anshi had to take a shower and look at his new clothes after taking a shower. This changed Wang Anshi's old habits and greatly improved his personal hygiene.

Su Shi also likes to bathe in public bathhouses. One year, after taking a bath in the public bathhouse, he was carefree and poetic, and wrote two "Like a Dream" to describe his bathing feelings, which was very humorous.

Did Libra ever love each other? Look at both carefully. Send messages to people to wipe their backs and bend their elbows every day. Handle with care, handle with care, the layman is spotless.

The second cloud:

Only by self-purification can we purify ourselves. I am sweating and breathing. Send messages to people to take a bath and play physical games. But washing, but washing, is everything in the world.

It can be seen between the lines that the public bathhouse service at that time was perfect, and there were people who wiped their backs to serve customers. As can be seen from the back-wiping service, the Song Dynasty opened what many dropouts thought was "the precedent of modern life customs". Since the Song Dynasty, public bathhouses (such as today's saunas) have provided back cleaning services specially designed for customers.

Because the scholar-officials have developed the habit of bathing frequently, people scoff at people who are not good at bathing. Dou was born in the prime minister's family and was brilliant, but because he always didn't take a bath for a long time, the world gave him the word "smelly", which not only became a disgraceful nickname at that time, but also was ridiculed by later generations as a typical example of bad bathing.

The development and utilization of hot springs has a long history. In the southeast of Inner Mongolia, 32km northeast of Peng Jing Town, there is a hot spring called Keshiketeng Alishan, commonly known as hot water soup. According to the records of Jehol Peng Jing, hot soup is one of the twelve scenic spots in Peng Jing. Every spring, people come here to take a bath, treat diseases and keep fit. People come and go in an endless stream. Lu Zeng, a poet of the Song Dynasty, bathed in hot springs here and wrote the poem Bathing in Hot Springs:

The new bath above feels very light, just like warmth and water.

The frost is not hot because of the world, especially in Shanqing this spring.

Bathing is not only relaxing, but also poetic, which shows Wang Huan's preference for hot spring bathing.

Fuzhou hot springs have been widely developed and utilized during the Jiayou period in the Northern Song Dynasty. In its heyday, there were more than 40 bathrooms, divided into official soup and folk soup. Li Gang, a national hero in the Song Dynasty, not only bathed in soup, but also wrote poems and praised:

Yu Yu Lanfang, the first soup in Tsinghua.

Why should the patient be watered this spring? You might as well go to litchi township.

In the Northern Song Dynasty, Peng Ying requested to spend the night at Wenquan Temple in the hot springs in northern Chongqing during his stay in Jingdezhen. After enjoying the hot spring bath, he was given the poem "Stay in the hot spring Buddhist temple". In the first year of Jiayou, Zhou Dunyi, a new philosopher, took a boat trip to Wentang Gorge, gave lectures and bathed in northern hot springs, and prefaced Peng Yingqiu's poems. The book is engraved with the stone tablet "Preface to Wenquan Temple by Zhou Dunyi and Peng". After bathing in Lushan hot spring, Zhu discussed the cause of Lushan hot spring: "Who lit it? This mountain pond water? " He felt unable to explain it. As can be seen from these records, the literati in Song and Yuan Dynasties preferred to soak in hot springs than ordinary people.

Jacky Yuan You's Suichang Miscellanies records that Wen Riguan, a famous Zen master in Yuan Dynasty, was closely related to the father of Xian Yushu, a great calligrapher. Hyun-woo and his son like to take a bath. There are not only bathrooms at home, but also excellent bathing utensils and beans. Every time Wen Riguan comes to Hyun-woo's house, Hyun-woo's father and son will ask him to take a bath with soup, and Hyun-woo will respectfully offer bath beans. It is for this reason that Wen Riguan has become a frequent visitor at home.

Scholar-officials in Song and Yuan Dynasties loved bathing, which showed that individuals were very particular about cleanliness and hygiene at that time. In order to maintain physical and mental health, they regarded bathing as a kind of enjoyment.

Six, Ming and Qing citizens take a bath joke

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, bathing really penetrated into people's lives. With the further development of the city and the gradual growth of the citizen class, various service industries are also booming. There is a common phenomenon of "mixed halls" in cities, which probably means that people who take a bath are "mixed" to wash. No matter what kind of people, they can enter the bath as long as they pay. At that time people paid more attention to bathing than before. Tu Benjun of Aming Dynasty once compared "bathing" with "appreciating antiques", "insulting famous incense" and "reciting clear words", and regarded it as a kind of spiritual enjoyment. A Qing Men's Stone regards "shaving your head, pulling out your ears, taking a bath and pedicure" as four personal pleasures, and thinks that it is a real blessing to refresh yourself. In "Happy Original", it is said that "the joy of bathing" has a cloud: "It is cold in winter, so you can't bathe frequently. Take a bath frequently in the other three seasons. Need warm water and warmth, wash it repeatedly, and feel refreshed. What a good enjoyment? " People's bathing life in Ming and Qing Dynasties was reflected in the oral literature of citizens, and there were many jokes about bathing.

The mixed hall is a place where everyone takes a bath together, and all kinds of people get together to "meet sincerely". The mixed museum is almost a small society where people of all colors gather together. In yu zhang's Drunken Moon in the Ming Dynasty, there is a joke cloud:

The righteous officer was sweating like a pig when he ran away. After taking a shower, he got up and his coat and overcoat had been stolen. In the uproar, the master denigrated his help. The righteous officer was very angry, so he wore a gauze hat and boots, tied him naked and said, "Is this what I'm waiting for?"

The mixed museum was originally a sea of people, and it was a place for thieves to display their skills. It became a habit to take a shower and get rid of clothes, so the owner of the mixed library pretended to be deaf and dumb, which made the righteous official have this funny move. Zhang Yu Zuiyue

Confucius said, "What a well-dressed look. Who can I sue in this situation? " There is no good way. It seems that the righteous officer has to admit his bad luck. "Laughing at Lin Guang Ji" Volume 5 has a cloud of "mixing the hall and washing", edited by the Qing game master:

Someone is taking a bath in the mixed hall and scooping water at the door. Everyone is frowning at each other, and they are all annoying. The man put the water in his hand and said, "Don't worry, gentlemen, wait until I wash my mouth and spit it out."

It's really disgusting to gargle with dirty soup that is turbid and white in the shower. Lang Ying once said that the water mixed in the hall "makes it useless to pay, which is different from the water in the ditch." However, this person has made some amazing remarks, which is ridiculous.

Bathing in mixed rooms is just a way for people in Ming and Qing Dynasties. More people still take a bath at home. Even poor families have the habit of taking a bath. As long as you burn a pot of hot water with a load of firewood, you can take a bath, which is convenient and relaxing. Chen Mingmei's series of Popular Jokes has a joke cloud:

Some guests stayed for tea, but they didn't have tea, so they borrowed it from their neighbors for a long time. When the soup boils, they add cold water. After a long time, the pot is full. The wife said to her husband, "I can't drink tea. Let him take a bath."

Boiling water to make tea, there is no tea at home, and tea is not borrowed. The cauldron is full of hot water, so guests can't eat tea and take a bath. It seems that in the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were also customs of entertaining guests and bathing.

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there was a joke that was specially satirized and boasted. There is Duan Ziyun's "Big Bathtub" in Volume 20 of Laughter in the Woods edited by Qing Game:

A clever liar said to people, "There is a footbath in the temple, and thousands of people can take a bath together." Famen Temple in Shaanxi Province "Monument to the Bathroom of Famen Temple in Song Dynasty" records that the bathroom courtyard of Famen Temple is "full of monks, and thousands of people are bathed by monks and customs every day", which shows the scale of the bathroom courtyard. The footbath of "a thousand people bathing together" looks ridiculous, but just like the exaggeration of "a thousand baths a day" in the bathroom courtyard of Famen Temple, the joke itself still has the shadow of life.

Monks and Taoists should bathe before sacrificial activities to show reverence and awe. Monks and Taoists have a long tradition of bathing. "Laughing in the Woods" Volume 8 Cloud:

Taoist bathing between monks and nuns requires a teacher first, then a teacher and then a master, which is very disorderly. He sighed with emotion: "I am the only monk who has no rules." The old monk didn't go down, and the young monk took off his clothes first. "

This is obviously the monk making fun of the monk. Whether you are a monk or a monk, there are specific procedures and regulations for bathing. Only one thing is to take off your clothes, and the rules that monks have to follow are very strict. "Baizhang Clear Rules" says: "Take out the bath and put it away, take off your coat, and don't take it off straight. First, take off your skirt and wrap it around your feet, and then you can tie a bath group and fold your pants into the house." It's not like the monk in "The Monk Baths" said, "I am the only monk who has no rules."

Scholars in Ming and Qing Dynasties sometimes directly engaged in joke creation, mostly describing real people and stories, and some jokes such as bathing. Amin Li Zhi's Night Talk in the Mountains, Volume 10, Interview with Bohu, recorded the anecdote of Tang Yin's bathing. In the Qing Dynasty, a retired scholar who lived in a nest wrote Laughing, and Volume 4 Bathing and Sleeping described the anecdote of Jin Shengtan:

Jin Shengtan visits friends and the host takes a bath. Asked his son, he said, "Sleep." Jinsheng sighed, "You are still in prison, but Lang is a sinner!"

Jin Shengtan's bathing and prison, sleeping and sin are homophonic, and he mocked the impolite host.

Bathing jokes in Ming and Qing Dynasties originated from people's bathing life at that time, which reflected the secularization of bathing in Ming and Qing Dynasties and became the material of folk oral literature because of its rich content.

Respondent: Director Zou, Grade 9, 8-2 17: 13.