The concept of industry

The concept of industrial design (2008-05-1013:15) Design is a creative activity carried out by human beings to achieve a certain purpose, which is included in the formation process of all man-made articles.

Concept of industrial design: At present, the widely adopted definition is the revised definition of industrial design given by the International Federation of Industrial Design Associations (ICSID) at the annual meeting in Paris in 1980: "As far as mass-produced industrial products are concerned, the material, structure, shape, color, surface treatment and decoration are endowed with new quality and qualification, which is called industrial design."

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After the outbreak of the industrial revolution, industrial design was really recognized and played a role, and it was developed under the conditions of industrial mass production. At that time, a large number of industrial products were shoddy, which seriously affected people's daily life. As an inevitable means to change the situation at that time, industrial design stepped onto the historical stage. Traditional industrial design refers to the creative activities of planning and designing the produced products through industrial means to make them best match with users. Analyze the essence of industrial design from this concept: First, the purpose of industrial design is to achieve the best match between products and people. This kind of collocation should not only meet people's needs, but also meet people's physiological and psychological needs, which just embodies the people-oriented design idea. Second, industrial design must be a? Quot creative activities ". The nature of industrial design determines that it is an interdisciplinary subject with a wide coverage, involving the research fields of many disciplines, such as adhesives in industrial society, which makes the originally isolated disciplines such as physics, chemistry, biology, marketing, aesthetics, ergonomics, sociology, psychology, philosophy, etc. interrelated and blended with each other to form an organic whole. It combines the science of objectively revealing the laws of nature with the art of subjectively and actively carrying out creative activities.

2. Modern industrial design

The core of traditional industrial design is product design. With the development of history, the development trend of design connotation is broader and deeper. Now, the development of human society has entered the modern industrial society, and the material achievements brought by design and its influence on human living conditions and lifestyles are incomparable in any previous era, so the concept of modern industrial design came into being. Modern industrial design can be divided into two levels: broad industrial design and narrow industrial design.

Generalized industrial design (generalized industrial design)

It refers to a series of behaviors expressed by clear means from conception to practical implementation plan in order to achieve a specific purpose. It includes all the design processes of production and service by modern means.

Narrow industrial design (narrow industrial design)

Simplicity refers to product design, that is, the demand for tools and equipment in response to the relationship between man and nature. Including the design of materials and equipment such as tools, instruments and products needed for maintaining and developing survival and life. The core of product design is that the product has good affinity and matching degree to the user's body and mind.

The definition of narrow industrial design is consistent with that of traditional industrial design. Because industrial design is always based on product design, product design is often called industrial design. Classification of industrial design

With the expansion of industrial design field, different fields have their own characteristics. We can divide the field of industrial design from different angles:

1. According to the existing art forms:

One-dimensional design generally refers to the design with time as a variable; Two-dimensional design, also known as graphic design, is aimed at the ever-changing objects on the plane, such as graphics, characters, trademarks, advertisements and so on. Three-dimensional design, also known as three-dimensional design, such as products, packaging, architecture, environment; Four-dimensional design is to design three-dimensional space with one-dimensional time (that is, in the form of 3+ 1), such as stage design.

2. On the basis of the corresponding relationship among human, nature and society, it is classified according to the essential meaning of discipline formation:

Man, nature and society constitute the most basic relationship circle, and their classification correspondence is roughly as follows:

◆ Product design: equivalent to industrial design in a narrow sense, mainly based on three-dimensional design;

◆ Environmental design: including the design of various buildings, urban and regional planning, building construction scheme, environmental engineering, etc.

◆ Communication design is the design of communication activities realized by language, text or graphics. According to the different media, it can be divided into two categories: visual communication with words and graphics as the media; Make peace with words. Audio-based auditory communication.

3. According to the concept and definition of industrial design classification:

With the development of science and technology and the application of modern technology, the boundary between industrial design and arts and crafts design has become increasingly blurred, and some design activities that originally belonged to the field of arts and crafts design have the characteristics of industrial design, such as furniture design and clothing design. As a bridge between technology and market, industrial design has rapidly expanded to all aspects of business:

◆ Advertising design: including newspapers, magazines, posters, brochures, trademarks, etc.

◆ Display design: including pavement, window, display platform, signboard, exhibition and advertising tower.

◆ Packaging design: including wrapping paper, containers, labels, commodity packaging, etc.

◆ Binding design: including magazines, books, illustrations, comics and layout design.

Even in the field of self-contained architecture, industrial design is playing an increasingly important role.

Content of industrial design

Industrial design has a broad application space in enterprises. Therefore, analyzing the content of industrial design from the enterprise demand level will provide great convenience for enterprises to better use industrial design and create greater value.

1. product design

Product design is the core of industrial design and the key link for enterprises to use design, which realizes the transformation of raw materials into more valuable forms. Industrial designers locate the function, performance, form, price and use environment of products through the cognition of natural and social attributes such as people's physiology, psychology and living habits, and combine factors such as materials, processes, structure, technology, modeling, color, surface treatment, decoration, cost, etc. to carry out creative design from the social, economic and technical perspectives to ensure the realization of design quality in enterprise production management.

2. Corporate identity design (CIS).

Enterprise identification system consists of unified enterprise concept, standardized enterprise behavior and consistent visual image. That is, through CIS design, the enterprise can have a visual impact, and can clearly show its personality, which is the embodiment of its strength and confidence. A successful enterprise must have internal cohesion, which can make consumers have a sense of trust and identity with the outside world, thus improving the visibility of the enterprise and realizing its management and development goals.

3. Environmental design (man-machine interface design)

Industrial design participates in environmental design as an interface language for communication between people and the environment (buildings, traffic, bedrooms, shopping malls, streets, etc.). ). Through the cognition of people's different behaviors, purposes and needs, the design object is endowed with a language, which makes people and the environment integrate into one, giving people a cordial, convenient and comfortable feeling. Environmental design focuses on solving all problems in the interface between people and buildings in cities, such as information, signal system and environmental protection scheme. To participate in solving major problems in social life.

4. Design management (Des；; 8n management element (DM for short)

That is to say, design activities are regarded as an important part of enterprise operation, and in the management of product series development such as project management, interface management and design system management, we are good at using design means, implementing design-oriented thinking and behavior, and transforming strategic or technological achievements into products or services. Design management is an important factor of enterprise success. Enterprises should follow the design principles and strategies to guide the development, production and business activities of various departments in order to achieve the design objectives and increase the product value. The successful application of design management can make enterprises include business strategy in the strategic planning stage, and at the same time, strategic advantages also lay a good foundation for products and enterprises to compete.

The ultimate goal of industrial design is to meet people's physiological and psychological needs. Industrial products met the needs of people's production and life during the handicraft industry period. There is no doubt that industrial design serves modern people, and it should meet the requirements of modern people. Therefore, it must first meet people's physiological needs-product functions. Cups must be able to drink water, pens must be able to write, bicycles must be able to walk, trucks must be able to carry goods, and so on. The first purpose of industrial design is to make people use products more conveniently and make products play a better role through reasonable planning. On the basis of studying the product performance, industrial design also makes the product have a product form full of the spirit of the times, in line with the product performance and in harmony with the environment through reasonable modeling means, so that people can enjoy beauty.

Industrial design is the inevitable product of industrial modernization and market competition, and its design object is products produced in batches by industrialized methods. Industrial design has a great influence on modern human life and is also subject to the realistic level of production and life.

The position and function of industrial design in enterprises;

6? 1 Design is a bridge between enterprises and markets: on the one hand, it transforms production and technology into products suitable for market demand, on the other hand, it feeds back market information to enterprises and promotes their development.

6? 1? 6? 1 design is a means of product value-added: the biggest role for enterprises is to improve the added value of products. This added value is not tangible, but more intangible. Appearance, product image, etc

6? 1? 6? 1 design is an important resource for enterprises: good design will make enterprises have a better reputation, make enterprises more dynamic and become a tool for company development.

6? 1? 6? 1 design is a means to establish a complete corporate visual image: corporate visual image is the best appearance for a company to establish a brand image, and it is also a unique style of the company.

Creativity of industrial design is the most important premise of good product design, simplicity is an important symbol of good design, and applicability is another important criterion to measure product design. The man-machine relationship is reasonable and the man-machine interface is harmonious. The language of the product itself should be good at self-annotation, carefully handle every detail, pay attention to regional and national characteristics, contain cultural characteristics, pay attention to ecological balance, and be conducive to environmental protection. Product design is eternal.

Industrial design should follow the following principles: the principle of creativity; Market demand principle; User first principle; Enterprise goal principle; Easy to master the principle; Aesthetic principles; Principles of protecting the ecological environment.

Industrial design involves psychology, sociology, aesthetics, ergonomics, mechanical structure, photography, chromatics, methodology and design.

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Summarize the definition and development of industrial design in developed countries such as America, Europe and Japan.

Industrial design in American information age

The United States is the first country to enter the information age and the most developed country in information technology. No matter in computer hardware and software, or in the application of computer technology, it is in a leading position in the world. In particular, the popularity of the Internet has brought American society into a new era dominated by the information industry. Under the new economic and cultural background, great changes have taken place in American industrial design since the late 1980s.

At the same time, the American design pioneer represented by Lowe has passed away. Although some design companies named after them still exist, the positions of these masters have been replaced by a number of new independent design companies. These new design firms are quite different from the traditional explicit firms in knowledge structure, service field and design means. Because they firmly grasp the pulse of the information age, their design business has expanded rapidly and established a good reputation in the industry. They are called a new generation of heroes of American industry by American Business Week. These new design consulting companies are named after the word "design" instead of famous designers, emphasizing that design is a team activity rather than an individual work, such as Smart Design in new york, Design Logic in Chicago and Lunar Design in California. In many cases, the directors of these companies are first-generation or second-generation European immigrants, and the famous Forgdesign was originally a German company. These new generation designers have brought more European ideas to the United States, thus closely combining the advanced technology of the United States with the profound historical and cultural traditions of Europe, and making American design have a big leap in the information age. This situation is particularly prominent in California, especially in Silicon Valley, on the one hand, because many Europeans have settled here, and on the other hand, because the emerging high-tech industry here has little connection with the American design predecessors in the previous machine age. Here, many new design companies have been serving high-tech companies such as Apple.

Different from the traditional industrial design affairs, which mainly provide the appearance design of industrial products, new design companies can provide more comprehensive services for enterprises. They can not only provide product appearance design and engineering design, but also provide services such as market research, consumer survey, ergonomics research, public relations planning and even corporate website design and maintenance, and have the ability of global activities. In fact, some new design companies have established global service networks to cope with the trend of world economic globalization. This change of industrial design reflects the change of enterprise management. In the future, more and more enterprises will reduce their internal research institutions and adopt social cooperation, which will not only reduce their expenses, but also seek wider cooperation in professional resources in society. In addition, many enterprises regard design as a strategic management means to improve their professional quality and stimulate creativity, instead of limiting design to the development activities of a single product, thus greatly expanding the application scope of industrial design. As enterprises put forward a wider demand for design, the personnel composition of design companies is not limited to designers, but the cooperation of multiple professionals. In addition, due to the wide application of computer-aided design, the design methods of design companies have also undergone revolutionary changes. SGI(Silicon Graphic) graphic workstation and design software such as Alias and Pro-Designer make industrial design more flexible and fast, and industrial design itself is therefore high-tech.

Another major change in American industrial design in the 1990s was that high-tech products, including computers, modern office equipment, medical equipment and communication equipment, became the main fields of industrial design. Industrial design plays an important role in the process of humanization and commercialization of high technology. With the efforts of designers, the once formidable high technology has become an indispensable partner in people's daily work and life.

ZIBA Design Company, headquartered in Portland, Oregon, USA, is considered as one of the best design companies in the world. Chiba's design concept is to win with simplicity, emphasizing the human-machine characteristics of products, so the company's product design pays great attention to the handling of details, "God lies in details." At the same time, Chiba also pursues the interest and harmony of design, and makes products pleasant and humorous through color, modeling, details and graphic design, so as to achieve the effect of appealing to both refined and popular tastes. In recent years, Chiba has cooperated with Microsoft, Hewlett-Packard, Fujitsu, Intel and other companies to design many excellent products. Among them, the "natural" curve keyboard developed by the company for Microsoft is welcomed by users because of its convenient use, comfortable man-machine interface and novel and unique shape. Chiba also designed a large number of high-tech medical equipment. Most of these products are designed in a simple and bright shape, which is convenient for operation and cleaning, and makes the complicated and daunting medical process as simple as possible. The hemodialysis machine designed by Chiba replaces complex control keys and switches with a simple and clear touch screen, and is equipped with automatic control software, so that medical staff can operate it conveniently and freely. In addition, due to the modular design, it can be easily disassembled and assembled, which is conducive to providing on-site services.

IDEO design company is also one of the world's leading design companies. * * * has 320 employees, and the design fee income of 1998 reaches $30 million. The company's product design attaches great importance to the interaction between man and machine, so that people can realize the information transmission between man and machine in a natural and convenient way, which can be vision, touch, hearing, taste and even smell, thus making the man-machine relationship more abundant and diversified. Interactive design is the combination of hardware and software, which represents the trend of product development in the information age. IDEO has made fruitful exploration in this respect.

In addition to the design companies mentioned above, Palo Alto Design Company and Fitch Design Company have also made great achievements in product design in the IT industry. The large computer system designed by Palo Alto Company for Pyramid Technology Company embodies the modular structure of the system, and each module can be stacked and hot-swapped without stopping. Fitch designed a multifunctional home communication device for Panasonic to explore the design direction of future products. Because the device integrates 10 functions, the designer tries to simplify the complexity and divide it into two "layers" according to the frequency of use of different functions, which solves the problem skillfully. In order to explore the design of personal information equipment in the future, Fitch put forward the concept of micro personal computer and named it Digital MoCCA. This small and flexible computer device uses voice as the interactive medium, and has many functions, such as voice mail, video conference, diagnosis and navigation system, and can be worn, held or used on the desk. The design won the gold medal of 1998 American Industrial Design Excellence Award.

Industrial design in the information age in Europe and Japan

Generally speaking, American information technology is more advanced than Europe, but in some fields, such as digital communication technology, European countries have their own unique advantages. As far as industrial design is concerned, European countries also have their own unique advantages. Europe's long and splendid cultural heritage allows designers to fully display their talents in the information age, and high-tech is displayed in a form full of humanistic and artistic sentiment, sometimes even exciting. It is for this reason that Europe not only imports advanced technology from the United States, but also exports excellent industrial designs to the United States. Just as the European modernist design thought represented by Bauhaus deeply influenced the American design circle in the 1940s, today's European design also has an important influence on the American design circle, especially on the design of high-tech products.

The most famous European design company in the field of international design is the frog design company in Germany. As a large-scale comprehensive international design company, Frog Design constantly creates novel, strange and interesting products with its avant-garde and even futuristic style. The company's business covers all parts of the world, including AEG, Apple, Kodak, Sony, Olympus, AT & amp； T and other multinational companies. Frog company has a wide range of designs, including furniture, transportation, toys, household appliances, exhibitions, advertisements and so on. But since 1990s, its most important field is computer and related electronic products, and it has achieved great success. Frog's American office, in particular, has become the most influential high-tech product design institution in the United States.

Esslinger, the founder of Frog Design Company, established his own design office in Hesse on 1969, which is the predecessor of Frog Design Company. Esslinger first studied electronic engineering at Stuttgart University, and later specialized in industrial design at another university. This experience allowed him to combine technology and aesthetics perfectly. 1982, Esslinger designed a bright green TV for Wega, which was a great success. So Esslinger took "Frog" as the logo and name of his design company. In addition, the word frog happens to be the abbreviation of the Federal Republic of Germany, which may not be accidental. Frog design, like Braun's design, has become an outstanding representative of German industrial design in the information age.

The design of Frog Company not only keeps the rigor and conciseness of Ulm School of Design and Braun, but also has the novelty, grotesque, gorgeous and even playful characteristics of postmodernism, which is unique in the design field and greatly changes the design trend at the end of the 20th century. The design concept of frog is "form follows passion", so many frog designs have a cheerful and humorous artistic conception, which makes people laugh. A children's mouse designed by Frog Company looks like a real mouse. It is gray, harmonious, interesting and lovely, giving children a sense of intimacy.

Esslinger believes that the 1950s is the era of production, the 1960s is the era of research and development, the 1970s is the era of marketing, the 1980s is the era of finance, and the 1990s is the era of integration. Therefore, the internal and external structures of frogs have been adjusted so that experts in traditionally independent fields can cooperate with the goal of creating the most comprehensive results. In order to achieve this goal, the company adopted a comprehensive strategic design process. At each stage of the development process, corporate image design, industrial design and engineering design cooperate with each other. This process includes in-depth understanding of the use environment, user needs and market opportunities of products, and full consideration of the feasibility of products in all aspects of production technology to ensure the consistency and high quality of design. In addition, product design must be unified with corporate image, packaging and advertising, so that the information conveyed to users is continuous and consistent.

The design principle of frog is to transcend technical and aesthetic limitations and define products with culture, passion and practicality. Esslinger once said: "The purpose of design is to create a more humane environment, and my goal has always been to design mainstream products into art". Frog designers can meet any unprecedented design challenges and engage in various design projects, which greatly enhances the social status of industrial design profession and shows the world that industrial designers are the most basic and important members in the industry and one of the creators of contemporary cultural life. Esslinger appeared on the cover of Businessweek with 1990, which is the only honor that the designer has won since Lowe appeared on the cover of Time magazine with 1947.

For frog design company, the success of design depends on both designers and owners. Nothing is more important to us than finding the right owner. Mutual respect, high sense of responsibility and mutual real needs are extremely important, which is also the basis of successful cooperation between frog company and many international companies.

Frog Company's globalization strategy began at 1982, when Frog Company set up an office in Campbell, California, USA. 1986, we set up an office in Tokyo to expand our business in Asia. Frog America provides design services for many high-tech companies, and pays special attention to the relationship between machines and users in design. Frog is Apple's long-term partner, actively exploring "humanized" computers, and has achieved great success by adopting simple modeling, implicit colors and simplified operating system. 1984, the Apple II computer designed by Frog for Apple appeared on the cover of Time magazine and was called "the best design of the year". Since then, Frog Company has successfully cooperated with almost all important high-tech companies in the United States, and its design works have been widely exhibited and published, becoming one of the most outstanding design companies in the United States. Compared with other similar companies, frog design company has more experience, so it can gain insight and predict new technologies, new social trends and new business opportunities. Because of this, frog design can successfully interpret the significance of industrial design in the information age.

Some large electrical companies in Europe are very concerned about the development and design of emerging high-tech products. Philips in the Netherlands, Olivetti in Italy, Siemens and AEG in Germany have all made great achievements in this respect. In order to explore the characteristics of digital office environment, Philips cooperated with the design departments of Olivetti to design a series of future product concepts, and exhibited them to users, media, relevant experts and the general public in order to get valuable information feedback. They designed a computer called "magic carpet", which has a soft and foldable desktop and can provide a multimedia office environment after being unfolded. Philips has also designed a series of home digital devices to combine technology with family life. Philips' new product, Solace, is a portable device that can be remotely connected to the home network to check home activities and home phone calls. It looks like a wallet. A kitchen Internet interface designed by the company borrowed the traditional chopping board model. This concept product is activated by voice or touch. After ordering, you can download the corresponding cooking methods and display them on the screen.

Ericsson in Sweden and Nokia in Finland are two communication technology companies that have made great achievements in high-tech humanization. They combine the unique concise, practical and natural features of Nordic design with advanced information technology to create many products full of human touch and personality. Nokia took the "people-oriented technology" as the design concept, and took the lead in introducing the communication design of the sliding cover of curved fuselage, which met the user's demand for holding the mobile phone more comfortably. 1998, Nokia's distinctive 5 1 10 "free-to-change" mobile phone provides a colorful shell for modern people who pursue individuality, which can be easily and quickly replaced at any time, making exquisite technology a fashion, similar to colorful iMac.

Although Japan is still relatively backward in some basic information technologies, such as CPU chips, system software, network technology, etc., due to the lack of basic theoretical research, Japan has its unique advantages in consumer electronic products, that is, winning the mass market through attractive appearance, well-designed details and relatively low prices. Digital cameras, electronic game machines, color printers and liquid crystal displays made in Japan are very competitive in the world. In the information age, the characteristics of Japanese traditional design, such as small, clever, light and thin, have been further developed and become an important feature of Japanese high-tech products. In this regard, Sony is still leading the trend. Among the 100 world's best scientific and technological achievements selected by Popular Science in the United States, Sony's products account for 5, which is the company with the most selected products. These products reflect Sony's extraordinary ability to turn advanced technology into consumer goods. Sony's products are famous for their exquisiteness and elegance. Both computers and laptops are extremely thin and light. Sony's picture book mini notebook computer is not only a powerful computer with less than one kilogram, but also the first notebook computer with a digital camera, and it can send emails quickly. Sony is very good at applying high technology to enrich people's daily life, and its Palystation game console has achieved great success comparable to the "Walkman".