Three Kingdoms Period Characters Comparison .

Zhuge Liang (181.4.14 ~ 234.8.28), courtesy name Kongming, number Wolong, a native of Yangdu, Luangxie (present-day Yinan County, Linyi City, Shandong Province), an ethnic Han Chinese, was an outstanding statesman and military theorist during the Three Kingdoms period. He was the prime minister of Shu Han. His posthumous name is Marquis of Zhongwu.

TV series "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" Zhuge Liang (played by Tang Guoqiang) profile

Physical appearance: body length of eight feet (about 1.84 meters), appearance is very great, the people of the time is different, yan (from Chen Shou, "on the Zhuge Liang set of tables", see "Three Kingdoms Zhi-Zhuge Liang biography" attached to the content)

Official position: prime minister leader of the Division School Captain Yizhou Mu Record Shangshu matter Holiday festival

Title: Marquis Wuxiang

Ancestor: Zhuge Feng (Lieutenant of the Han Dynasty)

Father: Zhuge Gui (Chancellor of Taishan County in the late Eastern Han Dynasty)

Mother: Zhang Clan

Uncle: Zhuge Xuan

Spouse: Huang Yueying

Brothers: Zhuge Jin (elder brother) Zhuge Jun (younger brother)

Children: Zhuge Zhanshan (natural son) Zhuge Qiao (adopted son).

Grandchildren: Zhuge Shang (Zhuge Zhan's eldest son), Zhuge Jing (Zhan's second son), Zhuge Pan (Qiao's son, who was later rejoined by Zhuge Jin after Zhuge Ke was convicted of the crime and executed)

Great-grandson: Zhuge Xian (Pan's son)

Cultivation of the Nanyang region

In the second year of the Jian'an era (197 A.D.), Zhuge Xuan passed away from a long illness. Zhuge Liang and his younger brother were farming in Longzhong. Zhuge Liang always recited the words of his father in Liangzhong, and often compared himself to Guan Zhong and Le Yi. At that time, people did not think much of him, but only his friends Xu Shu, Cui Zhouping, Meng Jian and Shi Tao believed in his talent. He was known as "Wolong". He had friendship with Si Ma Hui, Pang De Gong and Huang Chengyan, who were famous scholars in Jingzhou at that time. Huang Chengyan once said to Zhuge Liang: "I heard that you are looking for a wife; you have an ugly woman with a black head and a yellow head, but she is a good match. (Hearing that you want to choose a wife, I have an ugly woman at home, with yellow hair and black skin, but the talent can match you.)" Zhuge Liang agreed to this marriage and married her immediately. At that time, people made fun of this as a joke, and the township even made a proverb: "Do not make Kongming choose a wife, is to get a Cheng ugly girl."

The Pairing at Longzhong

At that time, Liu Bei was attached to Liu Biao, and had troops in Xinye. Later, during a visit to Sima Hui, I heard him say, "The Confucians and the laymen, how can they recognize the time when they have three visits to their cottages? Those who know the time care about the handsome people. There are Crouching Dragons and Phoenix Daisies here. (Those Confucian scholars are shallow people, how can they understand the current affairs situation? Only those who can understand the current affairs of the world are outstanding. At this time, there are only Crouching Dragon (Zhuge Liang) and Feng Daisy (Pang Tong)." Later, he was recommended by Xu Shu, and wanted Xu Shu to bring him to introduce him, but Xu Shu said, "This person can be seen, but not to bend to it. The general should take care of him in vain. (This person can go to see, can not make him condescend to this. The general should be honored to visit him."

Liu Bei then personally went to visit, went three times to see Zhuge Liang (a said three times to see), Liu Bei told others to avoid, to Zhuge Liang question: "Han dynasty decadence, the traitorous ministers to steal the order of the Lord in the dust. I do not measure the strength of virtue, want to believe (through stretching) in the world, and the wisdom of the shallow short, so with rampant, to today. However, the will is still not finished, you said that the plan will be safe? (Now the Han Dynasty is in decline, the traitorous ministers are working under the pretext of imperial orders, and the Emperor has lost his power. I have not measured my own virtue and ability, and I want to revitalize the world with great righteousness, but my wisdom and strategy are short and insufficient, so I have failed from time to time until today. (However, I still have not leveled my ambition, do you have any stratagem that can help me?)" Liang replied, "Since Dong Zhuo has been around, there have been countless great men and women who have risen up and crossed states and counties. Cao Cao, compared to Yuan Shao, has a small name and fewer people. However, Cao Cao was able to overcome Shao and win the battle with the weak, not only the timing, but also the people's plan. Today, Cao Cao already has a million people, holding the Son of Heaven and ordering the vassals, this is not to compete with. Sun Quan according to have Jiangdong, has been for three generations, the country risk and people attached, the wise for the use, this can be for the aid and not to figure. Jingzhou north of Han, Shin, the benefits of the South China Sea, east of Wu will be connected to the west through the Ba Shu, the use of martial arts, and the Lord can not keep, this is God gave the General land, General will not be interested in it? Yizhou dangerous plug, thousands of miles of fertile land, the land of heaven, Gaozu because of the emperor's career. Liu Zhang dark weak, Zhang Lu in the north, the people of the country rich and do not know the compassionate military and people, so the wise and capable people want to get a bright king. General is the descendant of the emperor, faith and righteousness in the four seas, the total heroes, think of the virtuous like a thirst, if across the Jing, Yi, to protect its rock resistance, the West and the Rong, the South to help the barbarians and the Yue, outside the knot Sun Quan, the internal repair of the political theory; to be the world has changed, then the order of a general will be the army of Jingzhou to the Wann, Luo, General rate of the people of the state of Yizhou to out of the Qinchuan, the people who would not dare to welcome the General in a pot of rice? If this is the case, then the hegemony can be accomplished and the Han Dynasty can be revitalized. If you want to achieve the hegemony, let Cao Cao take advantage of the time in the north, let Cao Cao take advantage of the land in the south, and you can take advantage of the people." (Zhuge Liang then explained to him the three-part world plan, analyzed the situation that Cao Cao is not desirable and Sun Quan can be used as an aid; and also detailed that the monarchs of Jing and Yizhou are weak, and that only by owning these two states can we win, which means that the necessity and possibility of seizing these two states is explained; and also told Liu Bei about the strategy of attacking the Central Plains. This discourse will later be known as the Longzhong pair (Longzhong a place is still controversial, a said Caolu pair), and Liu Bei listened to more praise, so Zhuge Liang began to serve in Liu Bei). Liu Bei often discuss with him, the relationship is also increasingly close. Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, etc. are very upset, Liu Bei explained to them: "I have Kong Ming, as if the fish have water. May you not repeat your words. (I have Kong Ming like a fish gets water. I hope you will not say it again.)" Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and others then stopped complaining.

Crossing the river to make a statement

At that time, due to the influence of Liu Qi's stepmother, Liu Biao was gradually displeased with Liu Qi. Liu Qi asked Zhuge Liang several times to teach the art of self-security, but Zhuge Liang every time to decline, Liu Qi will be in a banquet with the house to make Zhuge Liang to say the solution, Zhuge Liang asked Liu Qi: "Do not you see Shen Sheng within the danger, the heavy ear outside and security? (Don't you see that during the Spring and Autumn Period, Shen Sheng was in danger inside, but Chong Er was at peace outside?)" Liu Qi understands his meaning, just as Huang Zu was killed by the Sun army, Liu Qi was recommended as the governor of Jiangxia.

In August 208, Liu Biao fell ill and died, and his second son, Liu Qiong, succeeded to the throne, heard the news of Cao Cao's southward march, and sent an envoy to surrender. When Liu Bei found out about this in Fancheng, he fled south with his army and people. Cao's army caught up with Liu's army at Chang Ban in Dangyang, and Xu Shu's mother was captured by Cao Cao's army, so Xu Shu had to surrender to Cao Cao. When Liu Bei arrived at Xiakou, Sun Quan sent Lu Su to observe the situation and suggested to Liu Bei to ask for help from Sun Quan, Zhuge Liang recommended himself to Chaisang to make a speech, and Zhuge Liang became friends with Lu Su. After arriving at Chaisang, Zhuge Liang met with Sun Quan and gave him two choices: "If you can use the people of Wu and Yue to fight against China, you might as well break off relations with Cao Cao early. ; the other option was to agitate, "If you can't stand up to it, why don't you case your troops and gird your armor, and fight to the north! (If you think you can't resist, why don't you stop your military operations and submit to the north? (If you think you can't resist, why don't you stop your military operations and submit to the north?) "North" has a double meaning here: one is that Cao Cao was in the north at the time; the other is that when a ruler and his subjects meet, the subjects usually face north."

Sun Quan, however, asked Zhuge Liang why Liu Bei did not surrender. Zhuge Liang then raises Liu Bei's stature, saying that Liu Bei has the courage to never surrender, in order to show Sun Quan that Liu Bei is determined. Sun Quan is furious and vows not to surrender to Cao Cao, but has concerns about how many soldiers Liu Bei has left to fight. Zhuge Liang finally analyzed the situation of the two armies, first of all, from the army scattered soldiers returned and Guan Yu water army has 10,000 people, plus Liu Qi Fan Jiangxia soldiers are not less than 10,000 people; and then say that Cao Cao's army far from tired, chasing Liu Bei, but also with light cavalry a day and night line of more than 300 miles, it is the "end of the crossbow, the potential can not wear onyx"; and the northern people do not know how to practice water warfare, Jingzhou The people of Jingzhou were forced to obey Cao Cao, but not their hearts; finally, they said that Cao Cao could definitely be defeated. Sun Quan was very happy, and was later persuaded by Lu Su and Zhou Yu, and decided to join forces with Liu against Cao Cao. He sent Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, and Lu Su with 30,000 sailors to fight Cao Cao. Zhuge Liang returned to Liu Bei with his army, and in November, Cao Cao was defeated at Red Cliff and returned to the north.

Adequate food and soldiers

After the Battle of Chibi, in December, Liu Bei pacified the four counties in Jingnan and appointed Zhuge Liang as the general of the military division, living in the masses, and supervising the three counties of Zuoling, Guiyang, and Changsha, and was responsible for adjusting the taxes and enriching the military resources. 211, Liu Zhang, the shepherd of the Yizhou province, sent Fazheng to ask Liu Bei to assist in the attack on Zhang Lu. Zhuge Liang then defended Jingzhou with Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. In December of the following year, Liu Bei broke with Liu Zhang and attacked Chengdu. Zhuge Liang and Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun, etc. into Shu to help, leaving Guan Yu in charge of Jingzhou defense, divided troops to pacify the counties, together with Liu Bei siege of Chengdu. In 214, Liu Zhang surrendered, and Liu Bei became the master of Yizhou.

Zhuge Liang received 500 pounds of gold, 1,000 pounds of silver, 50 million dollars, 1,000 pieces of brocade, and was appointed General of the Military Division, acting as the left general's office. In the year 220, Cao Pi usurped the throne of Han, and in the year 221, after hearing the news of Emperor Xian's murder, he advised Liu Bei, who had already become the King of Hanzhong, to take the throne as the Emperor, and Liu Bei refused to do so. So Liu Bei only agreed, Zhuge Liang as prime minister recorded Shangshu thing, fake section. In the same year, Zhang Fei died, Zhuge Liang led the Secretary of the school lieutenant.

Orphaned

222 years in August, Baidi Orphaned Liu Bei in the east to recapture Jingzhou on the way to be defeated, retreated to Yongan, Zhuge Liang sighed a pity that Fazheng died, otherwise it will be able to stop Liu Bei's move to the east. To 223 years in February, Liu Bei is seriously ill, called Zhuge Liang to Yongan, and Li Yan together to entrust the aftermath, Liu Bei said to Zhuge Liang: "Jun talent ten times Cao Pi, will be able to secure the country, the final set of great things. If the heir can be assisted, assist him; if he is not talented, you can take it for yourself. （If your talent is ten times that of Cao Pi, you will be able to settle the country and accomplish great things. If the heir (Liu Chan) can be assisted, then assist him; if he is not talented, you may take your own measure.)" Zhuge Liang sobbed and said, "I dare not exhaust my strength, serve my loyalty, and die afterward! (I will surely exhaust the strength of my strands to serve the loyalty and chastity of the sect until I die!)" Liu Bei also asked Liu Chan and his other sons to regard Zhuge Liang as their father.

Extended to April, Liu Bei died, Liu Zen succeeded to the throne, and appointed Zhuge Liang as the Marquis of Wuxiang, opened the official office. Soon, and then led the Yizhou pastor, the size of the political affairs, Liu Zen are dependent on Zhuge Liang, Zhuge Liang decision. Originally, the South China region due to Liu Bei defeat and take the opportunity to rebel, Zhuge Liang because the country has just passed away the monarch, not to send troops, and sent Deng Zhi and Chen Zhen went to the East Wu to repair.

South expedition

Until the spring of 225 years, Zhuge Liang led the army on the south expedition, before the trip, Liu Zen gave Zhuge Liang gold flerovium battle-axe a set, the curve cover a, before and after the feather program drums and blowers each a, Huben sixty people. After Zhuge Liang deep into the barren land (idiom: barren for today's Myanmar northern territory of eight mo) crusade to loosen Yong, Meng, Zhuge Liang to take the advice of the senator Ma Su, to attack the heart of the main, first defeated Yong loosen army, and then seven captured and seven indulgence Meng, to the fall to calm all the chaos (see Zhuge Liang's southern campaign). After Shu Han stabilized and gained a certain amount of troop replenishment in Nanzhong, after a long period of accumulation, it had the foundation for the Northern Expedition.

Northern Expedition

Six out of Qishan

1, Jianxing six years (228) spring, Zhu Geliang beforehand to sound take the diagonal valley road to take the medieval, let Zhao Yun Deng Zhi set up a doubtful army to attract Cao Zhen heavy troops, their own rate of the army attack Qishan (northwest of Xihe County, Gansu). The three counties of Nan'an, Tianshui and Anding on the right side of Gansu turned against Wei and attached themselves to Shu. Zhang He went out to reject them and defeated Ma Su at Jieting. Zhuge Liang returns to Hanzhong by pulling out more than a thousand homes in the western counties. This is the first time out of Qishan.

2, the same year (228) winter, Zhuge Liang out of the scattered pass (southwest of Baoji City, Shaanxi) around Chencang (Baoji City, east), food and return to Hanzhong. Wei general Wang Shuang to chase, was beheaded.

3, Jianxing seven years (229) in the spring, Zhuge Liang sent Chen style attack Wudu (Gansu Province, around Cheng County), Yinping (Gansu Province, around Wen County) two counties. Guo Huai, the assassin of Yongzhou, led the troops to save it, and Liang went out to Jianwei (west of Xihe County, Gansu Province), and Guo Huai retreated. He was then able to obtain the two counties.

4, Jianxing eight years (230) in the fall, the Wei army three attack Hanzhong, Sima Yi go Xicheng (Shaanxi Province, northwest of Ankang County), Zhang He go Ziwu Valley, Cao Zhen go oblique valley. Zhuge Liang stationed his troops at Chenggu (east of Chenggu County, Shaanxi Province) and Chiban (twenty miles east of Yangxian County, Shaanxi Province). When it rained heavily for more than thirty places, the Wei army retreated. In the same year (230), Zhuge Liang made Wei Yan, Wu Yi west into the Qiangzhong, defeated the Wei rear general Fei Yao (Yao), Yongzhou assassin Guo Huai in Yangxi (Nan'an County, when in Gansu Province, Wushan southwest of the area).

5, Jianxing nine years in February, Zhuge Liang rate of the army attack Qishan, began to wooden oxen transportation. When Cao Zhen is seriously ill, Sima Yi supervised the Guanzhong generals out of the refusal. Zhuge Liang cut wheat in Shangji (Tianshui County, Gansu Province). Sima Yi chased Liang to Hancheng (Tianshui city and Gangu between), dug camp self-defense, "fear of Shu such as fear of tigers" ridicule. In May, Sima Yi and Zhuge Liang war, Wei Yan and other generals captured the enemy armor head 3,000 levels, 5,000 collars of armor, 3,100 crossbows. In June, Li Yan called for Liang to return because of the lack of food transportation. Zhang He chased Liang's retreating troops to the wooden gate and was killed by an arrow. This is the second out of Qishan.

6, Jianxing twelve years (234) in February, Zhuge Liang rate of the army out of the oblique valley road, according to the Wugong Wuzhangyuan (Shaanxi Province, Qishan South), cantonment in the Weibin. Sima Yi held his position and did not come out. In August, Zhuge Liang died in Wuzhangyuan. Yang Yi led the army back, there is a "dead Zhuge walking birth Zhongda" thing.

The six military, out of Qishan only twice. The fourth use of troops is defense, Shu Wei did not fight.

[edit]Zhuge Liang chronology

A.D. Age Life and deeds

Guanghe 4 years 181 years 1 years old A.D. 181 lunar calendar on the 14th day of the 4th month Zhuge Liang was born in Luangxie Yangdu (present-day Yinan County, Shandong).

Zhongping 6 years 189 years 9 years old Zhuge Liang's birth mother Zhang died.

初平3年 192年 12岁 Zhuge Liang's father Zhuge Gui died.

First year of Xingping 194 years old 14 years old Zhuge Liang, his younger brother Zhuge Jun, and his younger sister are adopted by his uncle Zhuge Xuan, and his brother Zhuge Jin goes to Jiangdong with his stepmother.

In 195, Zhuge Liang's uncle Zhuge Xuan becomes the governor of Yuzhang, and he and his younger siblings go to Yuzhang (now Nanchang) with his uncle.

Jian'an 2 197 17 years old Zhuge Xuan died of illness. Zhuge Liang and his younger siblings moved to Xiangyang (now Xiangfan, Hubei).

In the 4th year of Jian'an, at the age of 19, Zhuge Liang and his friend Xu Shu studied under Mr. Sima Hui.

Jian'an 12 years 207 years 27 years old Liu Bei went to Xiangyang (present-day Xiangfan, Hubei Province) to pay three visits to the cottage, Zhuge Liang to Liu Bei Chen said "Longzhong pair". He then went out to assist Liu Bei.

Jian'an 13th year 208 years old 28 years old Zhuge Liang traveled to the East Wu and convinced the Wu master Sun Quan to fight against Cao Cao.

In the 14th year of Jian'an, at the age of 209, Zhuge Liang was appointed as the general of the military division.

Jian'an 16th year 211 years 31 years old Zhuge Liang and Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun defend Jingzhou.

Jian'an 19th year 214 years 34 years old Zhuge Liang left Guan Yu to guard Jingzhou, and split his army with Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun to meet Liu Bei. Liu Bei captured Chengdu, Zhuge Liang was appointed General of the military division, acting as the left general's office.

Jian'an 20 years 215 years 35 years old Zhuge Liang rectified the internal affairs of Ba Shu.

Jian'an 23 years 218 years 38 years old Zhuge Liang stays in Ba Shu to supply Liu Bei who is fighting in Hanzhong.

Shu zhangwu first year 221 years 41 years old Liu Bei claimed the title of emperor, the state name "Han", history called Shu Han or Shu. Zhuge Liang was appointed Prime Minister.

Sichuan Jianxing first year 223 years 43 years old Liu Bei defeated Baidi City, Yongan to Zhuge Liang. Liu Bei died, Liu Chan assumed the throne, and appointed Zhuge Liang as Marquis of Wuxiang, leading the Yizhou pastor.

Shu Jianxing 2 years 224 years 44 years Zhuge Liang adjusted the internal affairs of Sichuan.

Shu Jianxing 3 years 225 years 45 years old Zhuge Liang leads the army on a southern expedition to pacify the southern barbarians.

5 years of Jianxing in Shu 227 years 47 years old Zhuge Liang goes to the "Formation of the Division" and sets up troops in Hanzhong for a northern expedition on the same day.

Shu Jianxing 6 years 228 years 48 years old, the northern expedition lost Jiejuting, Zhuge Liang beheaded Ma Su, relegated himself to the right general, the execution of the Prime Minister.

Sichuan Jianxing 7 years 229 years 49 years old Zhuge Liang again northern expedition, captured Wudu, Yinping, restored the position of prime minister.

In the 8th year of Jianxing of Shu, at the age of 230 and 50, Zhuge Liang launched another northern expedition.

Shu Jianxing 9 years 231 years 51 years old Zhuge Liang's northern expedition to attack Qishan, defeated the Wei army, and ambushed and killed Zhang He, a famous general of Wei, at the Wood Gate.

In the 11th year of Jianxing in Shu, at the age of 233, Zhuge Liang builds a pavilion in Xiegu and collects grain.

In the 12th year of Jianxing of Shu, at the age of 234, Zhuge Liang died at Wuzhangyuan of illness after another northern expedition.

[Edit Paragraph]Historical Evaluation

Chen Shou "Three Kingdoms": Zhuge Liang's for the Xiangguo also, caressing the people, showing the rituals, about the official position, from the system of power, open sincere, cloth justice; loyal and beneficial to the time, although the hatred must be rewarded, although the law of negligence, although the relatives must be punished, serving the crime of the loss of love, although the release of the heavy, although the rhetoric of the clever, although the light must be killed; the good is not a micro and do not reward, no evil is not a fiber and not to be depreciated; the common people things are concise, the physical nature of their own. The name is responsible for the truth, hypocrisy is not tooth; finally, within the state, salty fear and love, although the penal government is harsh and no complaints, to its heart flat and exhortation Ming also. Can be said to recognize the good talent of governance, pipe, Xiao's subpar carry on. However, he failed to succeed in moving the masses in successive years, which was not his specialty!

Yuan Zi (袁子)：The law is strict and the people of the country are happy to obey it, and the people do their best but do not complain. His soldiers were like guests in and out of the country, and he did not make any enemy, and the mowers did not hunt, as if they were in the country. His soldiers also used the military, stopping like a mountain, advancing and retreating like the wind, and on the day of the soldiers' departure, the world shook, and the people did not worry. Liang died so far several decades, the country people song Si, such as the week people think of Zhao Gong also, Confucius said "Yong also can make the south face", Zhuge Liang has.

Liu Bei: "Lone Kong Ming, as if the fish have water. May you not repeat." "Jun talent ten times Cao Pi, will be able to secure the country, the final set of great things. If the heir is capable of assisting him, let him do so; if he is not, you may take him for yourself."

Sima Hui: "How can a Confucian scholar recognize the times? The only thing that matters is the talent. There will be a dragon and a phoenix in this world."

Meng Yu: "Gong, the might of heaven is also there, the South will not be able to revolt again."

Jia Yan: "Zhuge Liang is good at governing."

Liu Ye: "Zhuge Liang knows how to rule and is a phase."

Xu Shu: "This person can see, can not bend to also. Generals should be in vain to care." "Zhuge Kongming, Crouching Dragon also."

Zhang descent: "public reward is not left far, the penalty is not a near, Jennifer can not be taken without merit, the penalty is not free of noble potential, this is the reason why the wise and the foolish legitimately forget their own."

Yang Hong: "Western soil salty service Zhu Geliang can do all the time people's tools also."

Ma Liang: "Your brother should be Zanshi, with the industry light country, the spirit of the sign is far away. The change to use elegant thinking, the trial of noble dying Ming, in order to simple talent, appropriate for its time. If it is and the light is pleasant to the far, Mai De Tianyang, so that the time closed to hear, the world served in the road, Qi Gao Miao sound, Zheng, Wei sound, and beneficial to the matter, no phase to take away from Lun, this is the pipe and string of the to, teeth, Kuang's tune."

Fan Jian: "hear evil will change, but not reserved, reward and punishment of the letter of the curse feel God."

Zhang Wen: "But Zhuge Liang, who is a master of counting, must know that it is appropriate for the gods to consider Qu Shen, and that he has been favored by the imperial court with heavenly coverage, and that he will have no doubt about what he has done."

Sima Yi: "This is the world's greatest talent!"

In Yang Yu's "Praise for the Auxiliary Ministers of the Han Dynasty", he praised Chancellor Zhuge: "His loyalty to the martial arts, his dedication to the riverside, and his ability to climb over the Wu River to the Shu River, have given him the power to be the true king of the world. Received by the legacy of the A Heng, the entire military Qiwen, the perfumed moral teachings, the management of things to move the wind, the wise and the foolish competing for the heart, the legitimate forget their own bodies. The birth of a quiet state, the four descendants to appease, and repeatedly to the enemy court, really show its power, research and refinement of the great powers, hate in the non-evening. "

Xi Long and Xiang Chuang: "Liang's virtue has been recognized far and wide, and he has been honored for his service for many generations."

Sima Yan: "Good, so that I can get this person to support themselves, how can I have today's labor?"

Fu Gan: "Zhuge Liang is a great ruler and a good strategist."

Guo Chong: "He is a great advisor."

Guo Chong: "Jincheng Guo Chong thought Liang power wisdom and strategy, more than the tube, Yan, the work has not yet been done, the theorists are confused, the article Liang five things hidden from the world, such as the treasure can not be difficult. Fufeng Wang Liran good punch."

Liu Zen issued an edict: "The battle of Jie Ting, blamed by Ma Su, and Jun cited offense, deep since the depreciation, heavy violation of the intention of the gentleman, listen to the guard. The year before last, Yew Division, cut off Wang Shuang cut off the cut off the cut off; this year, I have levied, Guo Huai disappeared; drop set of 氐, Qiang, recovered the two counties, Wei Zhen ferocious, the merit is obvious. Fang today under the harassment, the original evil is not lord, Jun received a great responsibility, dry country of the weight, and long since the churning loss, not so light to carry forward the flood of martyrdom carry on. This time to resume Jun Prime Minister, Jun its do not resign." "But the gentleman body capital of literature and martial arts, Ming Rui Ducheng, by the legacy of the orphan, Kuangsui my body, following the end of the emerging micro, the will to save the chaos; I whole six divisions, no year without marching, Shenwu Huran, Wei Zhen eight wildernesses, will build a special merit in the quarter Han, Sen Yi, Zhou's great achievements. How not to hang, the matter is dying, the disease fell dead! I used to mourn, liver heart as if cracked. If Chongde order merit, discipline line order posthumous, so light show the future, publication of immortality. This time to make the section of the left general Du Qiong, presented Jun Prime Minister Wuxiang Marquis seal ribbon, posthumous Jun Zhongwu Marquis. Soul and spirit, Jiaz favor and honor. Woo-hoo woe! Woo-hoo woe!"

Later generations praised Zhuge Liang's loyalty and deeds, such as:

Kangxi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty: "Zhuge Liang cloud: bow to exhaustion, and then die. For the human minister, only Zhuge Liang can be so ear."

Tang Dynasty Sun Woodcutter: "Wuhou died almost five hundred years, so far the people of Liang and Han, the song of the legacy of the martyrdom of the temple and the sacrifices such as in, its love for the people so long."

Mei Tao, Western Jin Dynasty, praised Tao Kan: "The machine is like Wei Wu, loyal and diligent as Kong Ming."

The Eastern Jin Dynasty's Chang Qu said, "He ruled the country with courtesy and the people had no complaints, and he did not abuse lynchings, and he did not have any tears."

Wang Tong of the Sui Dynasty: "If Zhuge Liang does not die, then the rites and music will flourish."

"Tang Wenji" recorded Shang Chi in the "Zhuge Wuhou Temple Inscription Preface," said: "To the official book temple food, into the unpublished canon, a mountain, every wind and grass movement, the shape of the band of God, if the year of drought, the state prayed for, can be a cloud of rain, it is said to survive and no one are welfare, life and death of the ancient and modern one. Death is not immortal, but is more valuable than life." Another Lu Wen's "Zhuge Wuhou Temple Records" said: "Daxun has not yet set, the sky to take away its spirit. Sincerity without forgetting, Bing in the sun and moon, the gas does not disperse. Long for thunderstorms."

Du Fu, a famous poet of the Tang Dynasty, was very appreciative of the deeds of Zhuge Liang, and wrote several poems about Zhuge Liang, including "Shu Xiang" (among which there are two with the same name Shu Xiang), "Wing Hai Gu Gu Shi", "Zhuge Kongming", "Eight Formations", "Cypress Row", "Marquis of Wuhou Temple", "Temple of Zhuge", and "Pavilion Night". Among them, in "The Minister of Shu", "The Three Guards often trouble the world's plans, and the two dynasties open the hearts of the old ministers. In the "Minister of Shu", "The Three Guards often trouble the world's plans, and the two dynasties are a blessing to the old minister's heart.

Other poets have also made a lot of poems appreciating Zhuge Liang, such as the great poet of the Tang Dynasty Li Bai's "read Zhuge Wuhou passes the book Huai, presented to Changan Cui Shaofu Shufeng Kunji", the Song Dynasty politicians and writers, Wang Anshi's "Zhuge Wuhou", the Ming Dynasty writer Yang Shen's "Wuhou Ancestral Shrine", the modern historian Guo Moruo's "Sichuan Road", and the modern politicians, Dong Bimu, Lu Tingyi, and so on.

Mao Zedong commented: "Its beginning is mistaken in the Longzhong pair, a thousand miles away and two divided forces. Its end is Guan Yu, Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang three points of force, and not defeated." The meaning of the first sentence is that Zhuge Liang's strategy is not good, Jingzhou is thousands of miles away from Yizhou, the division of troops in two places is bound to make Shu Han lose the advantage of strength. The latter sentence refers to Guan Yu's defense of Jingzhou, Liu Bei's attack on Eastern Wu, and Zhuge Liang's northern expedition to the Central Plains. The historical fact of "three forces" eventually led to Shu Han's great loss of strength and the foundation for the unification of China. However, some people disagree with Mao Zedong's analysis that the Longzhong Pairing was intended to support the Jingzhou army's northern expedition with all the Jingzhou states in the "South China Sea", plus the pincer strategy of Yizhou, but Liu Bei failed to achieve it, and the loss of the South County caused Guan Yu to lose the advantage in the Battle of Xiangfan, rather than as a result of the two-partitioning of the army. On the other hand, Mao Zedong commented on the historical events of the loss of Jieting and the beheading of Ma Su: "In the first battle, Liang should have led his own troops." That Zhuge Liang should personally lead the army to advance and dispatch in the battlefield, and should not be dispersed troops, and entrusted to others.

Chengdu Wuhou Temple Zhuge Liang Hall hanging heart attack, for the Qing Dynasty scholar Zhao Fan made. This association has attracted the attention of Mao Zedong, etc., and its content is:

" can attack the heart of the counter side of the elimination, from ancient times to know the military is not a good war;

do not examine the situation that is lenient and strict are all wrong, and then the rule of Shu to be thought. "

Sun Yat-sen, the founding father of the Republic of China, praised Zhuge Liang in the Three Principles of the People's Republic of China: "Zhuge Liang is very talented, so in the western Sichuan can set up a very good government, and can be six out of Qishan to go to the northern expedition, and Wu Wei Tripod and three." .

[Edit Paragraph]Achievements in governance

The Three Kingdoms: Zhuge Liang's for the Xiangguo also, caressing the people, showing the rituals, about the official position, from the system of power, open the heart of sincerity, the cloth of justice; loyal and beneficial to the time of the person who is collating must be rewarded, although the law of the person who is lazy, although the pro must be punished, serving the crime of the loss of the person who is heavy must be released, although the rhetoric of cleverly adorned must be killed; the good is no micro and not rewarded, the evil is no fiber and not depreciated; the common things are refined, the physics of their own, the falsehood is not the truth. The name is responsible for the truth, hypocrisy is not tooth; finally, within the state, salty fear and love, although the penal government is harsh and no complaints, to its heart flat and exhortation Ming also. Can be said to recognize the good talent of governance, pipe, Xiao's subpar carry on.

"Three Kingdoms": and prepare to demise, heir to a young and weak, no matter how small, Liang are specialized. So even outside the East Wu, within the Ping South Vietnam, legislation, Shi Duo, organize the military brigade, mechanical skills, things into the extreme, science and education is strict and clear, the rewards and punishments must believe that no evil is not punished, no good is not obvious, to the mandarins do not allow adultery, the people Huai from the severe, the road is not, strong does not invade the weak, and the wind and culture of the clean up also. The Three Kingdoms: the populace remembers and thinks that the mouth is true. So far, Liang, Yi's people, consulting about Liang, the words are still in the ear, although Gantang's song of Zao Gong, Zheng's song of ZiYan, no far from the example. Meng Ke said: "to make the people in the way of ease, although labor is not complaint; to kill people in the way of life, although death is not wrath." I believe it! The commentators or blame the bright literary color is not colorful, and too Ding Ning Zhou Zhi. I thought Carefree is also a great sage, Zhou Gong saint also, the examination of the book, Carefree's plan slightly and elegant, Zhou Gong's enjoin annoying and know. What is the reason? Carefree and Shun, Yu **** talk, the Duke of Zhou and the group under the oath. The bright with the words, all the people of the mortal soldiers, so its text refers to not and far away. However, his voice teachings, all things by the synthesis of things, public sincerity of the heart, shaped in the ink, enough to know the intention of his people, and have to make up for the current world.

The Three Kingdoms: "Huangshatun, opened by Zhuge Liang."

Sima Yan: Good, if I get this person to support themselves, there will not be today's labor!

The Three Kingdoms: Prime Minister Zhuge Liang Hongyi Zhongzhuang, forgetting to worry about the country.

Jia Yan: Zhuge Liang good governance.

Liu Bei: Jun talent ten times Cao Pi, will be able to secure the country, the final set of major events. I have Kongming, as if the fish has water.

"Water Classic? Jiangshui": "Zhuge Liang's northern expedition, this weir of agriculture, the country's capital, to levy Ding thousand two hundred people to protect the Lord, there are weir officials."

"Pu'er Fu Zhi - monuments": "Wuhou traveled through the six mountains, stayed in the gong in the Youle, set the copper trowel in the Mangzhi, buried iron bricks in the brute bricks, left the wooden bang in the Yibang, buried the stirrups in the Gedeng, set the bag in the Man withdrew, the solid to the name of its mountain."

"Shu phase" wrote Zhuge Kongming: three Gu frequently annoyed the world plan, two dynasty Kaiji old ministers heart. He died before he was able to accomplish his mission, and his tears filled his lapels.

Zhuge Liang in Hanzhong Huushi persuade agriculture during the full use of Hanzhong generous economic conditions, according to the local conditions to take a series of effective measures to develop production, so that the Northern Expeditionary Army basically on the ground to be resolved, Zhuge Liang died, the retreat of the army, the Wei army is still in Shu camp, "to get the book, grain and cereals are very many". This shows that Zhuge Liang Huoshi persuade agriculture, the implementation of the effect of military farming war is remarkable. Local people live well, you can recruit more people, so that the sparsely populated Hanzhong re-development, and gradually arrived at more people, more food virtuous cycle, so that the people "live in peace, happy with their jobs". Only a rich country and strong military, in order to maintain the long-term stability of the ruling class.

The Zhuge Liang "heel track increase building" "Shanheyan" and other water conservancy projects are still the largest water conservancy projects in the Hanzhong area irrigation area. According to Mr. Li Yi Zhi investigation and know, "the mountain river weir still irrigation Berg Cheng field more than eight thousand acres, irrigation Nanzheng County field more than thirty thousand zero six hundred acres, irrigation wine County more than seven thousand acres, * * * more than forty-six thousand acres." The six famous pools in Hanzhong City are still being utilized today. According to archaeological survey statistics, the region still retains more than seventy ancient weirs since the Han Dynasty, some weirs and canals have been used by successive generations of maintenance, has been extended to the present day. At the same time around the inheritance and learning from ancient experience in the development and utilization of water resources on the basis of a large number of additional ponds, reservoirs, reservoirs and other water facilities. Mianxian County alone can save more than 100,000 cubic meters of water in thirty-seven reservoirs; ponds and reservoirs amounted to more than 300; winter paddy still has more than 50,000 acres. From the unearthed ponds and reservoirs, paddy field model and today's comparison, enough to show that the region since the Han Dynasty, in the extensive development and utilization of water resources, the development of agricultural production, has been adapted to the local conditions, in the form of small-scale construction of weirs and ditches, ponds and reservoirs, and gradually change the hilly terrain into a good field. The above facts show that the Hanzhong basin ancient farmland water conservancy facilities so far produced by the actual utility and continuous improvement of the utilization, and Zhu Geliang when in Hanzhong Hugh on the advice of agriculture, open up farmland, repair water conservancy, the development of production of great achievements is inseparable.

[edit]Artistic Attainments

I. Calligraphy

Far-reaching Post Zhuge Liang lived in an era when the art of Chinese calligraphy was maturing. Four years before his birth, in the sixth year of Han Lingdi's Xiping reign (177 A.D.), the term "calligraphy" was first used to refer to inscribed texts. This marked the formal separation of "writing" as a tool of communication and "calligraphy" as a unification of aesthetic appreciation and practicality, and the gradual development of the latter into a unique art - the art of calligraphy. -Calligraphy. At this time, Han Li had become the dominant script with a distinctive style, and at the same time created Cursive Script, Running Script and Regular Script, making the five basic styles of Seal Character, Clerical Script, Cursive Script, Running Script and Regular Script complete.

Zhuge Liang loved calligraphy and trained hard as a teenager, and was able to write a wide range of fonts, with excellent calligraphy in seal script, octavo, and cursive script. During the Southern Dynasty? Liang Tao Hongjing is a great calligrapher, his book "Sword and Sword Record" recorded: "Shu Zhangwu yuan year Xinchou (221 AD), picking Jinniu Mountain iron, cast eight iron sword, each three feet six inches long, ...... and is the Kongming book style corner place." . Yu Li "ancient tripod record" recorded: "Zhuge Liang killed Wang Shuang, also Dingjun Mountain, cast a tripod, buried in Hanchuan, the text said: Dingjun tripod. Also made eight tripod, sunk in the water of Yongan, all in big seal script." "In the second year of the first lord Zhangwu (222 A.D.), he cast a tripod in Hanchuan, named Kehan tripod, and placed it in the cave of C. The eight seal script ...... also cast a tripod in Wutan Mountain, Chengdu, named Receiving Ch'an tripod; and another tripod in the mouth of Jianshan Mountain, named Jianshan tripod. And small seal script, all Wuhou trace." "In the third year of Zhangwu (A.D. 223), Yi made two tripods, one with the king of Lu, with the text saying: 'Fortune and prosperity are appropriate for a marquis.' The first was for the king of Liang, and the text said: 'Great auspiciousness, suitable for the king of the dukes.' And ancient clerical script, three feet high, all Wuhou trace." In the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhou Yue's Ancient and Modern Calligraphy Garden also recorded: "The first lord of Shu made three tripods, all in Wuhou's seal script and eight points, extremely skillful."

These are the most important of the three tripods.

The above records are credible, especially Tao Hongjing of the Southern Dynasty, only two hundred years from Zhuge Liang, his insights and accounts should be based on facts. Song Huizong Xuanhe House of the "Xuanhe book spectrum" volume 13 records: Zhu Geliang "good painting, but also like to make cursive characters, although not known as the book, the world to get its remains, will be treasured play". Also said: "now the imperial collection of cursive one:" far away post "." This shows that by the end of the Northern Song Dynasty (1119-1125 AD) in the palace also treasured Zhuge Liang's calligraphy. Southern Song Dynasty Chen Si "small history of the book" records: Zhu Geliang "good at its seal script eight points, this post has 'Xuanmo Taiji, mixed yin and yang' and other words, special work.

From the Song Dynasty, the famous calligraphy of the former copying and topography down, in order to circulate, called "French post". This record shows: in the Song dynasty Zhuge Liang's calligraphy is as a demonstration of the significance of the "law post" popular in the world. Zhuge Liang in the busy political and military activities, always forget calligraphy. Changde Province records: "Wolong ink pool in Yuanjiang County, thirty miles west of the Wolong Temple. Popular legend says that Han Zhuge Wuhou wash ink in this temple, because of the name." We know that Zhuge Liang's activities in the Changde area time, is in the Red Cliff War after the war, the war is very tense and frequent, but he still did not forget the pool waving the brush.

Unfortunately, now can not see its calligraphy, which can only hope that the discovery of archaeology.