What are the influencing factors of enterprise competitiveness?

Since the reform and opening up, China's small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have developed vigorously, and have made important contributions to promoting economic growth, increasing employment and international trade. Facing the trend of global economic integration, SMEs must give full play to their relative technological advantages, location advantages, internalization advantages, marketing advantages and characteristic product advantages, and accelerate the pace of internationalization operation, so as to make a greater contribution to the sustained and rapid growth of China's economy. The internationalization of SMEs is an objective need for the development of SMEs to a certain stage, and an important symbol of the maturity of SMEs. Enterprise internationalization has become a historical trend of the modern world economy, if China's small and medium-sized enterprises can not adapt to this trend or the new situation is indifferent, will be eliminated in the fierce international competition.

I. The necessity of internationalization of China's small and medium-sized enterprises

The development of internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises for the expansion of China's foreign economic exchanges, to promote the development of domestic economic and social development, as well as to improve the international competitiveness of the enterprise itself has a positive role that can not be ignored.

1, conducive to China's attraction and utilization of foreign capital

To achieve China's modernization requires a large amount of construction funds, which can not be raised only by domestic. Encourage small and medium-sized enterprises to internationalize their operations, on the one hand, can attract foreign capital by way of Sino-foreign joint ventures; on the other hand, they can make profits and earn foreign exchange by way of exporting their products, exporting their labor, and setting up enterprises abroad.

2, conducive to the better use of domestic and international resources

At present, with the implementation of the structural adjustment strategy, China's large, medium and small enterprises are in the process of reconstruction of the interrelationship. We should encourage a part of the small and medium-sized enterprises to join the international division of labor system, join the flexible production system of foreign enterprises to carry out intra-industry trade and intra-company trade. This is a shortcut to promote the upgrading of China's industrial structure, and is also conducive to the full utilization and optimal allocation of various factor resources at home and abroad. In addition, although our country has a large land area, but the average number of resources of the population is very small, with the expansion of China's economic scale, the contradiction between the supply and demand of resources will become more and more prominent, and the relative lack of domestic resources tends to limit the development of enterprises. Therefore, China's small and medium-sized enterprises should go global and utilize international resources to develop our economy.

3, conducive to learning advanced technology and management experience, improve enterprise competitiveness

China's small and medium-sized development is very unbalanced, uneven technology and management level, not strong competitiveness, so China's small and medium-sized enterprises is currently the first task is to rely on technological innovation, product innovation, system innovation to get out of the dilemma. In addition to their own efforts and the use of domestic resources, small and medium-sized enterprises should also draw on, the introduction of foreign advanced technology and management experience. China's small and medium-sized enterprises can also set up factories and stores in industrially developed and technologically advanced countries and regions, establish joint ventures or joint ventures, and in various ways to absorb the local advanced technology ahead of the world, and then transferred back to the domestic market, thereby promoting the improvement of the technical level of the industry of the domestic enterprises and the upgrading of the old equipment. Therefore, China's small and medium-sized enterprises to carry out international business is conducive to adapt to the rapid development of production socialization and specialization requirements, and gradually narrow the gap with foreign small and medium-sized enterprises.

Two, China's small and medium-sized enterprise internationalization business difficulties

1, product technology content is low, lack of international competitiveness

The core competitiveness of the product stems from scientific and technological innovation, compared with enterprises in developed countries, China's small and medium-sized enterprises, most of the advanced equipment is less, the ability of technological innovation is poor, the technological content of the product is low, low value-added. At the same time, enterprises generally lack the ability to continue to develop unique products and continuous invention of proprietary technology, the conversion rate of scientific research results is also relatively low. Because of this, China's small and medium-sized enterprises in the international market mainly to win at low prices, resulting in anti-dumping behavior of the countries and regions where the market is located, and the loss of many overseas markets for some products. At the same time, due to China's domestic product standards are relatively lower than international standards or foreign advanced standards, so that foreign countries can block the exports of China's small and medium-sized enterprises through technical barriers. From the current development trend, China's restricted product varieties are more and more, set up technical barriers to countries and regions are also more and more, technical barriers to trade has become China's small and medium-sized enterprises the biggest obstacle to the internationalization of business.

2, market information is not good, the lack of in-depth understanding of the international market

Internationalization of business enterprises must quickly insight into the international market, fully predict market changes. China's small and medium-sized enterprises due to the subjectivity of decision-makers and the closed nature of the operation of a variety of factors, the international market information collection lags behind, the processing of information and feedback function is relatively weak, the lack of a comprehensive and dynamic understanding of the international market. China's small and medium-sized enterprises in the internationalization process does not have the habit of using professional market research power, rarely on the international market to carry out targeted special research or understanding of consumer psychology and consumer behavior characteristics, resulting in the loss of market development trends and potential opportunities to grasp, which impedes its own international business.

3, financing difficulties

Shortage of funds and financing difficulties have become the primary problem plaguing China's small and medium-sized enterprises. International business needs more funds, but China's financial environment is difficult to solve the problem of insufficient funds faced by SMEs in the process of international business. Commercial banks are generally reluctant to provide loans to SMEs due to their low assets, high risks, poor creditworthiness and social prejudice against ownership. In addition, due to legal restrictions, it is difficult for SMEs to raise funds through direct financing means such as issuing corporate bonds and listing shares, as is the case with large enterprises. Although the State established the Small and Medium Enterprises Board (SMEB) in May 2004 in order to solve the problem of SMEs' financial difficulties, the entry threshold of the SMEB is relatively high and out of reach for most SMEs. Due to the lack of capital and narrow financing channels, SMEs are unable to launch some projects with good prospects, which seriously hinders the development of their international operations and puts them in a disadvantageous position in the highly competitive international market.

4, the lack of high-quality personnel with international business capacity

Enterprises to carry out international business must have a good understanding of international practices, familiar with the laws of the international market and international trade law management experience, good at grasping the international market trends of the composite business management personnel. Most of China's small and medium-sized starting point is low, the lack of talent reserves, the existing management and technical personnel knowledge structure is low, senior management personnel and technical personnel is particularly lacking, management experience, for the international market conditions are not allowed to judge. In many cases, small and medium-sized enterprises mainly rely on the management of the market experience and intuition to grasp the market, so it is difficult to form their own international marketing model and the establishment of a stable consumer base, more difficult to compete with other international economic entities.

Three, China's small and medium-sized enterprises for international business countermeasures

1, the government to speed up the formulation of cross-border business and overseas investment strategic planning and regulations

Macro management departments should be combined with China's national conditions and international experience, and to study and formulate China's cross-border business overall strategy, regional strategy, technology strategy, investment strategy and marketing strategy. First of all, the state authority should draft a guiding regulation to make principle regulations on cross-border operation and overseas investment, and then the state departments of finance, financial and foreign exchange management should formulate matching policies and regulations on taxation, credit, foreign exchange and insurance, and then formulate a more complete law after practice.

2, the state should increase financial support

Financial problems have been restricting the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises, especially for international business enterprises is more so, so increase the financial support for small and medium-sized enterprises is to support small and medium-sized enterprises to internationalize the business of an important measure. First, according to the market rules to speed up the formation of the banking industry's orderly competition pattern, to realize the diversified financing tools to improve the financing environment of small and medium-sized enterprises. Secondly, improve the credit guarantee system for SMEs. The central government and local governments at all levels must organically combine the construction of a credit guarantee system for SMEs with the internationalization of SMEs, formulate various supporting laws and regulations in accordance with the local conditions, improve the relevant institutions, and actively innovate the credit services, so as to facilitate the financing of SMEs. Thirdly, the tax burden on SMEs should be reduced, tax incentives for SMEs should be improved and implemented, private investment should be encouraged and promoted, and a unified system of tax incentives should be gradually set up, so that SMEs can be the real beneficiaries. Finally, financial subsidies for SMEs to develop overseas markets should be provided, and the subsidies should be increased and the coverage expanded. In addition, the government can set up a venture fund specializing in serving the innovative activities of high-tech SMEs and encourage all kinds of venture capital institutions to increase their investment in SMEs through tax policies, so as to promote the rapid development of high-tech SMEs.

3, small and medium-sized enterprises should speed up technological innovation, cultivate core competitiveness

Small and medium-sized enterprises can go to the international market and maintain long-term and stable competitive advantage, the key lies in whether the enterprise forms and maintains its own core competitiveness. Core competitiveness comes from the enterprise's core assets, especially intangible assets, such as technology, patents, production skills, complementary knowledge. Only by focusing on cultivating the core assets of enterprises, building their core competitiveness, and vigorously developing their core products and core technologies can SMEs gain a foothold in international competition where there are many strong players. In the light of China's national conditions, to give full play to the special role of SMEs in promoting technological progress and technological innovation and developing high-tech industries, the key is to form an institutional and policy environment that promotes technological progress and technological innovation among SMEs. Firstly, emphasis should be placed on the renewal of equipment and technological transformation of SMEs and the transformation of the traditional economy with the new economy. Secondly, technological innovation bases for small and medium-sized enterprises should be established to improve technological innovation capabilities. Once again, it can strengthen the close contact between SMEs and high-tech enterprises, colleges and universities and scientific research units in the form of collaboration, affiliation and matching, and guide SMEs with certain knowledge and technology base to join the ranks of high-tech industries, such as electronic information, bio-engineering, new medicines, new materials, etc., so as to enhance the industrial structure of SMEs as a whole.

4, strengthen the investment in human resources development

Small and medium-sized international business development requires a large number of multinational business personnel, in order to alleviate the contradiction between the supply and demand of talents, in the short term, small and medium-sized enterprises can be selected to send the practical experience of the management staff, professional and technical personnel to participate in further training, to master the new knowledge of economic theory. In the long run, SMEs can fully implement job training, and invite experts and scholars specialized in international business management, economic and trade, accounting, marketing and foreign languages to open training courses in enterprises, so as to cultivate future transnational business force. If the enterprise has enough strength, it can make over-investment in human resources, and recruit talents from relevant universities, colleges and scientific research institutions, so that they can master the business knowledge as soon as possible in practice, and make sufficient preparation for the enterprise to maintain the advantage of talents. In addition, small and medium-sized enterprises must pay attention to the host country local talent utilization, this is due to China's small and medium-sized enterprises in the product research and development personnel and marketing personnel in the relative shortage, on the other hand, is due to the host country local talent is more familiar with the local market, and can be faster to the changes in the market demand in their own country to make a response.

5, choose the appropriate international business

China's small and medium-sized enterprises should start from their own actual situation, choose a flexible and diverse international business. They can make up for their lack of capital by carrying out joint ventures and cooperative ventures with foreign investors, introducing advanced technology and management, and improving their competitiveness; by carrying out franchising, utilizing the trademarks, technology and business methods of authorized dealers, rapidly expanding their influence and exploring the market; and by collaborating with large enterprises and joining the global manufacturing network. Can be operated through clusters, relying on the "collective" power to seek a stronger competitive advantage; with the help of overseas Chinese business network, the implementation of the "going out" business strategy, the conditions of the enterprise can also be considered in the local direct production.