Why should production tools be taken as the research object of folk art and its aesthetic significance?

As the research object of China folk art, production tools refer to agricultural tools, hand tools and various auxiliary tools which are used by people in productive labor and have formal aesthetic feeling or other aesthetic factors in shape, structure, texture and decoration. Winding car: specially designed and manufactured according to the field operation requirements of communication engineering and the principles of human motion engineering. It has the characteristics of portability, flexibility and high rigidity, and is suitable for receiving and releasing temporary and emergency communication lines in the field. Evolution and types of production tools:? Development of production tools 1. Early tools 2. The development history of tools? Cheng? 3. Classification and aesthetic significance of production tools: handicraft tools and agricultural tools, and means of transportation for fishing, hunting and breeding 1. Handicraft tools and agricultural tools. Means of transport and other fishing, hunting and breeding tools 1. Early tools: Archaeological data show that Yuanmou people in Yunnan, who lived 6.5438+0.7 million years ago, were the earliest people who used tools among human ancestors. The earliest tools used by human ancestors were stone tools made of stone. Making and using tools purposefully distinguishes humans from animals. In addition to stone tools, early tools included wood, bones, horns, shells, pottery and so on. Facts have proved that all the agricultural tools, handicraft tools and auxiliary tools used by people later originated from the original tools, and their functions were expanded on the basis of the original tools. Yuanmou? Second, the development process of tools: the emergence and development of agricultural tools and agriculture are synchronous and promote each other. ? In the primitive agricultural period, agricultural production was extensive, and the materials of farm tools were mainly stones, bones, mussels and wood. Species can be divided into three categories: cultivation, harvesting and processing. ? Farming generally includes shovels, hoes, hoes, etc. Harvesting includes knives, sickles, etc. ? The most common processing types are stone mill and stone mill bar. ? In addition, there are farm tools made of antlers. ? Pottery has been invented and applied for a long time, mainly used for drawing water, storing things and cooking food. Stone tools? Agriculture improved in Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties, but the materials used were mainly wood, stone and bone. At that time, bronze was produced, but it was mostly used for weapons, food containers and ritual vessels. By the end of the western weekend, only some farm tools and harvesting tools were made of bronze. In addition, there is a wooden hammer with a long wooden handle, which is used to break the ground and compact the ridge. In Shang dynasty, Jie gāo, an important tool for pumping and irrigation in agriculture, already existed. Buckets and buckets in the Western Zhou Dynasty were used to get water from ponds and wells for irrigation. Although the variety of farm tools in this period did not increase much and the efficiency was not high, it laid the foundation for the development of iron farm tools later. The rise of iron smelting industry in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period led to a great change in the history of agricultural tools in China: iron tools replaced wood and stone tools, which made a qualitative leap in agricultural productivity. The vast majority of farm tools in the Warring States period were made of wood with iron blades, that is, an iron blade was put on the wood, which greatly improved the production efficiency compared with the past wood and stone farm tools. It is found from the archaeological unearthed objects that the V-shaped iron plow head was used at that time, which is beneficial to reduce the resistance when cultivating land; Iron can increase the turning depth; Iron can be effectively used for weeding, loosening soil, restoring soil and nourishing soil. In addition, an effective threshing farm tool popular in this period has been used by later generations for a long time. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, agricultural tools and implements made of stone, wood and iron were more complete in variety, lighter and more durable in structure and improved in labor efficiency. After the Qin Dynasty unified China, especially since the Han Dynasty, due to the great development of iron smelting industry, not only iron farm tools became more popular, but also with the development of agricultural production, the types of farm tools increased and the quality was greatly improved. After the mid-Western Han Dynasty, the wooden core and iron blade farm tools have been replaced by all-iron farm tools. With the popularization of Niu Geng, the plough has also been innovated. Besides all iron, it has also created a plough wall, which is more conducive to deep ploughing and breaking soil. Juhua used for ditching in the Eastern Han Dynasty weighed 15 kg and was about 40 cm long. Qu Yuan's plough recorded in Lei Ji in Tang Dynasty is more complex and complete in structure, and consists of plough bottom 1 1. It has been able to carry out deep tillage and shallow tillage and adjust the width of cultivated land according to needs, and it is convenient to operate. Since the Han Dynasty, agricultural tools such as hoes and shovels have appeared for leveling soil, hoes and shovels for intertillage, hooks and sickles for harvesting, and they have been gradually improved. The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties also gained new achievements, such as harrowing the land. Another agricultural tool, road and bridge, was also created at this time. The roller [zhóu] and the ground shaft composed of stone frame and wooden frame are a kind of soil crushing compactor. In the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, it developed into a roller with thorns. 2. Classification and aesthetic significance of production tools? First, the classification of tools? The history of mankind begins with making tools. While creating tools, human beings are also creating themselves, culture and history. ? Tools refer to the instruments used by people to process natural objects in the production process, so as to manufacture products. According to the quality of tools, there are stone, bone, pottery, wood, bamboo, iron, copper, silver, etc. According to the function of tools, there are cutting, cutting, cutting, breaking, digging, pottery, chopping, smashing, grinding, planing, sawing, chiseling, engraving, drawing and wiping. ? According to the development stage of tools, there are primitive tools, ancient tools, traditional tools and modern tools. In addition, according to the industry in which tools are used. The research object of folk art is mainly the tools that are still circulating in folk literature in recent generations, are being used and have aesthetic factors and their use environment, so they are divided into agricultural tools, fishing and hunting, aquaculture tools, handicraft tools and other means of transportation according to their uses. Second, the aesthetic significance of tools: when tracing back to the origin of art, art historians believe that the origin of art is synchronous with the origin of tools. Indeed, when people create tools, they are also creating art and creating the laws of art and aesthetics. The principles of formal beauty commonly used in modern times, such as symmetry, uniformity, balance, external circle and internal circle, have been used intentionally or unintentionally in the tools of the Stone Age. As an aesthetic element, the standards of application, conciseness, generality, linearity, order and popularity in modern industrial design can also be found in various traditional tools in the early days. It is a summary of the wisdom, culture and traditional technology of human ancestors to make a comprehensive investigation on the origin, modeling, making and using customs of tools from the aspects of history, culture, art, craft, technology and folk customs, and some of its elements can serve people to create new tools and build material civilization in the future. Agricultural tools and fishing, hunting and breeding tools. Farm tools are the symbol of the technical level of agricultural production. In different historical periods and different geographical regions, farm tools vividly reflect the real situation of social economy and even social system, production scale and production mode. Agricultural tools can be roughly divided into four categories: farming tools, bowl irrigation tools, harvesting tools and processing tools. ? Agricultural tools: mainly plows, harrows, calendars, iron towers, labor, plows, claws, plows, etc. Although they have different structures, shapes and names, their main functions are turning mud and cleaning soil. Plough and rake? Irrigation farm tools: mainly tractors, tractors, ox carts, waterwheels and windmills. Turn an ox cart into a waterwheel? Harvesting farm tools: sickle, sickle, plough, flail, dustpan, windmill and so on. Hand bed? Processing farm tools: Processing farm tools refer to grain processing tools, including grinding, grinding, grinding and other tools. Judging from the history of human development, fishing and hunting activities originated earlier than agriculture, and the domestication of livestock developed with the emergence of primitive agriculture. ? Fishing gear: mainly fishing cards, fishing cages, fishing baskets and various fishing rods and nets. Fish basket fish cage? Hunting tools: bows, arrows, guns, various knives and bird traps. ? Breeding tools: mainly refers to tools used in animal husbandry and sericulture. There are cages for raising poultry, cutting knives and troughs for raising pigs, horses, cattle and other livestock, veterinary equipment and various equipment for raising silkworms. Handicraft tools and transportation. Handicraft Tools Handicraft industry in China has been an important part of social economy since ancient times. When the handicraft industry became independent from agriculture, many tools with smart structure, single function and convenient use appeared in all walks of life. After constant adjustment, collocation and combination, it has been finalized and continues to this day. Woodworking tools: in the traditional handicraft industry, woodworking involves the widest scope and the smallest division of labor. The earliest clay work, tile work and stone work were all included in the category of wood work, and then gradually divided into independent industries. Since modern times, there have been more than 100 kinds of wooden tools, among which saws, axes, chisels, gauges, rulers and Mo Dou are commonly used. ? Brick and tile tools: producing bricks and tiles is a heavy labor. There are not many tools used, mainly trowels, mud cutting bows, mud knives, bow pushers and mud turntables, crocks, end plates, wood grinding brushes, etc. The structure is relatively simple, firm and durable. Mud knife, shovel, mud turntable? Porcelain making tools: China has a long history of porcelain making technology. Compared with the modeling patterns of porcelain products, it is a simple production tool and environment. Reef bank, molding yard, kiln house, etc. Ensure the smooth progress of production. ? Textile tools: Stone and pottery spinning wheels in primitive society were the earliest twisting textile tools, and the perfection of textile machinery was in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Modern textile machinery mainly includes stirrers, slingshots, spinning wheels, winding wheels, reeling wheels, sizing wheels, looms and so on. Fiddling with cars and spinning wheels? Printing and dyeing tools: it is a reprocessing tool for textiles. Among them, there are some blue dyeing tools with certain modeling significance, such as Dzhauari Xie Wen, blue printed paper Wen and Yuan Bao, water leakage frame, scraper and so on. Blue calico sample engraving Jia Val printing plate? Woodblock printing tools: Printing originated in the Song Dynasty, which is one of the "four great inventions" in ancient China and a great contribution of the Chinese nation to mankind. Engraving printing tools include engraving tools and printing tools. Carving tools are mainly all kinds of beautiful tools and rough "knocking"; Printing tools mainly include various printing plates, large and small brushes, erasers, scraping racks and so on. ? Second, transportation and other means? Means of transportation: There are many kinds of transportation work, from boats to small baskets to north baskets. Various folk baskets and baskets are the most common means of storage and transportation. ? Other processing tools: Chinese herbal medicines must be processed before they can be used. The main processing tools are medicine mill, mortar and medicine pot. ? Wonton, bean curd, vermicelli soup, vinegar barrel, spoon fence, fence, bellows, etc. They are all utensils used in the catering industry, featuring complete functions and convenient activities.