List the forms and characteristics of traditional culture and art in China.

Calligraphy is the art of writing Chinese characters. In the long historical evolution and development, on the one hand, Chinese characters play an important social role in the exchange of ideas and cultural heritage, on the other hand, they also form a unique plastic arts. China's writing originated very early, and it developed the writing of writing into an aesthetic stage-it integrated the creator's ideas, thinking and spirit, and it can stimulate the aesthetic feeling of the aesthetic object (that is, the formation of a real sense of calligraphy). China's historical civilization is a diachronic and linear process, and China's calligraphy art shows its development under such a background. In the embryonic period of calligraphy (from Yin Shang Dynasty to the late Han Dynasty), writing experienced the evolution of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, ancient prose (bronze inscriptions), Da Zhuan (bronze inscriptions), Xiao Zhuan, Li Shu (eight points), cursive script, running script and original works. In the heyday of calligraphy (Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to Sui and Tang Dynasties), the art of calligraphy entered a new realm. From seal script to simple cursive script and real calligraphy, it became the mainstream style in this period. The appearance of Wang Xizhi, a great calligrapher, made the art of calligraphy shine brilliantly, and his artistic achievements were highly respected in the Tang Dynasty. At the same time, a number of calligraphers appeared in the Tang Dynasty, such as Yu Shinan, Ou Yangxun, Jun Yiliang, Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan. In calligraphy attainments, each has his own merits and diverse styles. Although there are many works in Ming and Qing dynasties, there are also many works such as real fish and pearls. Therefore, for collectors and collectors in the current art market, we should be cautious when buying and collecting these works.

China traditional painting

Chinese painting, referred to as "Chinese painting" for short, is a painting with a long history and distinctive national characteristics created by the Chinese nation. Chinese painting takes line as the main modeling means, paying attention to pen and ink, so that line, ink and color complement each other and achieve the artistic effect of "vivid charm"; The second feature is "expressing feelings with things, and there are poems in paintings", and the third feature is poetry, which integrates feelings, paintings and printing. Traditional Chinese painting emphasizes "the nature of foreign teachers is the source of China's heart", requires "meaning to save the pen first, and draw as best as possible", and emphasizes the integration of things and the creation of artistic conception, so as to achieve the purpose of describing the spirit with form, having both form and spirit and vivid charm. Because calligraphy and painting are of the same origin, they are closely related to the operation of bone and line, so the seal cutting of calligraphy and painting affects each other and forms a remarkable artistic feature.

Chinese painting can basically be divided into three categories:

Figure painting, landscape painting, flower and bird painting. From Luoshen by Gu Kaizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty to Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival by Zhang Zeduan in the Northern Song Dynasty;

From Tang Bohu's Autumn Fan Map in Ming Dynasty to Zheng Banqiao's Zhu Mei in Qing Dynasty;

From flowers and birds in modern Wu Changshuo to landscapes of Zhang Daqian, shrimps of Qi Baishi and Yuan Zhen of Xu Beihong. Chinese painting.

Horse, wait.

Painters of past dynasties have created countless scrolls, and the Palace Museum has collected thousands of famous paintings. However, the Catalogue of China Paintings published by the University of Tokyo in Japan records 3,900 famous paintings scattered in the United States, Japan, Southeast Asia and other countries.

Paper-cut paper-cut, also called paper carving, is one of the oldest folk arts of Han nationality in China, and its history can be traced back to the 6th century. Window cut or paper cut. The difference is that when creating, some use scissors and some use carving knives. Although the tools are different, the artistic works created are basically the same, which is collectively called paper-cutting. Paper-cutting is a kind of hollow art, which gives people a sense of emptiness and artistic enjoyment visually. Its carrier can be paper, gold foil, silver foil, bark, leaves, cloth, leather and other sheet materials. Paper-cutting is a folk art form with a long history and widely spread in rural areas of China. Paper-cutting is to cut paper into various patterns with scissors, such as window grilles, doormats, wall hangings, ceilings, snuff and so on. The emergence and spread of this folk art is closely related to the festival customs in rural areas of China. On holidays or weddings, people will stick beautiful and bright paper-cuts on white window paper or bright glass windows, walls, doors and lanterns, and the festive atmosphere will be rendered very rich and festive. Paper-cutting has many contents and wide meanings. And plain hope to avoid evil; Dolls, gourds, lotus flowers and other patterns symbolize more children and more happiness, and farmers in China think that more children and more happiness; Poultry, livestock, melons, fruits, fish and insects are closely related to farmers' lives and are also important contents of paper-cutting. Paper-cutting, as a folk art, has strong regional characteristics: Shaanxi window grillage style is simple and unrestrained; Hebei and Shanxi paper-cuts, beautiful and gorgeous; Yixing paper-cut is gorgeous and neat; Nantong paper-cut is exquisite. Although paper-cut is simple to make and simple in shape, it can fully reflect the connotation of people's life and has strong folk characteristics, which is the concentration and exaggeration of many folk art forms in rural areas of China. From the understanding of paper-cutting, we can easily understand other aspects of China folk art. China's folk paper-cut handicraft art has its own formation and development process. The invention of Chinese paper-cutting was in the Western Han Dynasty (3rd century BC). At that time, people used very thin materials to make handicrafts by hollowing out and carving, but it was popular long before paper appeared, that is, patterns were cut on gold foil, leather, silk and even leaves by carving, carving, picking, carving and cutting. According to Records of the Historian Jiantong Di Feng, in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, a king claimed the title of king, and cut a plane tree leaf into a "reed" and gave it to his younger brother, who was named Hou in the Tang Dynasty. During the Warring States Period, leather carvings (one of the cultural relics unearthed from Chu Tomb No.1 in Jiangling, Hubei Province) and silver foil carvings (one of the cultural relics unearthed from Guwei Village in Huixian County, Henan Province) were all demolished together with paper-cutting, and their appearance laid a certain foundation for the formation of folk paper-cutting. The earliest paper-cutting works in China were found in 1967, when China archaeologists discovered two paper-cuts with flowers in the northern tombs of Astana near Gaochang Site in Turpan Basin, Xinjiang. They use hemp paper, all of which are folded sacrificial paper-cuts. Their discovery provides physical evidence for the formation of Chinese paper-cutting. Woodboard New Year pictures are almost the same everywhere. Basically, it is made of hard and delicate pear wood. After the jujube board is carved, it is painted with ink and printed on rice paper that is easy to absorb water. Water-based color pigments are also printed into color New Year pictures in multiple editions, usually with five editions. The most popular is Zhuxian Town New Year Pictures, with nine editions printed. Taohuawu woodblock New Year pictures only use five colors: red, yellow, green, blue and black. Yangliuqing New Year pictures are printed with block prints, and then filled with artificial colors to smudge; Sichuan Mianzhu woodblock New Year pictures are printed with lines first, and then filled with gold thread manually. Woodcut New Year pictures in southern Shanxi like to be accompanied by poems, paintings and calligraphy, and also have their own characteristics. Many woodcut New Year pictures also pay great attention to reflecting local customs, such as Taohuawu New Year pictures. Traditional themes include Wannian Bridge in Gusu, Liangping Woodcut New Year pictures and Mysterious Temple Fair. It has strong local characteristics and is deeply loved by the masses. The traditional woodblock New Year pictures have simple lines and bright colors, mainly red, large and green rhubarb, and the primary colors are the main ones, and the complex colors are seldom used, showing a lively scene. The content can be divided into two categories: festive and auspicious, avoiding evil and hating victory. Because woodblock New Year pictures are easy to print and cheap, this theme is deeply loved by people. Therefore, it was widely welcomed by the people of China until it became an indispensable part of folk festivals and weddings in China, and its universality was self-evident. The woodcut New Year pictures of Zhuxian Town in Kaifeng are the originator of China woodcut New Year pictures. It is mainly distributed in Kaifeng, Zhuxian Town and its surrounding areas, and the New Year pictures in Yangliuqing, Tianjin, Taohuawu, Suzhou and Weifang, Shandong are all influenced by it. It is characterized by exquisite color, rich and bright color, lasting fastness, strong contrast, rough Gu Zhuo, fullness and compactness, and strong versatility. Composition with traditional methods, the picture has its own theme and time, the object is obvious, and the characters in the scene are cleverly arranged, showing a uniform and symmetrical aesthetic feeling. New Year pictures are a traditional folk art.. As early as the Han Dynasty, painting doors has formed a custom, which means "guarding against evil". Especially in the lunar new year, it is said that sticking a pair of door gods can pray for peace and good luck, and also has the function of decorating door panels. The earliest door gods painted two characters "Shen Tu" and "Lei Yu" that first appeared in Shan Hai Jing. It is said that they will catch ghosts with reeds, and the ghosts they catch will be shot to death with peach bows and fed to tigers. Therefore, in ancient times, in order to ward off evil spirits, they painted "Shen Tu", "Lei Yu" and tigers on doors of all sizes. According to legend, during the Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty, I dreamed that the palace was haunted and I couldn't sleep at night, so generals Qin Kuanbao and Weichi Gong volunteered to guard the palace door to prevent evil spirits from disturbing them and encourage them to be quiet. Later, in order to avoid the hard work of guarding the palace, Li Shimin ordered the great painter Wu Daozi to make statues for the two of them and post them at the gate of the palace, and this custom was observed. The woodcut "Diamond Sutra" has been found in Dunhuang Grottoes, including a woodcut Buddha, which is the earliest woodcut print. The Five Dynasties Classic records that Changxing was three years old at the end of the Tang Dynasty, and the Chinese book was played under the door. Please carve nine classics according to the stone classics. " This may indicate that block printing is widely used. At that time, block printing did have many benefits. "The Analects of Confucius" Zhu wrote: "I am just a printing plate. Although there are thousands of Qian Qian, I am just a printing plate." The emergence of block printing is mainly used to print Buddhist scriptures and a small number of books, and the best use of folk is to print folk products such as New Year pictures. Therefore, in the Northern Song Dynasty, colorful New Year pictures appeared. "Dream of China in Tokyo" reads: "On the first day of the New Year's Day, door gods, Zhong Kui and pottery plates are printed and sold in the street ...". The record of this kind of thing in Tokyo Dream China shows that this is a new thing.