On the influence of Confucian etiquette culture on the Western Han Dynasty, and what role did Confucian etiquette culture play?

As one of the four ancient civilizations, China is famous for its? State of etiquette? As the saying goes, it is world-famous? There is a big gift, which is called summer. ? The Han Dynasty played an important role in the history of China, and its ideology, culture and social system had a far-reaching impact on later generations. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period? A hundred schools of thought contend? , the qin dynasty? Burning books and burying Confucianism? And then to the early Han Dynasty? Governing by doing nothing? The feudal rulers have been looking for the etiquette culture suitable for China's feudal rule.

After the recuperation in the early Han dynasty, the social economy recovered rapidly at this time. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the thought of Huang Lao, who ruled by doing nothing, could no longer meet the above political needs. In order to strengthen centralization, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty began to implement it? To oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone? Ideological policy. Since then, Confucianism has officially become the official thought of China's feudal rule, and Confucius has also been honored as? The most sacred teacher? And respected by later generations.

The unity of etiquette and law is an important feature of China's traditional ruling thought. As the initial stage of China's unity of etiquette and law, in what aspects did the Western Han Dynasty play a role in maintaining feudal rule? This paper analyzes from the following aspects.

First, the integration of etiquette and law, legal changes.

After the Qin dynasty unified the world, influenced by the legalist thought in the Spring and Autumn Period, it ruled the world with legalist theory, emphasizing punishment and law, which made? A gift? The concept of "ceremony" was ignored in the formulation and change of the legal system, which broke the idea of coexistence of ceremony and law advocated. The rulers in the early Han Dynasty saw the example of Qin Ershi's death and reflected on it in the process of executing the law.

Simply rely on? Law? It is obviously impossible to limit whether it can reach the emperor, descend to the grass people and maintain its dominant position. Therefore, the Han law inherited the essence of the previous legislation and initiated the integration of Confucian etiquette and law. Be polite? Reduce the resistance to law enforcement; ? Invent a gift? , strengthen moral constraints. The essence of the unity of etiquette and law is the unity of Confucianism and law. Where the ceremony goes, what is the use of the punishment, and the ceremony into the punishment, both inside and outside. ?

When the Confucian etiquette is integrated into the law, the law also carries the principles of Confucian etiquette in the process of implementation. Mainly manifested in the following points, one? Kiss each other? Principle, this principle is based on Confucianism? Filial piety? And then what? Ren? The idea is that close relatives can hide their sins from each other before the law, right? The father is the son, and the son is the father, straight in it. ?

This thought became the principle of conviction and sentencing in Han Law, which profoundly embodied the typical characteristics of Confucian ethics in China. Second, aristocratic privilege? Please. System, everyone is equal before the law No? Equality, the prince and his children and officials with more than 300 stones are legally available? Please. Generally speaking, the emperor's privileges can be reduced or exempted from punishment by the emperor's application and proof.

This point is to emphasize the patriarchal ethics of Confucianism in order to maintain the feudal hierarchy. Third, in the litigation trial system, the Western Han Dynasty followed? Quoting classics was sentenced to jail? ,? Chunqiu prison? It is the theoretical basis of conviction and sentencing to judge a case only by the secondary words in Confucian classics rather than legal provisions, which is overemphasized? Convicted by fate? This change in the way of trial, which pays attention to people's responsibility, makes the ethical principle of rule of etiquette enforced by law, and at the same time strengthens the publicity and promotion of the principle of rule of etiquette, which finds a shortcut for Confucianism to influence feudal laws and finally realize the unity of etiquette and law.

Second, the integration of etiquette and law and the change of social atmosphere.

The folk beliefs before the Han Dynasty were relatively civilized, including the worship of nature, the worship of ancient mythical figures and the worship of ancient sages who made contributions to the country in the pre-Qin period. However, the object they worship is not something that represents Confucian orthodoxy. Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty? To oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone? For Confucianism? Loyalty? 、? Filial piety? 、? Festival? 、? Righteousness is extremely admired.

By the election system of officials in the Western Han Dynasty? Zhu Lianxiao? The influence of some Confucian scholars whose virtue is filial piety has become the object of praise. The ruler governs the world with benevolence and filial piety. This has formed a kind of society? The atmosphere of the concept of loyalty and filial piety, loyalty and righteousness can be reflected in the center of the court, but also in the heartfelt family, which of the three cardinal guides and the five permanent members? Are you a minister? It is the representative of Confucian etiquette requirements.

Beginning in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wudi rebelled against the Qin system, abolished the doctors who commented on hundreds of opinions in the Warring States period, and set up the doctors of the Five Classics to teach ancient historical facts, with the Confucian classics "Poetry", "Book of Changes" and "Spring and Autumn Annals" as teaching materials. Moreover, from then on, not only the official school was dominated by Confucian classics, but also the private school of private school professors flourished.

The integration of official selection system, education system and Confucianism makes Confucian etiquette and law have exclusive advantages in folk beliefs. People gradually formed a scholar-bureaucrat class with similar values, taking Confucianism as the code of conduct and demanding themselves as the standard. Great changes have taken place in the whole social concept under the impetus of Confucian etiquette.

Third, the integration of etiquette and law, the change of family ethical relations.

On family ethics, Confucianism has always advocated? Is the father a son and the husband a wife? 、? Men are superior to women? . Before the Western Han Dynasty, influenced by the legacy of pre-Qin, women were relatively free. In order to strengthen the husband's dominant position in the family, etiquette first established the unequal relationship between husband and wife, and with the rise of patriarchy, the status of women continued to decline.

As far as family status is concerned, a wife should obey her husband without principle. Women, clothes also. ? . ? Follow the father at home, marry the husband, and the husband will follow the son. ? After the wife dies, the husband can remarry. Monogamy and polygamy allow husbands to keep a large number of concubines, while wives can only keep their own positions. Besides,? Seven abandons? This article also stipulates that a husband can divorce his wife unilaterally. But generally speaking, a wife can't leave her husband voluntarily. ? The husband is wicked and the wife is not allowed to go. ?

As far as social status is concerned, a wife's personality is closely related to her husband, and she can enjoy the title brought to her by her husband or son. Ms. biff. When a husband commits a crime, it is natural to implicate his wife. Criminals who pay more than ghosts' wages after the city ends ... All of them bring their wives, children, wealth and farmhouses. ? After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, through the implementation of Confucian family ethics, it achieved? Men are superior to women? ""the idea is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people and a series of measures are taken to do it "? A virgin? 、? Shunnv? The policy of commendation and preferential treatment has formed a model of women's morality with Confucianism as the core, which has had a far-reaching impact on the status of women in China in later generations.

Summary:

Confucian etiquette culture has a great influence on the society of the Western Han Dynasty, involving court legislation, social concepts and even family relations. At this point, Confucian etiquette culture began the mission of maintaining feudal rule for more than two thousand years. The unity of etiquette and law in Han Dynasty made Confucian etiquette and law deeply rooted in people's hearts and became the cornerstone of feudal society's ideology and culture, which ran through the development of China feudal society for thousands of years.

References:

Wu Qiuhong, on the integration of etiquette and law in Chinese and French J. Higher Correspondence Education, 2000(2)

Huang Shunbin Analysis of the Integration of Social Etiquette and Law in Han Dynasty Jiangdong Forum 20 10(4)

Li Shenglong, Confucian Culture and China Ancient Literature

Shi Fengyi, the relationship between etiquette and law in China's legal history