What is the meaning of "卿" in ancient Chinese?

What is the meaning of "卿" in ancient Chinese:

①<name> Ancient name of a senior official title, under the public, above the great doctor. Shao Gong admonished King Li to eliminate the slander: "Therefore, the Son of Heaven listened to the government, so that the public ~ to the column of poems."

②<name> the king to the ministers, the top to the bottom of the name of love. The Battle of Red Cliff: "～What do you want to say?"

③<name> to each other to express intimacy or casual address. Southeast Flying of the Peacock: "～But temporarily return home, I now and report to the government."

Qingqing is used as a term of endearment. Sometimes it contains the meaning of teasing and mocking.

The official office of the nine ministers of the Qing Temple.

Qing qīng

Ancient high-ranking official name: the Three Dukes and Nine Ministers. 2. an ancient honorific title for a person, e.g. Xunzi as "Xun Qing". 3. Since the Tang Dynasty in China, monarchs have referred to their subjects. 4. 4. Ancient Chinese call superior to subordinate, elder to junior. 5. 5. Anciently, husband and wife called each other "Qingqing". The term is used to describe a very intimate relationship between a man and a woman. 6.) 6. surname. 7. friends can also call each other "qing".

Glyph Structure

Handle Initials Breakdown:卯艮Handle Component Breakdown:卯艮

Stroke Reading and Writing:撇折撇折横折横折捺折竖

Detailed Character Meaning1. The oracle bone character shape, like two people toward the shape of food. Shuowen: "from Mao, soap (bī) sound."" Mao, the system of affairs is also." Original meaning:To entertain.

2. An ancient title for a senior officer or title. Before the Han Dynasty, there were six ministers, the Han Dynasty set up nine ministers, the Northern Wei Dynasty, under the Minister of Justice, there is also a young minister. After the successive generations, the end of the Qing dynasty began to abolish the Secretary, six Secretary. Heavenly official Tsukazai, earth official Situ, spring official Zongbo, summer official Sima, autumn official Sikou, winter official Sikong also.

Secretary of State for the great lords above the vassals.

The upper ministers of the feudal lords. Note: "on the big doctor is said to minister."

Secretary of state leopard decoration. -- "Guanzi - Premium"

Three ministers of a large state, all of whom are appointed to the Son of Heaven; three ministers of a secondary state, two of whom are appointed to the Son of Heaven, and one of whom is appointed to his ruler; two ministers of a small state, all of whom are appointed to their rulers. -- "Rituals of the King"

There is the name of the secretary. -- "Guoyu -Jin Yu"

The five great doctors and three ministers.

Because of the great merit of Xiangru, he was honored as the upper minister.

The Minister of the State Council of the People's Republic of China (史记)

recommended Wat Yen to the Ministers. --Tang Liu Zongyuan Liu Hedong ji

(Yuan Keli) Dengzhao for twelve years, ticked all the Secretary of the temple, section to caress Denglai. --Ming Chen Jiru, "Record of the Family Temple of Dasima Jiehuan Yuan Gong"

Wang Gong, Minister of State. --Qing-? Xue Fucheng (Record of the Oil Painting in Paris)

There are ministers. --Qing- Zhou Rong "Taro Elder Biography"

3. Another example is: 卿相(指中央行政机构的长官);卿二(侍郎's alias; second to the Nine Ministers of the Lesser Ministers. The Qing Dynasty is generally a virtual title of three to five ranks)

Jin Er Qing Zuo, for my typical. --Ming? Qian Qianyi's "Yuan Keli's Award to Feng Zhi Daifu"

4. In ancient times, it was used as the second person to express respect or love.

This is the first time that I've ever seen a person with a high level of respect for a person, and I've never seen a person with a high level of respect for a person.

It is not my wish that you should rule the scriptures.

Yes, it is a lot of work for you to say.

It is not the case that you are not a good person today.

5. Anciently, a ruler's title for his ministers was: "Aiqing" (爱卿).

6. An ancient term of endearment between friends and couples.

Emperor son champion . Collected notes: "卿子, the words of praise and honor of the people of the time."

The Wei people called Qing Qing .

The Wei people called it Qingqing. Suoyin: "A title of respect from the people of the time."

I have not driven Qing since, forcing there to be a mother. -- "Jade Terrace New Rhymes-Ancient Poems for Jiao Zhongqing's Wife"

7. General. Before the Qin Dynasty, the generals of the sons of heaven and the vassals were all headed by ministers. [general]

The ministers had no ****ing commanders, so they set up military captains to take them. --Zuo Zhuan

8. The first is the "Hundreds of Years", which is the first time in the history of the country.

Hundreds of workers and singing Qing Yun, the emperor advocated said: Qing Yun rotten Ruoxi, Diao Aman Ruoxi. -- "Shangshu Dazhuan - Yu Xia Chuan"

9. Surname.

Kangxi Dictionary

"Zi ji xia", "卩字部":卿

《唐韵》:去京切

《集韵》, "韵会》,《正韵》:丘京切,音轻.

Saying Wen:Chapter. The first is a word from a grain.

"Xu said":Chapter good understanding of reason. And to also. The word for people to return to also.

Rite of Passage - King's System: three ministers of a large country, two ministers of a small country.

"Rites of Passage": the vassal's official duties were divided into three: Situ and Tsukazai, Sima and the spring officials, and Sikong and the autumn officials.

The Jade Book: The Han Dynasty set up nine ministers: Taichang, Guanglu, Taibu, Weiwei, Yanwei, Honglu, Zongzheng, Sinong, and Shaofu.

"Jinshu - Hundred Officials Zhi": the ancient world, the son of the Lords are the name of the ruling minister said that the Secretary, since the Zhou after the beginning of the three Duke of the nine Ministers of the number.

"Rhyme will":Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the king called the minister to the Secretary.

"Rhyme":

Jun called ministers for the Secretary, cover the period of the Secretary also.

"Rhymes with": where the enemy body also called for the Secretary, cover the noble also. Since the Sui and Tang dynasties, under the peer group has been, then called the Secretary, so Song Jing Qing call Zhang Yi Zhi.

The former Han Dynasty - Xiang Ji biography: the number of the champion for the Secretary of the son.

"Note" Wen Ying said: the Secretary of the son, when the people phase praise and respect the name, Utah said the son of the public also. And surname.

"Customs":After Yu Qing.

English translation

1. honey; darling; dear

2. a high official rank

Commonly used phrases

1. qingqing qīngqīng

[(a term of endearment formerly)]. used between husband and wife or among close friends,later generally used as an affectionate form of address) you] "卿卿" is a term of endearment between husband and wife. Later, it was generally used as an affectionate form of address you] "qingqing" was a term of endearment between husband and wife.

The cleverness of the mechanism is too much, but it has misplaced the life of Qingqing.

The Dream of the Red Chamber Lin Jiumin's "Letter to My Wife"

2. qīngqīng-wǒwǒ

[be very much in love] describes a husband and wife or a man and a woman who love each other.

3. Aiqing (爱卿)

Anciently, it was a term of endearment used by a ruler to his ministers or between friends.

History of the word "qing"

Watch TV, watch movies, listen to the opera, the emperor always have to say a few words "爱卿平身"""众卿家......", and so on, we are familiar with the word "爱卿平身". Today, we will talk about the topic of "Secretary".

Let's take a look at the construction of the word "qing" first. The Shuowen Jiezi says: "Qing, chapter. The six ministers: Tsukazai, the heavenly official; Situ, the earthly official; Zongbo, the spring official; Sima, the summer official; Sikou, the autumn official; and Sikong, the winter official. From, 皀 sound." 皀，音bī，就是 "gui"，即古代盛实物的一种容器，圆口，一般是用青铜或陶制称成的，然又以青铜器为主。 The word "qing" (卿), or "qīng" (qīng), is used in the oracle bone inscriptions and gold inscriptions to refer to two people sitting on their knees facing each other. When "皀" and "卯" are put together, it means that two people are eating around a gui (簋). This is the original meaning of "qing", i.e., entertaining and eating, which is incorrectly interpreted as "章" in the Shuowen. The original meaning of "相" in "丞相" (prime minister) was to look at, but it later became a person who helped gozé to look at things, then a person who helped the officiating priest during the ceremonial rites, and finally a high-ranking official position. The evolution of the word "qing" is similar to that of "sang". The original meaning of "qing" was to serve food. We all know, gui this kind of bronze is special for nobles, can surround in gui side to eat, that must be at least a noble. Later, "qing" gradually became "the person who eats with the king". In ancient times, it was a very special and honorable treatment to eat with the king. Nowadays, it is also a matter of honor to accompany a national leader to dinner! The Analects of Confucius - country party" said: "the king gives food, must be the first taste of the seat; the king gives fishy, must be cooked and recommended; the king gives raw, must be animal." The king of the country rewarded the food is still so, let alone accompanied by the meal? Let's take a look at the information in Zuo Zhuan - Xuan Gong Er Nian (宣公二年): In the ninth month of the autumn, the king of Jin drank Zhao Dun's wine, and Fu Jie was going to attack him. His right Timi Ming knew this, and tended to ascend, saying: "I serve the king's banquet, and it is not polite to go over three cups." He then helped the following. Let's focus on the sentence "I serve the king's banquet, more than three cups, it is not polite." Zhao Dun, the Minister of Jin, similar to the Prime Minister of Japan, accompanied the king's banquet, and could not drink more than three cups of wine, not to mention eating. The "皀" (皀) of the minister, also known as "gui" (簋), was generally used to hold staple foods such as millet and jik (稷), which is equivalent to today's staple food, rice. There is a record in "Rites of Passage - Public Food Rites" that "Zaifu set up six gui of millet and grain". From this, it can be seen that the "one who eats with the king", such as the minister, had a very high status. Later on, like the "minister", he became the name of a high-ranking official position. The Book of Rites - King's System" said: "the vassal on top of the great ministers of the Secretary." "Note" said: "on the big doctor said secretary." The book of rites - the king's system" also has: the big state three ministers, all ordered by the son of heaven; the second state three ministers, two ministers ordered by the son of heaven, a minister ordered by the king; the small state two ministers, all ordered by the king. During the Zhou Dynasty, the minister was already a high-ranking position. Lin Xiangru made a great achievement in returning the jade annulus to Zhao, so "the king of Zhao ...... made Xiangru the senior minister"; later Lin Xiangru made a great achievement in the "Mianchi Conference", so the Records of the Grand Historian recorded that "Xiangru made a great achievement, so he was made the senior minister". The position of Senior Minister was even more powerful than that of Senior Minister. After the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods, and especially during the Qin and Han Dynasties, the title of "Minister" was always a very valuable title, such as the "Nine Ministers" in the "Three Ministers of State and Nine Ministers of State" that we often refer to. During the Han Dynasty, the Nine Ministers were Taichang, Guangluxun, Weiwei, Taisu, Tingwei, Dahonglu, Zongzheng, Dasinong, and Shaofu, all of whom were second only to the Three Dukes of Justice, and were similar to the ministers of the central government of the present day in that they were responsible for specific administrative affairs, such as rituals, rites, military affairs, administration, judiciary, and cultural and educational affairs.

But China has a tradition, or rather a habit, of moving down some of the honored titles, that is to say, what used to be a more noble title gradually became a term of endearment among the general public. Typical examples, such as the "prime minister", that is, the Tang Dynasty people call the prime minister of the proper name, after the Ming and Qing Dynasties to become the wife of the husband's name; and then "official", the Tang Dynasty, used to address the official, after the Song Dynasty into a certain status of the man's honorific, to the Ming and Qing Dynasties has become the wife of the husband's title; and then, for example, "outside the", the beginning of the Wei-Jin Dynasty is the "outside of the scattered horsemen standing service," "outside of scattered horsemen," a class of "fixed outside of the additional "It was a kind of official position, which became a term for landlords and rich people after Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties." Secretary" is also an example.

The "卿", which was a high-ranking position during the Qin and Han Dynasties, had a new usage in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. At that time, the younger generation to address the elders, the lowly to address the senior with "Gong"; between peers, or the same position between each other called "Jun"; and more familiar or intimate friends, as well as superiors to address the subordinate use "qing". This is a typical downward shift. Southern History - Lu Huixiao biography of a passage:

Huixiao experience auxiliary five government, the body clean, bureaucrats and subordinates below the attainment, will rise to send. Or said hui xiao said: "the long history of the noble, should not be humbled." Answer: "I nature of people rude, can not not deal with people with etiquette." I have not tasted the secretary of the scholars, or asked why, Hui Xiao said: "Nobleman can not Secretary, and the lowly is Secretary, life how to set up the weight in the embrace." Lifelong often call people position.

"The nobleman is not allowed to use the title "卿", but the lowly one is allowed to use the title "卿", that is to say, for those who are more honored than oneself cannot use the title "卿", and only for those who are lower than oneself can they be called "卿". This is also a very obvious example. To digress, the name "Keqing" of "Qin Keqing" in "Dream of the Red Chamber" is not a good name, because it implies that Qin Keqing is a "lowly person", as in the allusion to "lowly person is Keqing".

There are many interesting stories about the use of "qing" in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, all recorded in the Shishu Xinyao, such as:

The lieutenant did not communicate with Yu Zisong. Yu Qingzhi does not place. Wang said: "Jun shall not be for er." Yu said: "Qing since the gentleman I, I since the Qing Qing. I use my own law, and you use your own law."

Wang Yan had no friendship with Yu Gel, and Yu Gel's position was not as prominent as Wang Yan's, so Yu Gel said that Wang Yan called him "Secretary", and Wang Yan was a bit reluctant to do so. Look at another:

Wang Anfeng women often Secretary Anfeng, Anfeng said: "Women Secretary son-in-law, in the rite of disrespect, do not repeat after." The woman said: "pro-security love security, is to security, I do not security, who when the security."

Because of the Secretary has a kind of honor to the inferior in the meaning of it, and in the relationship between husband and wife, the husband to his wife is the honor to the inferior, so the wife in turn to her husband with the "Secretary" name, there is "in the rite of passage for the disrespectful" said. But Wang Rong's wife took the meaning of "qing" to mean intimacy, so "qingqing" means "to address qing with the title of qing". The word "qingqing" (卿卿我我) that we still say today comes from this story. The word "qingqing" also became a term of endearment between husband and wife. For example, in the late Qing Dynasty, the revolutionary martyr Lin Jiumin's first sentence of the "Letter to Wife" is "I want to reflect Qingqingqing as a meeting".

During the Tang Dynasty, the use of "卿" took on a new dimension: officials called each other "卿", which is somewhat similar to the way we call each other "comrade" in the Party today. There is also a very famous story, this story in the "Old Tang Book - Song Jing biography", "Ziji Tongjian" Volume 277, "Ri Zhilu" Volume 26 are recorded, and the "Old Tang Book" description of the most detailed support:

Jing tasted service banquet hall, when the brothers of easy to be listed in the Secretary of the Department of the three, King of the order of the sixth grade, in the next. Easy to be afraid of King, delusion of pleasure, false position greeted King said: "public first person, why is the next seat?" King said: "talent is inferior, Zhang Qing thought that the first person, why is it?" At that time, all of the dynasty column, two Zhang internal favor, not the name of the official, called Yi Zhi for the five Lang, Chang Zong for the six Lang. Tianguan Shanglang Zheng Shan Guo said Jing: "the Prime Minister why call the fifth Lang for the Secretary?" King said: "to the official said, just for the Secretary; if to relatives, when for Zhang five. The foot is not easy of family slaves, why Lang have? Zheng Shan Guo a what cowardly!"

"In the words of the official, justified for the Secretary", proving the custom of the Tang Dynasty officials called each other "Secretary".

With the migration of time, in the Tang Dynasty after the use of the Secretary, especially in the scope of the government, there are new changes: "Secretary" has become the emperor, the king of the country to the ministers of the exclusive title. This title, on the one hand, take the Wei and Jin period "qing" in the superior to the subordinate, the honored to the inferior meaning, and a feeling of cordiality; on the other hand, also absorbed the Tang Dynasty, "qing" is widely used in the officialdom, the use of the court. Because of this reason, we are watching the ancient film and television drama stopped from time to time to the "爱卿" and "卿家" and other words used.

Emperor's family name is recorded

Fifteen generations of grandchildren, Zuyi said

"Customs Tong-emperor's family name" after Yu Qing, I would like to pass the customs Tongyi according to this day, there is Yu Qing article. No grandchildren to change the surname Mingwenkao.

"Chin point Siku quanquan - catalog - sub-department - miscellaneous - customs - ten volumes - Appendix I" volume note: its family name, since the Song Dynasty has been anonymous. Scattered in the Yongle Canon, now collect for a song attached. However, the four libraries of the book of "customs" when there is a Qing surname, change the name of the Mingwen Ran then die, can not be seen.

"Historical Records" and "Customs Tong Yu - Qing biography": a see King Zhao Cheng gave gold hundred taels, a pair of white walls. I will see you again and worship as the upper minister, so the name is Yu Qing. According to this, the children and grandchildren were named after the official, and the old saying that they were named after the family name may be wrong.

The name of the official name of the Secretary of State. In the Spring and Autumn period, Zongzhou and the vassal states all had a minister, a high-ranking official, divided into upper, middle and lower levels. In the Warring States period, it was used as a title of knighthood. Equivalent to the prime minister... s position, and the emperor thought very highly of him. Lü Shi Chun Qiu. The Lü Shi Chun Qiu (吕氏春秋):"[魏文侯]meets Zhai Huang, and sits down in the hall to speak with him. Zhai Huang did not say anything. Wenhou said: 'Duan Ganmu officer of the then refused, the salary of the then do not accept. Now the woman wants the official position of the minister, and wants the salary of the Secretary of State, not only to accept my reality, but also to blame my rituals, is not it difficult?'" The Records of the Grand Historian (史记). Lian Po Lin Xiang Ru Lian Zhuan": "Xiang Ru's achievements were so great that he was appointed as the Secretary of State, with Lian Po on his right."