What are the basic methods of human observation and measurement?

Experimental principle

Human body shape is mainly determined by genetic factors, but environmental factors will also affect the diversity of body shape. According to anthropological research, there is an obvious phenomenon of short head in the process of human evolution, and the head shape tends to be rounded gradually. The research shows that the head shape of the same consanguineous family and the same nationality is similar, but the head shape of the same nationality is different in different living environments, and the nutritional level also has a certain influence on the head shape. According to the standard measurement table of anthropometry, this paper collected the head shape data of college students in China, and compared the influences of different genders, nationalities and regions on the head shape formation.

(2) Measuring tools

Square ruler, digital camera.

(3) Measurement methods and indicators

1, head length measurement

Measurement position: the distance between eyebrow point and occipital point.

Measurement method: the subjects sit in a sitting position, with their bodies straight, their heads straight and their eyes straight. The surveyor stands on the side of the measured person.

2. Measurement of head width

Measuring instrument: bending angle caliper

Measurement position: the distance between the left and right head side points.

Measurement method: the posture of the subject is the same as that of the mountain. The measurer stands in front of the measured person to measure.

3. Head length and width index

Head length and width index = head width/head length × 100

4. Martin's quartering method

X-shaped long head-75.4

Middle head type 75.5——80.9

Round head type 8 1.0——85.4

85.5-x super round head

2. Head shape measurement: Martin quartering method is adopted. See the measurement method for details.

3. Data analysis: The data were grouped according to gender, nationality and place of residence, and the differences of head shapes between men and women, between different nationalities and under different temperature conditions in the north and south were compared by T-test. T-test is a statistical method, which will be taught in detail in health statistics. At present, statistical methods are done by teachers. )

Second, observation and measurement of gender differences.

Experimental principle

Sex identification of bones is an important issue in anthropometry and forensic medicine. The sex difference of modern people in bones is not as obvious as that of fossil people. It is not difficult to identify bones with significant gender characteristics. But for some features that don't look like bones, this is not the case. In a large number of bone materials, there are always some bone features that are difficult to identify because they are in the overlapping part of the range of male and female variation. Generally, only the skull (missing mandible) can determine 80% of the specimens, and when there is mandible, it can reach 90%. If there are other bones, especially pelvis to help identify, it can reach more than 95%. Sex identification of underage bones is more difficult than that of adult bones. All gender differences are almost relative, and it is difficult to express them in absolute values. Generally speaking, male skulls are thicker than female skulls. See table 1, 2, 3 for the gender differences of main bones between men and women. By observing the skull, pelvis and other specimens, we can judge the sex of the specimens, deepen our understanding of bone specimens and cultivate our keen observation ability.

Table 1. Gender differences between male and female skulls

Male female

Bigger, heavier, thicker, smaller, lighter and thinner.

The cranial cavity is getting smaller and smaller.

Muscle crest and muscle line are well developed and weakly developed.

The skull is under-expanded and over-expanded.

The skull leans backward with uniform convexity. The lower part of the frontal scale is steep, and the upper part suddenly bends backwards.

Frontal tubercle and parietal tubercle are not obvious.

The craniofacial width index is large and the index is small.

Facial bones are large and small.

The height-width index of the face is large, that is, the face is long and narrow and the face is low.

Eyebrows and eyebrow arches are well developed, but weak.

The upper orbital margin is thicker and thinner.

The plough hole is higher, narrower, lower and wider.

The alveolar process of upper teeth is higher and lower.

Teeth are big and small.

The cheekbones are higher, thicker, lower and weaker.

The zygomatic arch is thicker and thinner.

The tympanum of the temporal bone is getting bigger and smaller.

The mastoid process of temporal bone is large, and the superior crest of mastoid is obvious. The mastoid process of temporal bone is small, and the superior crest of mastoid is weak.

Styloid process, sphenoid crest, pterygoid process and occipital condyle are all thick and weak.

The thickness of occipital protuberance and nape line is not obvious.

Occipital foramen is large and small.

The ratio of retronasal foramen is small and relatively large.

Table 2. Gender differences between male and female mandibles

Male female

Bigger, thicker, heavier, smaller, thinner and lighter.

The mandibular body is high, especially at the joints.

Mandibular branches are wider and narrower.

The mandibular angle is rough and often everts carefully.

The mandibular angle is getting bigger and bigger.

The articular process is strong and weak.

Psychological process is heavier, often close to a square, smaller and less prominent.

Table 3. Gender differences between male and female pelvis

Male and female roles

The included angle of pubic arch is getting bigger and bigger.

The pubic branch of ischium is slightly everted and obviously everted.

The joint part is shorter.

The obturator is larger, smaller near the oval, closer to the triangle and relatively wider.

The acetabulum is larger, smaller than the lateral side and more forward.

The great sciatic notch is narrow, deep, wide and shallow.

The ilium is high, steep and low, and the upper part is flared outward.

Sacroiliac joint is big, small and oblique.

Preauricular sulcus is not always common and developed.

The sacrum is tall and narrow, with more than five short and wide parts. The curvature of the upper part is small, and the sacrum is obvious, generally five segments.

The whole pelvis is thick, and the muscle ridge is obviously detailed.

The heart shape of the pelvic margin is round or oval.

The real pelvis is smaller, more oblique, shallower and larger.

(2) Measuring tools

Vernier caliper, square, digital camera.

(3) observation and measurement methods and indicators

1. Observation of skull and mandible: Place the skull on Frankfurt plane (FH plane for short, also known as the eye-ear plane), which consists of three points, namely, the plane consisting of the upper edge points of the external auditory canal on both sides and the lower edge points of the left orbit. If the lower point of the left orbit is damaged, the lower point of the right orbit can be used), then observe and measure, and record all indicators.

2. Observation and measurement of pelvis: put pelvis in anatomical standard position, then observe and measure, and record all indicators.

3. For each indicator, quantitative data should be used as far as possible to describe it, and basically uniform standards should be adopted for descriptive data.