A story about repeated experiments in the process of scientists' inventions and discoveries.

Boyle-a skeptical chemist Boyle 1627 65438+ 10 was born in an aristocratic family in Ireland on October 25th. My father is an earl and his family is very rich. He is the youngest of the fourteen brothers. Boyle was not particularly smart when he was a child, and he stuttered a little. He doesn't like lively games very much, but he is studious and likes reading and thinking quietly. Received a good education since childhood, and studied in Europe from 1639 to 1644. During this period, he read many natural science books, including the famous book Dialogue between Two World Systems by astronomer and physicist Galileo. This book left a deep impression on him. His later masterpiece The Doubtful Chemist was based on this book. Due to the war, his father died and his family came down. He returned to China to live in London with his sister in 1644. I started studying medicine and agriculture there. I was exposed to a lot of chemical knowledge and experiments, and soon became a well-trained chemical experimenter and creative theorist. During this period, he organized a scientific society with many scholars and held a weekly seminar, mainly discussing the latest development of natural science and the problems encountered in the laboratory. Boyle called this organization an "invisible university". This society is the predecessor of the famous "Royal Society", and its purpose is to promote the development of natural science. Boyle is an important member of the association. Boyle moved to Oxford on 1654 because the branch of the society was located in Oxford. In Oxford, he set up a well-equipped laboratory and hired some talented scholars as assistants to lead them in various scientific research. Many of his scientific research achievements were obtained here. The epoch-making masterpiece "Skeptical Chemist" is written here. In the genre of dialogue, this book writes four philosophers arguing together. They are skeptical chemists, bardic chemists, medical chemists and philosophers. Bard chemists represent Aristotle's view of "four elements", medical chemists represent the view of "three elements", and philosophers remain neutral in the debate. Here, skeptical chemists have no fear to challenge all kinds of authoritative traditional theories in history, refuting many old ideas with vivid and powerful arguments and putting forward new ones. This book is widely circulated in continental Europe. Boyle attaches great importance to experimental research. He believes that only experiment and observation are the basis of scientific thinking. He always clarifies his views through rigorous and scientific experiments. In physics, he studied the color of light, the elasticity of vacuum and air, and summarized Boyle's gas law. In chemistry, his research on acid, alkali and indicator, and his discussion on the qualitative test method of salt are quite effective. He was the first chemist to use the juices of various natural plants as indicators. He invented litmus test solution and litmus test paper. He was also the first chemist to give a clear definition of acid and alkali, and divided substances into three categories: acid, alkali and salt. He created many qualitative methods to test salt, such as using copper salt solution to be blue, adding ammonia solution to become dark blue (copper ions and enough ammonia water form copper-ammonia complex ions) to test copper salt; The white precipitate produced by mixing hydrochloric acid and silver nitrate solution is used to test silver salt and hydrochloric acid. Boyle's invention is full of long-term vitality, so that we still often use these oldest methods today. Boyle has also done many experiments in determining the composition and purity of substances, and studying the similarities and differences of substances. A brief review of the history of mineral water experimental research published by 1685 describes a set of methods to identify substances and becomes a pioneer in qualitative analysis. 1668, due to the death of his brother-in-law, he moved to London to live with his sister, and set up a laboratory in his backyard to continue his experimental work. Boyle's work in his later years mainly focused on the study of phosphorus. 1670, Boyle suffered a stroke due to fatigue, and his physical condition was good and bad. When he can't do research in the laboratory, he devotes himself to sorting out the knowledge gained from practice and reasoning for many years. As long as he feels a little light, he goes to the laboratory to do his experiments or write papers for fun. 1680, he was elected president of the royal society, but he refused to accept this honor. Although he was born into a noble family, he devoted his life to scientific research and life. He never married and devoted his life to exploring natural science. 169 165438 On February 30th, the scientist who laid the foundation of chemical science in17th century died in London. Engels once gave him the highest evaluation: "Boyle identified chemistry as science." Story 2: Priestley-Priestley father of gas chemistry, was born in Leeds, England on March 1733. He was brought up by relatives from poor families. He entered the seminary on 175. After graduation, he spent most of his time as a priest, and chemistry was his hobby. He has many works in chemistry, electricity, natural philosophy and theology. He wrote many smug theological works, but it was his scientific works that made him immortal. 1764, when he was 3 1 years old, he wrote the history of electricity. At that time, it was a famous book. Because of its publication, he was elected as a member of the Royal Society at 1766. 1722, when he was 39 years old, he wrote a history of optics. It is also a masterpiece of 18 century. At that time, on the one hand, he served as a priest in Leeds, on the other hand, he began to engage in chemical research. His research on gases is quite effective. He used the generated hydrogen to study the effect of this gas on various metal oxides. In the same year, priestley also burned charcoal in a closed container and found that it could turn one-fifth of the air into carbonic acid gas. After being absorbed by lime water, the remaining gas does not help to burn or breathe. Because he believed in phlogiston, he called this residual gas "air saturated with phlogiston".