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From Selected Data of Treating Elderly Chronic Bronchitis in Guangdong Province.

Pinyin name Zǐ Du Juān

source

Source: Flowers, leaves, buds or roots of Rhododendron kwangtungensis of Ericaceae.

Latin Plant and Animal Mineral Name: Rhododendron Mariana

Harvesting and storage: flowers, leaves and branches are harvested in April-May and used fresh or dried in the shade; Dig the roots in summer and autumn, wash them, slice them, and use them fresh or dry them in the sun.

Evergreen shrub in its original form, 1-3m high. Multi-branched, spreading, young branches densely reddish brown and strigose. The buds are ovoid and the bud scales are densely villous. Leaf type 2; Leather, clustered at the top of branches, spring leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 3-9 cm long and 2-3 cm wide, with sharp or tapering tip, short tip, wedge-shaped base and slightly hairy on both sides; In summer, the leaves are small, oval to obovate, 2-4 cm long and 5- 15 mm wide, with obtuse or short tips. The base is wedge-shaped or slightly blunt, the surface is dark green, nearly hairless, with eyelashes at the edge, and the back is green and white, sparsely brown and strigose. Umbellies are terminal, with 7- 15 flowers, pedicels 6- 15 mm long, and densely covered with glossy reddish brown rough skin; Calyx small, cup-shaped or inconspicuously 5-dentate, densely hirsute; Corolla funnel-shaped, long 1- 1.8 cm, lavender or deep purple, fragrant, 5-lobed at the top, with flat lobes; Stamens 5, protruding from corolla, filaments white, glabrous; Ovary 1, densely hairy, slender style, exceeding stamens, up to 3 cm long. The capsule is ovoid, 0.8- 1.2cm long, brown or dark brown when mature, and densely covered with rough growth. The flowering period is from March to April, and the fruiting period is from July to165438+10.

Habitat distribution

Ecological environment: Born in hills and mountain bushes.

Distribution of resources: distributed in Jiangxi, Fujian, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi and Guizhou.

Character; Role; letter

Character identification leaves are mostly curly. After flattening, they are oval-lanceolate, oval or obovate, with a length of 1-9cm and a width of 1-3.5 cm. They are initially tapered, with a wedge-shaped base and an entire margin. Dark green to grayish green above, with sparse fluff, light green below, and most reddish-brown fluff scattered. The main vein protrudes downward, and the lateral veins are 4-6 pairs, which are connected with each other near the leaf margin. Petiole is 4- 10mm long and densely covered with yellow-brown hairs. Almost leather. A slight breath, a slightly astringent taste.

Microscopic identification of leaf cross section: the upper epidermal cells are 1 row, the size is irregular, the palisade cells are 1-3 rows, and calcium oxalate clusters are occasionally seen in sponge tissue; There are unicellular non-glandular hairs on the upper and lower epidermis of the main vein in the middle of the leaf, which are 26-46μm long.

The vascular bundle is annular, the phloem is located outside the xylem, surrounded by fibrous rings, and the cell wall of the central pulp is thick. There are scattered calcium oxalate clusters in the parenchyma cells under the main vein.

Leaf surface view: the vertical wall of upper epidermal cells is straight. The vertical wall of lower epidermal cells is nearly straight or slightly curved, and the stomata are dense and amorphous. There are many non-glandular hairs on the upper and lower epidermis. There are two kinds of non-glandular hairs: one is unicellular hair, which is 40-300μm long and 8-12 μ m in diameter; The other is multicellular hair, which is composed of 10 cells, with a length of 300-360μm and a diameter of 30-40μm, and contains reddish-brown pigment. The epidermal cells near the hair roots have radial texture. There are scattered calcium oxalate clusters in parenchyma and sponge tissue, with a diameter of12-20μ m.

Physicochemical identification TLC 1 Take 5g of leaf coarse powder, add 1g of calcium carbonate, add 50ml of ethanol, reflux in water bath for 2h, add 50ml of ethanol to the residue, reflux 1h, combine filtrates, take half, concentrate to dryness under reduced pressure, wash the residue with hot water, concentrate to 0.5ml, extract with ethyl acetate, dehydrate with anhydrous sodium sulfate, Hyperin and quercetin were used as control substances, and were respectively spotted on the same polyamide membrane, which was spread with chloroform-methanol-butanone-acetone acetate (16: 10: 5: 1) for 8cm, and examined under ultraviolet lamp (254nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, the spots with the same color are displayed at the positions corresponding to the chromatogram of the control sample. 2. Concentrate the remaining half of 1 ethanol extract to 5ml under reduced pressure, add the same amount of distilled water, add enough saturated aqueous solution of lead acetate, filter, remove lead from the filtrate with saturated aqueous solution of sodium sulfate, filter, concentrate the filtrate to 5ml, extract with chloroform for 30min, dehydrate with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and evaporate to dryness. The residue was dissolved in 0.25ml of methanol as the test solution, and the other was xylotoxin -65438. Spot samples on the same silica gel G piece respectively, spread 20cm with hexane-methanol-ethyl acetate (5: 1: 4), and develop color with 10% antimony trichloride chloroform solution; Check under ultraviolet lamp (254nm). In the chromatogram of the sample of Zhaoshanbai, spots of the same color appear in the position corresponding to the chromatogram of the reference substance. Rhododendron, Rhododendron fragrans and Rhododendron purpurea only show the same color spots at the corresponding positions of scopolamine.

Chemical constituents Leaves contain flavonoids, phenols, organic acids, triterpenoids, a lot of tannins and volatile oil (0.0 1%, dry weight). Five kinds of flavonoids crystals were isolated from leaves and branches, of which 1 is quercetin and the other four are rhododendrons A, B, C and D. The volatile oil contains more than six terpenoids [1].

pharmacological action

1. antitussive and expectorant effects: Rhododendron water decoction, Rhododendron flavone and A have good antitussive effects on mice, but the volatile oil is weak, and B is not obvious (ammonia water spray cough method). The antitussive effect of A is central, and the action site is below the brain (electric cat laryngeal nerve method). Flavonoids can increase the amount of phenol red secreted by respiratory tract in mice; Normal rabbits were injected intraperitoneally with 0. 16g/ rabbit (equivalent to adult 1 day), which obviously inhibited the respiratory frequency and antagonized the respiratory excitement of Nikethamide.

2. Effect on experimental chronic tracheitis in rats: After chronic tracheitis caused by inhaling sulfur dioxide, intramuscular injection of Rhododendron Injection 10 day can accelerate the operation of tracheal cilia-mucus flow, return to near normal level, obviously reduce the infiltration of inflammatory cells on pathological sections, and have no obvious change in the number of goblet cells.

3. Spastic effect: The decoction and flavone have obvious anti-acetylcholine effect on isolated rabbit intestine and guinea pig intestine.

4. Effect on circulatory system: Anesthetized cats were injected with flavone 0.09g/kg/kg intraperitoneally, and their blood pressure decreased slowly and slightly, and their breathing was slightly faster. The cardiac contraction of a few animals is enhanced; Most of them have no effect. Intraperitoneal injection of 0.08g/kg has no obvious effect on the heart of cats in vivo. It has no effect on ECG of normal rabbits.

5. Others: The decoction has a slight inhibitory effect on pneumococcus, hemolytic streptococcus B, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus albicans and Staphylococcus catarrhalis, which may be related to the tannin contained in it, but its extract and crystallization have no effect. It has no obvious inhibitory effect on Asian influenza A virus, rhinovirus and adenovirus.

The lethal dose of flavonoids injected intraperitoneally in mice was 1.97g/kg/kg (equivalent to 739g/kg/kg crude drug). They were all in a state of inhibition before they died. You can still feel your heartbeat soon after you stop breathing. After 0.5g/kg flavone was given to the cat, there was no abnormality within 48 hours except that it tended to be quiet and the activity decreased. Dogs were given 0. 12 or 0.06g/kg by tube feeding every day for 20 days. Decreased activity, meekness, general weight loss, normal liver, renal function and hemogram.

TLC identification: Take 65438 00 g of this product powder, add 2g of calcium carbonate, soak in 80ml of 95% ethanol overnight, heat and reflux for 2 hours, and filter. The filtrate was recovered to dryness under reduced pressure, dissolved in hot water, filtered, and the aqueous solution was extracted with ethyl acetate for three times, 20 ml each time. Combine the ethyl acetate extracts, dehydrate with anhydrous sodium sulfate, recover the solvent under reduced pressure, and add methanol to constant volume to 1ml for sampling. Take a silica gel G plate, spread it with hexane-methanol-ethyl acetate (5: 1:4), dry it, and observe it under ultraviolet lamp (365nm), showing yellow-green fluorescent spots. After ammonia fumigation, the fluorescence was enhanced. (quercetin)

Processing and cleaning: impurity removal and cleaning; Cutting: removing impurities, washing, slicing and drying.

Slightly bitter in nature; Xin; Sexual apathy

Meridian-returning lung; Large intestine meridian

Indications: eliminating phlegm and relieving cough; Reduce swelling and relieve pain. Indications: relieving cough and resolving phlegm; Asthma; Fall and get injured; Yes, aphtha.

Oral administration and dosage: decoction, 6-30g; Fresh 60g. External use: appropriate amount, fresh mashed.

Pay attention to the initial cough, and use it with caution if accompanied by exterior syndrome.

Various exhibitions

1. Guangxi list of medicinal plants: root bark: cool and antipyretic, removing blood stasis.

2. Guangxi Plant List: Root bark: relieving cough and resolving phlegm. Treat chronic tracheitis.

Clinical application of chronic tracheitis. The flowers, leaves and branches of Rhododendron purpurea are used as medicine and made into tablets or decoction. The total daily dose is 2 Liang (fresh), which is taken twice after meals. 10 day is a course of treatment. Through the observation of 292 1 case, the cure rate of one course of treatment is 15. 1%( 175 cases), and the remarkable efficiency is 34. 1%(395 cases). After two courses of treatment, the cure rate was 29.5%(52 1 case) and the effective rate was 34.6%(609 cases). The medicine has the best antitussive effect, followed by expectorant effect and poor antiasthmatic effect. Effective cases can generally see different degrees of relief after taking medicine for 2-3 days. After a course of treatment, some patients stopped taking the medicine, and the symptoms were continuously relieved after 4-5 days. According to the clinical observation of 3 148 cases, it is proved that the longer the course of treatment, the higher the curative effect. The cure rates of 1-4 were 15. 1%, 29.5%, 55.4% and 62.5% respectively. The curative effect of flowers, leaves and buds is higher than that of the whole plant and stem. The curative effect of decoction is better than that of tablet. Side effects include dizziness, dry mouth, abdominal pain and constipation. Most of them are not serious and will not affect the continued treatment. At the end of the course of treatment, white blood cells decreased significantly and the percentage of neutrophils decreased. Blood pressure dropped slightly; In most cases, the heartstrings slow down; No obvious damage to healthy kidneys; It has no obvious effect on liver function. A few cases may have poor sleep, dreaminess and dizziness, but it is not serious. It can also be treated with the compound of Rhododendron purpurea 1, Camellia japonica 1 and Elaeagnus Elaeagnus leaves 1. Decoct and concentrate the above raw materials to make syrup 60ml, 20ml each time, 3 times a day, and take it after meals. * * * 30 cases were observed, 6 cases were clinically cured, and 6 cases were markedly effective/kloc-0.

Excerpts from Chinese Materia Medica