High school geography, what is the productivity in the comparison of the characteristics of the five modes of transportation?

Highway:

Main features:

1, the original investment is small, fast turnover of funds: road transport and iron, water, navigation mode of transportation compared to the required fixed facilities are simple, vehicle acquisition costs are generally low, therefore, the investment is easy to set up, short payback period. Investment risk is relatively small.

2, technical requirements and terrain requirements are low: the construction of highway materials and technology is relatively easy to solve, easy to develop widely in the community, can be said to be the biggest advantage of road transportation.

3, in the medium and short-distance transportation, the delivery speed is faster: to avoid transit repeated loading and unloading, batch, time is not restricted, passengers, goods in transit time is shorter, for valuable, fragile, require anticorrosive preservation of goods in the medium and short-distance transportation is particularly suitable.

4, can realize direct transportation: passengers and goods can be transported directly from the door of the origin to the door of the destination, to achieve "door to door" direct transportation. This is one of the characteristics of other modes of transportation that cannot be compared with road transportation.

5, small capacity: each ordinary truck can only transport 5 tons of goods each time, long-distance bus can send 50 passengers, only equivalent to a train of ordinary buses 1/30 ~ 1/36.

6, transport costs are higher: 11.1 ~ 17.5 times the railroad transport, 27.7 ~ 43.6 times the coastal transport, pipeline transport is 13.7 ~ 21.5 times. 21.5 times.

7, the operation of poor continuity: such as China's 1998 highway average distance passenger transportation for 55km, 57km freight, railroad passenger transportation for 395km, freight for 764km.

8, pollution of the environment is more serious: automobile exhaust and the noise caused by one of the largest sources of environmental pollution of large cities.

9, energy consumption is greater: respectively, 10.6-15.1 times the energy consumption of railroad transportation, 11.2-15.9 times the energy consumption of coastal transportation, 113.5-19.1 times the inland waterway transportation, 4.8-6.9 times the energy consumption of pipeline transportation.

Development trend:

Demand for road transport will continue to maintain rapid growth; intelligent transport system is the future direction of development of road transport; road transport will be increasingly integrated with modern logistics; intensive operation, scale development, is the direction of the development of highway passenger transport; road freight transport will be fast, long-distance special heavy load development. Road logistics will be widely used in the field of electronic technology, information technology, communications technology and systems engineering and other high-tech.

Railway:

Main features:

1, accuracy and continuity: almost unaffected by the climate, all year round can be day and night on a regular basis, regular, accurate operation, generally able to depart and arrive at the station, punctuality is strong.

2, fast transportation speed: the speed is generally 80 to 120 kilometers per hour.

3, large capacity: generally each train can carry passengers about 1800 people, a wagon can be loaded with 2000 to 3500 tons of goods, heavy trains can be loaded with more than 20,000 tons of goods; single-line one-way maximum annual cargo transport capacity of 18 million tons, 55 million tons of double line; operation of the organization of the country, the maximum capacity of a single line of one-way annual cargo transport up to 40 million tons, double line Unidirectional maximum annual cargo transport capacity of more than 100 million tons.

4, transportation costs and energy consumption is low: railroad transportation costs only a few to a dozen percent of the cost of automobile transportation; transport fuel consumption is about one-twentieth of automobile transportation.

5, large investment, long construction period, covers a large area: railroad transportation needs to lay tracks, build bridges and tunnels, road construction projects are difficult and complex; need to consume a lot of steel, timber; occupies the land, and its initial investment is much more than the other modes of transportation. Need a lot of money, materials for construction projects, such as roadbed, station, etc.; once the operation ceased, not easy to transfer or recover, the loss is greater. In addition, railroad transportation by the transport, machine, vehicle, engineering, electricity and other business sectors, to have a strong accuracy and coherence, the business sector must be coordinated, which requires the implementation of integrated arrangements in the transport command, unified leadership.

Other rail transportation mode characteristics:

Subway (large capacity, speed, pollution-free, does not occupy / occupy less land, huge investment, engineering, construction period is long);

Light rail (infrastructure investment is small, safety and comfort close to the subway, energy consumption is relatively small, small public hazards, but the volume of traffic is also less than the subway);

Maglev (speed, noise)

Maglev (fast, low noise, low energy consumption per passenger, better safety, high cost, small capacity, high cost)

The development trend:

Comprehensive speed, the use of rolling stock and high-speed railroads; the construction and operation of passenger lines; the development of heavy transport; electrification of railroads; separation of passenger and freight, to solve the problem of the current capacity constraints.

Water transport:

Main features:

1, large carrying capacity: the Yangtze River mainline barge top push capacity of 30,000-40,000 tons; the world's largest tanker has exceeded 500,000 tons.

2, lower cost: China's coastal transportation costs only 40% of the railroad, the United States coastal transportation costs only 1/8 of the railroad transportation, the Yangtze River mainline transportation costs only 84% of the railroad transportation, and the United States Mississippi River mainstem transportation costs only 1/3 ~ l/4 of the railroad transportation;

3, lower energy consumption: less than 60% of the railroad.

4, small investment, the construction of waterways do not need to occupy land.

5, high labor productivity: coastal transport labor productivity is 6.4 times that of railroad transport, the Yangtze River mainline transport labor productivity is 1.26 times that of railroad transport;

6, constraints by the waterway and meteorological factors have a greater impact;

7, slower delivery speed.

The development trend:

Terminal large-scale, deep-water, specialization; transport organization to scale, network; actively develop domestic waterway container, commodity car waterway transport, and vigorously develop the river and the sea direct and multimodal transport.

Aviation:

Main features:

1, fast running speed: modern jet airliners, cruising speed of 800-900km/h, faster than cars, trains 5-10 times faster than the ship 20-30 times faster, the longer the distance, the more time can be saved by air transport, the faster the characteristics are also more significant.

2, good maneuverability: aircraft flying in the air, by the extent of route conditions than cars, trains, ships, much smaller. It can connect two places on the ground at any distance and can fly regularly or irregularly.

3, the transportation path is short: the aircraft's flight path is generally close to a straight line, without having to go around too many obstacles.

4, good safety and comfort: the cruising altitude of jet airliners is generally around 10,000m, and the flight is not affected by low-level air currents, so it is smooth and comfortable.

5, the capital construction cycle is short, less investment: in the distance of 1000km between the two cities to establish a transportation line, if the passenger capacity is the same, the investment in building railroads is to open up routes of 1.6 love, railroad construction cycle of 5 to 7 years, and open up routes only 2 years.

6, carrying capacity is small, noisy, higher costs and tariffs, affected by the climate, affecting its punctuality and normalcy: aircraft capacity is limited, the cost of high-altitude transportation is in the railroad, highway, pipeline, shipping and other modes of the highest cost.

The development trend:

Enhance the total turnover, develop regional transportation, enrich international routes, improve and establish modern air traffic management system, so that the technical equipment, manpower services and aviation safety integrated security management capabilities to reach the world's advanced level, aviation safety capabilities, aviation information technology, labor productivity close to the world level.

Pipeline:

Main features:

1, large capacity, high labor productivity: a pipe diameter of 720 mm pipeline can be transported annually more than 20 million tons of easily condensable and highly viscous crude oil, a pipe diameter of l220 mm crude oil pipeline can be transported up to 100 million tons per year. Pipeline transportation is a continuous project, the transportation system does not exist in the empty trip, and thus the transportation efficiency of the system is high.

2, lower cost and energy consumption: energy saving and highly automated, with fewer people, so that transportation costs are greatly reduced. In the absence of water conditions, the use of pipeline transportation is one of the most energy-efficient mode of transportation.

3, strong continuity, good security: pipeline transportation methods, both safe, but also can greatly reduce the volatile loss, and at the same time due to leakage caused by the air, water and soil pollution can also be greatly reduced.

4, small investment, occupying less land: pipeline construction investment and construction period are less than the railroad l/2. Pipeline buried in the ground, only pumping station, the first and last station to take up some land, occupying less land.

5, the construction cycle is short, low cost: pipeline transportation system construction cycle and the same amount of railroad construction cycle compared to, in general, to be shorter than 1 / 3.

6, less flexible: adjust the capacity and change the direction of the magnitude of the smaller, "to carry" a single cargo, but also can not be casually extended pipeline.

The development trend:

The caliber of the pipeline continues to increase, the transport capacity has increased dramatically; the pipeline's distance is increasing rapidly; transport materials from oil, natural gas, chemicals and other fluids gradually expanded to coal, ore and other non-fluids.