Application of geographic information system in surveying and mapping engineering?

The application of geographic information system lays the foundation for field surveying, and promotes the development of the surveying business, because the continuous improvement of geographic system makes the surveying and construction work more convenient and improves the accuracy of the work, and the continuous development of science and technology solves the problems of daily life and promotes the development of the world.

I. Geographic Information System

(I) Concept

Geographic Information System (GIS) is sometimes referred to as "Geographic Information System". It is a specific and very important spatial information system. It is supported by computer hardware and software systems, the whole or part of the Earth's surface (including the atmosphere) space in the relevant geographic distribution data collection, output, storage, management, computing, analysis, display. Geographic information system in urban surveying and mapping in the main application of spatial management, spatial management mainly includes the collection and output, the collection of information collected together for statistics, and transformed into a database; geographic graphics into a model for reasonable analysis, and put forward the corresponding countermeasures;

Two, traditional surveying and mapping and new surveying and mapping geographic information system

(a) traditional surveying and mapping The disadvantages of traditional mapping

Traditional mapping, mainly manual operation of mapping tools for mapping, more than will consume a lot of time, accuracy is not high, traditional mapping is prone to errors. Sometimes in the process of information collection and analysis, human problems are not easy to be found. There are also some disadvantages of traditional mapping, such as the complexity of using mapping tools, the difficulty of collecting mapping data, and the shortage of specialized personnel.

(II) The main advantages of geographic information system performance

Geographic information system has improved in time and accuracy, mainly in the new period began to apply. The use of geographic information system in surveying and mapping work provides great convenience and saves manpower, and after the system action rules are set up, it only needs to be adjusted according to the external environmental changes in the analysis process and results. On this basis, the application of satellite and monitoring equipment, the application of the equipment for real-time monitoring of the specified area, combined with the changes in the environment is reflected in the drawings, improving the accuracy of the data, saving the time of surveying and mapping data, and perfecting the lack of professionals and other issues.

Three, the functional characteristics of geomatics information

(a) data editing and processing functions

Geomatics information system data editing ability is reflected in the editing ability of the picture, for the editing of the picture is mainly reflected in the image of the image decorating and editing, image and image to see the splicing of the image, the modification of the error and the projection of the change and so on, for the work of the people to provide a convenient.

(II) data acquisition and input function

GIS can collect data in multiple environments, and in the work can be detected in a variety of spaces and multiple environments, such as the direction and location of different substances and the size and volume of the relationship. The input methods used are keyboard, commercial data, digital copy and so on.

(C) data storage and management

In the geographic information system in the data are used in the spatial partition, layered to manage, in order to be more rationalized, more convenient to find the data structure mainly vector data structure, vector raster integration data structure and raster structure.

(D) spatial query and analysis functions

In the geospatial system of spatial observation, you can see the geospatial image, which has the image of the intersection of the image, the image of the subtraction, the image of the merger at the same time, you can also see the geospatial arbitrary points, lines, surfaces in the space of the connection. This allows people to better observe the state of space. The spatial state of the earth, the clumped position in space, the positional relationship in space. Space systems have a variety of analytical capabilities, people's lives have remote analysis, network analysis, three-dimensional modeling analysis and so on. Provides a convenient way for people's lives.

Four, engineering surveying and mapping in the application of geographic information system analysis

(I) on the technical analysis of data collection

In the traditional geographic information collection, data collection is a more complex and heavy work, consuming manpower, material resources, but also by the impact of environmental factors, for example, thunderstorms will affect the collection of data, the terrain environment also affects the collection of. For example, swamps, woods, and mountains can affect data collection. The use of geographic information systems can reduce the engineering mapping errors, geographic information systems on the entity of the continuous storage of the object is mainly used in raster, vector of these two ways. Which raster storage can be based on the width of a single grid to determine its resolution, a single grid each have rows and widths, rows and widths of the composition of the unique value of the storage unit. Vector storage relies on the geometric representation of objects in different environments. We collect data through raster and vector. Geographic information system has a wide range of applications, not only can be applied autonomously, but also with a variety of machines to improve the collection of our information system, for example, we can work with radar laser, camera, so that we collect more accurate data, convenient work.

(ii) data conversion and processing

GIS processing is mainly based on their own system to obtain data for software analysis of data processing, and finally the processed data for editing, modeling of statistical data, and finally converted to a spatial data model through the geographic information system, and finally the staff will be the system to analyze the data and spatial model to be analyzed. In the case of not using GIS data collection is cumbersome, so we should establish a spatial modeling system.

(C) data fine measurement

Data fine system that is, on the basis of the original data, the data will be more precise correction. Staff in the use of data fine measurement, in which each point will be automatically connected to form a route. Surveying and mapping staff will collect and organize the measurement data and analyze them to find errors and correct them in time. Reduce the error in construction.GIS system in the process of fine data measurement can reduce the operation of the measurement of mistakes and errors, the error is gradually reduced until close to zero. Due to the reduction of errors makes GIS widely used in urban surveying and mapping, utilization and credibility increased.

(IV) Spatial system analysis

In the GIS system. Its core function is the object in space analysis function, due to the complexity of each link, covering a variety of disciplines, a variety of knowledge so highly technical, requiring professionals to operate. Which a variety of disciplines mainly include regional science, economics, geography and so on. The analytical function of space mainly refers to the acquisition of remote data and graphics, statistical integration, and finally build a spatial model. The location of graphics within the spatial model, the correlation between specific objects and virtual objects. Geographic information system modeling is more complex, but because of intelligence, simple operation, is widely used by people, GIS in the project to obtain significant social and economic benefits, for engineering mapping has laid a solid foundation.

(E) three-dimensional output

The important content of GIS application in urban surveying and mapping is three-dimensional output. Surveying and mapping staff statistical data, and finally synthesize the data, and reasonable in the output process if found wrong abnormalities and errors, must be added to the people can be corrected in a timely manner, geographic surveying and mapping system in the three-dimensional output is to make up for the lack of manpower this shortcoming. Reduced staff, but also faster to complete the work, the data obtained is also very accurate so in the later processing of data, surveying and mapping personnel need to take three-dimensional output hair.

(F) virtual reality emergency application

Virtual reality technology is a new type of surveying and mapping technology, computer-based, simulated three-dimensional emptiness of the three-dimensional space, you can provide users with visual, auditory, tactile and other sensory simulation, you can directly and timely transmission of the picture to the people to observe the state of things. Mapping data can be collected and finally fused together to form a three-dimensional map. This three-dimensional spatial map is a new model that allows people to immerse themselves in it, and we can use this three-dimensional map to simulate a variety of accident scenes, which greatly saves costs and calls for active participation. This kind of training reduces the cost of inputs and also serves as an exercise. Floods can also be simulated to simulate the inundation of rainfall in the city, virtual reality technology can automatically develop an evacuation system roadmap to simulate the evacuation of people. This virtual technology synthesis can also be used with multiple devices together *** with the same, not reached just the right effect, for example, in the simulation of indoor evacuation drills, has been integrated with the indoor positioning system, simulating indoor evacuation of personnel, the virtual scenario will automatically locate the scene information to facilitate the designation of rescue programs.

(VII) Mapping Emergency Data Rapid Processing Technology

Mapping emergency data, access to the raw data through processing, made easy to deal with the illustrations in the emergency rapid mapping system, remote sensing imagery integration mapping system and other specialized mapping software fusion, and emergency data fusion, and finally the formation of emergency data rapid processing technology. Remote sensing image integration mapping system, mainly with photogrammetric technology, the picture is transmitted to people's hands, this kind of system can restore the correct position and size of the object, with different data, to speed up the processing of information. Remote sensing image integration mapping is more convenient, with the rapid mapping system with the data of the emergency process mapping, and the existing data structure as the basis, so as to quickly extract the collected data editing, and finally through the rapid marking, symbols to obtain emergency illustrations. Figure 2 mapping emergency process map.

V. Conclusion

The application of geographic information system, in the future will become the mainstream development direction and goal, to achieve the diversification of information and promote the development of urban surveying. We need to remove the dregs and take the essence, and continue to develop and make progress on this road of urban surveying.

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