What good qualities did ancient preschool family education pay attention to? What does it inspire us?

The Special Position of Family Moral Education in China Ancient Moral Education

In the social structure and operating mechanism of ancient natural economy in China, "home" is not only the basic unit of social production, but also the cell of social life. The original meaning of "home" is "home" linked by blood relationship, which is extended to the social relationship of network structure-"home" and then to the whole social relationship-"country". According to Confucian culture, the backbone of China culture, "home" means "small country", "country" means "everyone", and "home" and "country" are integrated. This form of social structure, which consists of family, clan and country, is linked by blood relationship, so "family" is not only the foundation of social economic structure and political order, but also the fortress of social spiritual culture and the source of value of people's moral life. In a sense, China's ancient ethics were based on the family-oriented and "family-country integration" social relationship based on blood relationship, which was the root of the formation of China's traditional moral relationship and moral norms. It is manifested in the political ethics and ethical politics of the trinity of consanguinity, patriarchal clan system and hierarchy in the dominant culture of society. In the Four Books and Five Classics, "housekeeping" and "governing the country" are closely linked, and "private morality" and "public morality" are integrated. In the construction of China's ancient ethical norms, a moral value system and ethical order with "five ethics" and "three cardinal guides" as the core were gradually formed, which was called Confucian orthodoxy with "justice" as the core by Confucianism.

The ancient culture of China, especially the Confucian culture, not only formed a series of ethical norms on the basis of the patriarchal hierarchy of "family-country integration", but also formed a set of moral education models and methods based on "family-country integration". Confucianism attaches great importance to the special position and important role of family and clan in moral education, and closely combines family and clan moral education with social and national moral education and school moral education ("teacher education"). A basic feature of Confucian moral education theory and practice is that it is based on consanguinity, linked by family ties, combined with "family" and "country", and integrated with politics and religion.

Confucianism emphasizes that life should be based on "virtue" and "virtue" should be based on "filial piety". Filial piety at home, loyalty at home Promoting loyalty by filial piety, promoting hierarchical order by blood, and taking "housekeeping in order" as an important link in "governing the country" and "leveling the world" According to Confucianism, those who can be filial at home must be loyal outside. If everyone can be filial at home and loyal outside, then "family harmony", "national governance" and "world peace" will be realized. The Analects of Confucius said: "He is also filial, but few people like to make mistakes. It's not easy to make mistakes, but the troublemaker has nothing to do with it. Gentleman's business is based on inheritance and Taoism. Filial piety is also the foundation of benevolence! " (Note: "The Analects of Confucius Learn") Mencius also said: "The way of Yao and Shun is filial piety." (Note: "Mencius told his son") Mencius also said: "All young sons love their relatives, love their elders and respect their brothers. Dear, benevolent; Respect is long, and righteousness is also. Without him, it will reach the world. " (Note: "Mencius is dedicated") Mencius also clearly pointed out: "The foundation of the world is in the country, and the foundation of the country is at home." (Note: "Mencius Leaving the Basket") This is a kind of "filial piety", from the child's kissing instinct to knowing how to respect his brother when he grows up, and it is popularized by blood and affection. With these two things, there will be benevolence and righteousness, and by extension, all other ethical relations can be handled well. "Book of Rites" says: "A benevolent government, a benevolent government; A family is made and a country is made. " (Note: The Book of Rites University) raised family moral education to a height related to the rise and fall of the country. "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" also said: "Filial piety is a matter of loyalty, sincerity and death." (Note: The Classic of Filial Piety in Lu Chunqiu Period) The Classic of Filial Piety further regards "filial piety" as the core of moral norms, and holds that "filial piety is the foundation of virtue, and the principle of teaching is also born". (Note: The Book of Filial Piety begins with a chapter on the clear meaning.) After the Han Dynasty, the rulers fully realized the importance of filial piety in maintaining the feudal hierarchical ethical order, and advocated "ruling the world with filial piety" in succession, and held various activities to promote filial piety, such as raising filial piety, saving money, showing filial piety, and "nine grades of righteousness". In addition, it is worth mentioning that Zhang Zai, a Neo-Confucianism scholar in Song and Ming Dynasties, regards "filial piety" as the embodiment of the fundamental principle of the universe, which has ontological characteristics and believes that the pursuit of "filial piety" is the basis of morality. He said, "Just call dad, and Kun calls mom. ..... people, my compatriots; I, too. Great monarch, my parents are sons; Its ministers are also the homes of children and grandchildren. " (Note: Zhang Zai's Zheng Ming) means that everyone in the world is the son of heaven and earth, heaven is the father and earth is the mother. We are all brothers, everything is the friend of man, the emperor is the eldest son of his parents, and the minister is his housekeeper. Therefore, if people want to be "filial" to their parents, they must respect the eldest son and the housekeeper. This made the best defense for the feudal ruling order and rulers in the beautiful and warm "family relationship" and found the ontological basis for the feudal hierarchical morality. Anyone who refuses to obey the emperor and ministers is apostasy and is the "rebellious son" of the parents of heaven and earth.

In order to carry out the moral standard of consanguineous hierarchy of "the unity of family and country", thinkers of past dynasties have also compiled a series of "family training" classics that promote "loyalty" with "filial piety". For example, The Biography of Han Poetry records the allusions of Duke Zhou's training of birds, Guoyu contains the allusions of mother's training of father and aunt's training of children, and The Analects contains the records of Confucius' training of carp. There are Ma Yuan's Yan Dunshu, Zheng Xuan's exhortation book, Ban Zhao's women's admonition book and Cai Yong's women's instruction in the Han Dynasty. There were famous family instructions for Yan in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, family instructions for Liu @ ① in the Tang Dynasty, family instructions for Sima Guang in the Song Dynasty, Family Instructions for Wang Weng by Lu You, Family Instructions and Family Gifts by Zhu, Family Instructions for Zheng by Zheng Tao in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, and Family Instructions for Cao Duan in the Ming Dynasty. As for the motto of Saint Amethyst, "Meng Mu's godson" and "Honor and be virtuous", it is a household name. The San Zi Jing says that "the father is at fault if the son doesn't teach", and Zengguang Xianwen says that "the training of the son must begin with prenatal education and end at the beginning of primary school". An adopted son does not teach donkeys, and an adopted daughter does not teach pigs. "The above-mentioned" Family Instructions "book was engraved in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, which was widely circulated around the world and had a great influence.

Second, the contents and methods of family moral education in ancient China.

To put it simply, the content of family moral education in ancient China is the feudal patriarchal hierarchy moral norms based on "the unity of family and country". Choose the most important, including:

1. In the parent-child relationship, parents are required to be "kind" and children "filial". "Yan Family Instructions" said: "Parents are dignified and kind, then their children are timid and filial." On the relationship between "goodness" and "filial piety", China's traditional morality emphasizes "filial piety" more. In the "three cardinal guides", "the father is the child's guide", and the rights and interests are inclined to "the father", so that "the father calls the child to die, and the child cannot but die" is extreme. Regarding the connotation of "filial piety", China's traditional morality has a detailed definition. Confucius believes that dutiful sons should be "disobedient" to their parents and should be "born with courtesy; When you die, you will be buried and sacrificed. " (Note: "The Analects of Confucius is a government") Confucius also pointed out that "parents are there, and there must be good deeds if they don't travel far" and "parents should give advice. If you don't follow your wishes, you don't respect or complain. " (Note: The Analects of Confucius establishes a man) The Book of Rites says: "Honor your relatives, and then endure humiliation, which can be cited as the next." He also said: "It is filial piety to be unwilling to obey, to remonstrate tirelessly, and to work without complaining." (Note: Ji Fang in the Book of Rites) In the Book of Filial Piety, it is said: "Filial piety is also a matter of knowing and living, raising it with joy, worrying about illness, mourning it with mourning, and offering it with strictness. When five are ready, you can get close. " (Note: Xiao Jingji Zhang Xiaoxing) and so on.

2. In the relationship between husband and wife, the requirement is "husband and wife". "Zuo Zhuan" said: "The husband is harmonious and righteous, and the wife is soft and straight." (Note: "Twenty-six Years of Zuo Zhao") Guan Zi said: "A husband is solid." If you are a wife, I advise you to be faithful. (Noe: Guan Fu) However, in the "husband is loyal to his wife", China's traditional morality emphasizes "wife is obedient". In the Analects of Confucius, Confucius said that "only women are difficult to raise" and in the Book of Rites, "men are handsome and women are obedient" as "the meaning of husband and wife". In the "three cardinal guides", "husband is the wife's guide" is right-leaning to "husband" In China's traditional morality, the requirements of "three obedience" (listening to the father at home, marrying the husband, and obeying the son when the husband dies) and "four virtues" (women's morality, women's words, women's appearance and women's morality) are put forward. The difference between men is that noble men can have wives and concubines, while women must be single-minded; A man can "divorce his wife" at will, but his wife can't file for divorce, let alone remarry. It is stipulated in Li Ji of the Great Generation that "a woman can go seven times", that is, a husband can "divorce his wife" under the following seven circumstances: "If he goes against his parents, he will go; No children, go; Yin, go; Be jealous, go; If you are seriously ill, go; Say one more word and go; Theft, go. " Go, even if you talk too much. In ancient China, there were many moral precepts for women, including the inhuman requirement of "foot binding". Dong Zhongshu and others also demonstrated the ontology of "husband as wife" from the viewpoint that husband is yang, wife is yin, and yin should obey yang. Giving preference to boys is one of the basic values of China's traditional morality.

3. In the relationship between brothers and sisters, it is required that "brothers, friends and brothers respect each other as guests". Brothers should be friendly to brothers, and brothers should be respectful to brothers. However, in ancient China, the eldest son inheritance system was implemented, and the right of "brother, friend and brother" was inclined to the eldest brother. If the father is gone, the younger brother should regard the younger brother as the "father". China's traditional morality emphasizes "the order of the young", which includes the obedience of the young to the elders, which is one of the ethical orders of the patriarchal hierarchy. The ancient thinkers in China regarded "filial piety" and "filial piety" as the essence of all virtues to rule the world.