Surgical Nursing Knowledge Points

Surgical Nursing Knowledge Points

There is a lot to know about Surgical Nursing. Here is what I have brought to you about Surgical Nursing Knowledge Points. Feel free to read it.

Water Electrolyte Acid-Base Balance

The predominant cation in extracellular fluid is Na+, and the major anions are Cl-, HCO3-, and protein. The daily requirement for sodium in a normal adult is 4.5 g.

1. The predominant cations in the intracellular fluid are K+ and Mg+, and the major anions are HPO42- and proteins. The normal adult daily requirement for potassium is 3?4 g.

3. Normal values for serum sodium are 135?150 mmol/L. Normal values for serum potassium are 3.5?5.5 mmol/L.

Sodium: eat more and excrete more, eat less and excrete less, and do not eat and do not excrete. Potassium: Eat more and discharge more, eat less and discharge less, do not eat also discharge.

4. Hypertonic Hypohydration Definition: water and sodium deficiency at the same time, but the lack of water is more than the lack of sodium, so the serum sodium is higher than the normal range, the extracellular fluid is hypertonic state, also known as primary dehydration.

5. Isotonic dehydration definition: water and sodium loss in proportion, serum sodium is still in the normal range, the osmolality of the extracellular fluid is also maintained normal, because of the rapid decrease in the amount of extracellular fluid, so it is also known as acute or mixed dehydration, the most common type of dehydration in surgical patients.

7. Intravenous rehydration principles: first salt and then sugar, first crystal and then gel, first fast and then slow, alternating fluid species, see the urine to make up for the potassium Note: the urine volume must be >40ml/h before potassium supplementation.

8. There are three main causes of hyperkalemia: insufficient potassium intake; excessive potassium loss; potassium from the extracellular into the intracellular (potassium distribution abnormalities

9. Hypokalemia clinical manifestations: (hypokalemia triad: muscle weakness, abdominal distension/intestinal paralysis, cardiac arrhythmia)

. Muscle weakness is the earliest manifestation, and in severe cases, tendon reflexes are weakened, absent, or flaccid

Nausea, anorexia, decreased peristalsis, decreased bowel sounds, abdominal distension, paralytic bowel obstruction and colic, constipation

Conduction blockage and rhythmic abnormality

Confusion, irritability, restlessness, lethargy, and depression

Nocturnal urination, urinary retention

Abnormal Metabolic acidosis:

Deep and rapid breathing, ketone odor (rotten apple odor)

Apathy, fatigue, lethargy, confusion, disorientation, stiffness, coma

Acidosis is often accompanied by hyperkalemia, which can lead to decreased muscle tone, weakened or absent tendon reflexes, weakness of skeletal muscles, and flaccid paralysis

The acidosis is often accompanied by high potassium, which can lead to decreased muscle tone, decreased or absent tendon reflexes, and weakness of skeletal muscles, and flaccid paralysis

The acidosis is often accompanied by high potassium, which can lead to decreased muscle tone, decreased or absent tendon reflexes, and weakness of skeletal muscles.

Slowed heartbeat, decreased heart sounds, arrhythmia, low blood pressure

Surgical shock patient care

1. Factors affecting effective circulating blood volume: adequate blood volume; effective cardiac output; good peripheral vascular tone. Excessive changes in any of these factors can cause a sharp decrease in effective circulating blood volume, leading to shock.

2. Hemorrhagic shock and infectious shock are the two most common types of shock in surgery

3. Principles of treatment of shock: Remove the cause of shock as soon as possible; restore the effective circulating blood volume as soon as possible; improve the microcirculation; improve cardiac function; and correct metabolic derangements

4. 7. Relationship between central venous pressure and rehydration

Rehydration test

Rehydration test: take 250 ml of isotonic saline and drip it intravenously within 5?10 minutes, if the blood pressure rises and the CVP remains unchanged, it suggests hypovolemia; if the blood pressure remains unchanged and the CVP rises (3?125 pxH2O), it suggests cardiac insufficiency.

8. Nursing care of patients with infectious shock:

Control of infection: actively deal with the primary lesion, give adequate and effective antibiotic treatment, in order to correct shock.

Supplementation of blood volume: restoring sufficient circulating blood volume is an important part of the treatment of infectious shock.

Correction of acidosis: 5% sodium bicarbonate solution is given to correct acidosis.

Application of vasoactive drugs: for patients with cardiac insufficiency, drugs to enhance myocardial function, such as sildenafil, can be given. To improve microcirculation, vasodilators can be used. Vasodilators must be used on the basis of replenishment of blood volume.

Corticosteroids are generally used in infectious shock and severe shock

9. What is the clinical presentation of a patient in shock?

Pre-shock: nervousness, irritability; pallor, cold and clammy extremities, rapid pulse, rapid respiration, normal or decreasing blood pressure, decreasing pulse pressure, normal or decreasing urine output

Shock phase: apathy, unresponsiveness, cyanosis or cyanosis of the skin, cold extremities, rapid pulse, shallow respiration, progressive decline in blood pressure, superficial venous atrophy, prolongation of the capillary filling time, symptoms of metabolic acidosis.

Late shock: blurred consciousness or coma, obvious cyanosis or blotchy skin and mucous membranes all over the body, cold extremities, weak pulse, irregular respiration, undetectable blood pressure, no urine

Anesthesia care

1. Fasting: to avoid vomiting and accidental inhalation, fasting for 12 hours before anesthesia, and forbidding to drink for 4 hours; allergy test of local anesthesia drugs, medication before anesthesia

1. p> 2. The purpose of medication before anesthesia (30-60min before surgery)

Sedation, so that the patient's mood is stable and cooperative, easing anxiety and fear.

Suppress salivary and airway secretions and keep the airway open.

Reduce the side effects of anesthetics and eliminate some unfavorable neural reflexes.

Raise the pain threshold, relieve preoperative pain and enhance the analgesic effect of anesthesia.

3. Prevention and treatment of complications

(1) nausea, vomiting: for those with frequent vomiting, keep the gastrointestinal decompression smooth, timely suction to remove gastric retention;

(2) choking: improve preoperative gastrointestinal preparations, routinely fasting for 8-12 hours and abstaining from drinking for 4 hours before elective surgery, in order to ensure gastric emptying, to avoid the occurrence of reflux of gastric contents, vomiting, or accidental suction during the operation. Clean up the mouth, once the patient vomits, immediately clean up the vomitus in the mouth and other places, so as to avoid misaspiration due to the residues in the mouth;

(3) Respiratory obstruction (the most common)

4. Prevention and care of pain after lumbar anesthesia

Anesthesia with a small needle puncture

Improve the technique of puncture and avoid repeated puncture

Perioperative period Adequate rehydration and prevention of dehydration

After lumbar anesthesia, give the lying position for 4~6 hours

For headache, give the lying position, and give analgesic according to the doctor's instruction

5. Prevention and care of toxic reaction of local anesthetic

Avoid injection of local anesthetic into the blood vessel: each time before injecting the injection needs to be pumped back to confirm that there is no blood before injecting the injected

Restrict the total amount of local anesthetic: the dosage should not exceed the maximum limit or be given to the patient. Limit the total amount of local anesthetic: one dose should not exceed the maximum limit or be injected several times in small doses, halved for the elderly and infirm, and halved for areas with rich blood circulation

Add the right amount of epinephrine: adding the right amount of epinephrine can constrict the blood vessels, and slow down the absorption of the local anesthetic

Administer preanesthesia medication: give diazepam and barbiturates

Pay attention to the observation. Active treatment of toxic reactions: once occurred, immediately stop the injection of drugs, be oxygenated

6. Total spinal anesthesia is the most dangerous complication of epidural anesthesia. It is due to the puncture needle or catheter mistakenly into the subarachnoid space, all or most of the local anesthetic drug mistakenly injected into the subarachnoid space and caused by the phenomenon of total spinal cord nerve block.

Manifestations: dyspnea, decreased blood pressure, blurred consciousness or unconsciousness, followed by respiratory arrest, or even cardiac arrest within minutes after injection.

Pre- and post-operative patient care

1. Pre-operative preparation:

Respiratory preparation Smoking cessation: quit smoking for 2 weeks before surgery

Anti-infection: antibiotics, ultrasonic nebulization

Deep breathing: for chest surgery, train abdominal breathing; for abdominal surgery, train thoracic respiration

Effective coughing: take a sitting position or a semi-sitting position, lean forward slightly, cough lightly several times, then inhale y. Cough gently several times, then inhale y and cough hard

Gastrointestinal preparation General surgery: fasting 12 hours before the operation, no drink for 4 hours

Gastrointestinal surgery: start to eat a liquid diet 1?2 days before the operation, fasting 12 hours before the operation, no drink for 4 hours.

Gastric tube or gastric lavage: for patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery

Enema: general surgery: one enema with 0.5%?1% soapy water the night before surgery. Rectal, colon surgery: 2 days before surgery with 0.5%?1% soap and water enema once in the evening, the night before surgery and the morning of the day of surgery to perform a clean enema.

2... Traditional preoperative bowel preparation method for colon and rectal surgery:

A low-slag semi-liquid diet 3 days before surgery, and a liquid diet from 2 days before surgery

Oral laxatives (e.g., senna, magnesium sulfate, and castor oil) from 3 days before surgery

One enema in soapy water on the night of the 2nd day before surgery, and a cleansing enema on the night of the 1st day before surgery and in the morning of the day of surgery

One day before surgery, oral Antibiotics (metronidazole, carbamazepine, gentamicin)

3. According to the anesthesia mode to place the lying position

General anesthesia: decubitus lying, head tilted to the side

Subarachnoid anesthesia: decubitus lying for 6?8 hours

Epidural anesthesia: lying for 4?6 hours, not decubitus

After cranial cerebral surgery, if there is no shock or coma, take the head of the bed After craniocerebral surgery, if there is no shock or coma, the head of the bed should be elevated by 15o?30o and the head should be elevated and the feet should be lowered to a sloping position

After cervical and thoracic surgeries, the high semi-sitting position should be used

After abdominal surgeries, the low semi-sitting position should be used

After spinal or hip surgeries, the prone or supine position should be used

After limb surgeries, the affected limbs should be elevated

Patients with shock should adopt the supine mid-concave position.

4 Dietary care:

Abdominal surgery, especially after gastrointestinal surgery needs to be fasted for 1~3 days, to be gastrointestinal function recovery, anal defecation, began to enter a small amount of fluid, until 5~6 days of semi-fluid food, the 7th~9th day can be transitioned to a soft food, the postoperative period of 10~12 days after the start of the metal universal food.

After non-abdominal surgery, local anesthesia without any discomfort can eat on demand, general anesthesia to be fully awake, no vomiting before eating, the first fluid, and then changed to semi-liquid or general food as appropriate; intradural anesthesia surgery can be eaten after 6 hours

5. incision healing classification, grading:

Ⅰ type of incision: aseptic incision

Ⅱ type of incision: may be Possible contamination

Class III incision: contaminated incision

Class A healing: excellent healing of the incision, no adverse reactions

Class B healing: inflammatory reaction at the incision, but not pus

Class C healing: pus at the incision, need to be incised and drained.

Example: Excellent incision healing after major thyroidectomy (I/A)

Incisional hematoma after major gastrectomy (II/B)

Excellent incision healing after appendice perforation resection (III/A)

7. Drainage tube care*** The same principles: fixation, patency, patency, observation

8. Post-operative complications

Clinical manifestations of pulmonary atelectasis: early postoperative fever, increased respiration and heart rate, turbid or solid tones on percussion, weakened and disappeared respiratory sounds on auscultation, and limited wet rhonchi. Treatment: turning, back patting and postural expectoration, deep breathing, coughing on their own to expel sputum, ultrasonic nebulization, antibiotic treatment

Deep vein thrombosis Treatment: elevate the affected limbs, braking; avoid intravenous infusion through the affected limbs; local massage is strictly prohibited to prevent thrombus dislodgement; give urokinase, dextrose, heparin, warfarin treatment

9 preoperative health education

Informing

Inform the patient about the disease and the need for surgery

Inform the patient about anesthesia and surgery so that he can grasp the specific contents of the preoperative preparations

Strengthen the nutrition before the operation, pay attention to rest and appropriate activities to improve the ability to resist infection

Tobacco cessation, morning and evening brushing, rinsing the mouth after meals to maintain oral hygiene; pay attention to warmth to prevent respiratory infections

Instruct the patient to do the preoperative education

Inform the patient to do the preoperative education

Instructing patients to do a variety of preoperative exercises, including respiratory function exercises, bed exercises, use of bed potties

11. Early postoperative activities out of bed can help to increase lung capacity, improve blood circulation throughout the body, prevent the formation of deep vein thrombosis, promote the recovery of intestinal function and reduce the incidence of urinary retention

12. Hand-washing nurses (instrument nurses): nurses who work directly with the directly involved in the Surgery, take the initiative to cooperate with the surgeon to complete the whole process of surgery. The main responsibility is to be responsible for the supply of instruments, items and dressings during the surgical process.

13. clean operating room: through certain air cleaning measures, the number of bacteria in the operating room is limited to a certain range, the degree of air cleanliness to a certain level

14. if the wound dressing bleeding how to deal with

should be opened to check the dressing incision to clarify the bleeding situation and the cause of the blood seepage according to the degree of treatment: 1) a small amount of bleeding, usually by the The incision dressing change, pressure bandage or systemic use of hemostatic agents can stop bleeding; 2) bleeding, should speed up the infusion, at the same time can be transfused with blood or plasma, expanding blood volume, and to do a good job in the preoperative preparations for the re-operation of the hemostasis.

Nursing care for patients with surgical infections

1. Surgical infections: refers to infections that require surgical treatment, including trauma, burns, surgery, instrumentation, or invasive examination, treatment, and other concurrent infections

2. Characteristics of surgical infections: most of the mixed infections caused by several types of bacteria; most of them have significant local signs and symptoms; infections are often more confined, and with the development of the pathology cause Pus, necrosis, etc., so that the tissue is destroyed, after healing, the formation of scar tissue, and affect the function

3. Boil: is a single hair follicle of the skin and the sebaceous glands belonging to the purulent infection. The common causative organism is Staphylococcus aureus

4. Carbuncle: It is an acute purulent infection of several adjacent hair follicles and their sebaceous glands, sweat glands and their surrounding tissues. The common causative agent is Staphylococcus aureus, which often occurs in the neck, back and upper lip

5. Acute cellulitis: an acute diffuse purulent infection of subcutaneous, subfascial, intermuscular spaces or deep cellular tissue. The causative agent is mostly type B hemolytic streptococcus, followed by staphylococcus aureus. Characterized by rapid spread is not easy to limit, and normal tissue without obvious boundaries

6. Danovirus: acute inflammation of the skin and its reticular lymphatic vessels, the common causative organism is ? -Hemolytic streptococcus. Prevalent in the face, followed by the limbs (lower limbs); lesions are characterized by the rapid spread, the lesion area and the surrounding normal tissue boundaries are clear, there is rarely tissue necrosis or localized pus, and there is contact infectious. Prevention and treatment: 50% MgSO4, moist hot compresses, bedside isolation.

7. Dangerous triple A area: when the boils on the nose, upper lip and their surroundings receive extrusion, the germs can enter the intracranial cavernous venous sinus via the medial canthus vein and the ophthalmic vein, causing intracranial purulent cavernous sinusitis.

8. The principle of treatment of abscess: abscess has a sense of fluctuation or puncture pumped pus, it should be incision and drainage. Treatment principles: treatment of primary infection, application of antibiotics and enhancement of body resistance Local symptoms: superficial abscess: fluctuating sensation; deep abscess: deep pressure pain; abscess caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: cold abscess

9. sepsis: refers to the invasion of pathogenic bacteria into the blood circulation, persistence, rapid reproduction, the production of large amounts of toxins, and cause severe systemic symptoms; sudden chills, high fever, can be as high as 40 ℃?41 ℃, and usually up to 40 ℃. 41℃, often in the skin, conjunctiva and mucous membranes, often accompanied by mental changes

Bacteremia: refers to a small amount of pathogenic bacteria invade the blood circulation, quickly cleared by the body's defense system, does not cause or only cause a transient and mild systemic reaction

Toxemia: refers to a large number of toxins produced by pathogenic bacteria, severe injury or tissue destruction and decomposition after infection enter the blood circulation and cause severe symptoms. Tetanus clinical symptoms:

Incubation period: tetanus incubation period for an average of 6?12 days, can be shorter than 24 hours or as long as 20?30 days, or even months, the shorter the incubation period, the worse the prognosis

Precursor symptoms: weakness, dizziness, headache, bite, muscle tension, soreness, pain and swelling. The symptoms: weakness, dizziness, headache, biting muscle tension, soreness, chewing weakness, restlessness, yawning, etc., often lasting 12?24 hours

Episodic phase: biting muscle (teeth tightly closed), facial muscles (????). The face of the face is a bitter grin. The method of TAT desensitization experiment: divide 1ml of antitoxin into 0.1ml, 0.2ml, 0.3ml, 0.4ml, dilute it to 1ml with saline, and inject it in several times with half an hour interval each time until it is finished, and observe whether the patient looks pale or not after each injection. After each injection, observe whether the patient has pale face, rash, itchy skin, sneezing, joint soreness and blood pressure drop, etc. If it occurs, stop the infusion immediately, and subcutaneous injection of epinephrine 1mg or intramuscular injection of 30g of ephedrine

Nursing care for patients with burns

1.Burns

Stages: acute fluid exudation: shock period, starting a few minutes after the injury, to the fastest in 2?3 hours, reaching the peak in 12?3 hours, and the fastest in 12?3 hours, and the fastest in 12?4 hours. The acute fluid exudation phase: shock phase, starting minutes after injury, fastest at 2?3 hours, peak at 8 hours, slowing down at 12?36 hours, stabilizing after 48 hours and starting to reabsorb

Acute infection phase: after 72h Repairing phase: 5-8 days after injury

Classification: according to the depth of the burns, the degree of burns and burned area.1) Three degrees of quadratic division. Depth: I degree, shallow II degree for shallow burns, deep II degree and III degree for deep burns.2)Degree: total area of mild: II degree <10%; moderate: II degree <30% or III degree <10%; severe: total area of burns <50% or III degree <20%; very severe: total area of burns more than 50% or III degree < 20%.3)Area: total area of burns more than 50% or III degree < 20%.4)Burns: total area of burns: total area of burns: total area of burns: total area of burns, total area of burns, total area of burns, total area of burns, total area of burns, total area of burns, total area of burns. 20%. 3) Area: Chinese nine points method, palm estimation method.

2. Indications for various therapies

Bandaging therapy: superficial II degree burns of the limbs, small burns of the trunk, uncooperative

Exposure therapy: large areas, head and face, perineum, and III degree wounds to preserve the scab

3. Stages and the performance of each stage:

First degree: no blisters, burning itching and pain, erythema of the skin

Second degree: blisters, blisters, larger, thin-walled, flushed base, severe pain

Shallow second degree: blisters, smaller, blisters, thick-walled, red-white base, hair-pulling pain, visible reticulated vascular embolism

Third degree: no blisters, leathery wounds, burnt scabs, scabs with dendritic-like Embolized blood vessels, no pain, scarring after compounding, affecting the function

4. The first 24h post-injury rehydration rehydration volume: per 1% of the burn area (Ⅱ, Ⅲ degree) per kilogram of body weight should be supplemented with colloid and electrolyte fluids***1.5.ml, plus daily physiological water needs 2000ml. Type of rehydration: the ratio of colloid fluids and electrolyte fluids is 0.5:1 . The speed of rehydration: first fast and then slow, half of the total rehydration fluid should be input within 8 hours after on, the other half in the remaining 16 hours to complete. For example: a patient, body weight 60kg; shallow II degree burns, area of 50%, the first 24h after the injury rehydration fluid total 50?60?1.5 + 2000 = 6500 (ml), of which the colloid fluid is 50?60?0.5 = 1500 ml, electrolyte fluid is 50?60?1 = 3000 ml, 2000 ml of water, half of the total rehydration fluid 3250ml Half of the total rehydration fluid 3250 ml was entered within 8 h after injury. The order of rehydration fluids: crystal first, then gel, salt first, then sugar, fast first, then slow

5. Chinese nine-point method: (head, face, neck) 3, 3, 3, (both upper arms, both forearms, both hands) 7, 6, 5, (trunk front, back, perineum) 13, 13, 1, (both hips, both thighs, both lower legs, both feet) 5, 21, 13, 7, Note: Adult females have 6% of each of the two feet and both hips

Care of patients with tumors Nursing care of patients with tumors

1. Tumor: It is a new organism formed by excessive proliferation or abnormal differentiation of body cells under the long-term action of different initiating and promoting factors

2. The development of malignant tumors can be divided into pre-cancerous stage, carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma; pre-cancerous stage: manifested as obvious epithelial proliferation, accompanied by atypical hyperplasia; carcinoma in situ: usually refers to early stage of carcinoma where cancerous cells are confined to epithelial layer and do not break through the basal layer; invasive carcinoma: manifested as obvious epithelial hyperplasia accompanied by atypical hyperplasia. Invasive carcinoma: carcinoma in situ breaks through the basement membrane and infiltrates and develops into the surrounding tissues, destroying the normal structure of the surrounding tissues

3. Clinical manifestations of tumors:

Local manifestations: lumps, pain, ulcers, bleeding, obstruction, infiltration and metastasis

Systemic manifestations: early stage is inconspicuous, or there are symptoms of lethargy, malaise, weight loss, low-grade fever and anemia, and systemic exhaustion may appear in the late stage, with symptoms of general exhaustion, which may appear as a symptom of the disease. Systemic failure symptoms can occur, malignant disease

4. radiotherapy patient skin care:

radiation field skin avoid friction, physical and chemical stimulation, avoid scratching; keep clean and dry, bathing, ban soap, coarse towel rubbing, partially with a soft towel to absorb the dry; wearing soft cotton clothes, timely replacement; local skin erythema, prohibit the hand to tear off, it should be allowed to fall off naturally, once torn Difficult to heal; wear a hat when going out, avoid direct sunlight exposure, reduce the stimulation of sunlight on the irradiated wild skin; use dry ice to stop the itching

5. Post-chemotherapy reactions: phlebitis, venous embolism; soft-tissue skin injuries caused by extravasation of drugs; nausea and vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain; organ function damage; bone marrow suppression, etc.

Neck care

1. Basal metabolic rate measurement: basal metabolic rate % = (pulse rate + pulse rate) = (pulse rate + pulse pressure)-111 Normal value is +10%, clinical significance: +20%?30% for mild hyperthyroidism, +30%?60% for moderate hyperthyroidism, +60% or more for severe hyperthyroidism

2. Role of iodine: inhibit the release of thyroxine; it can reduce the blood flow of the thyroid gland, so that congestion in the gland is reduced, the gland shrinks and hardens Usage: commonly used compound potassium iodide solution The dose of potassium iodide should be taken orally 3 times a day, 3 drops on the first day, 4 drops on the second day, and then increase to 16 drops on each subsequent day, and then maintain this dose. Because iodine can only inhibit the release of thyroxine, can not inhibit the synthesis of thyroxine,, after stopping to take will lead to a large number of thyroglobulin stored in the thyroid follicles decomposition, so that the original hyperthyroidism symptoms reappear, or even aggravate, so, do not intend to surgery should not take iodine!

3. Care for common complications after thyroid surgery?

Dyspnea and asphyxia: give the patient a flat position to facilitate respiration and drainage; keep the drainage of the wound unobstructed; diet: give warm and cool fluids for 6h after the operation, avoiding overheated food to cause vasodilatation of the surgical site

Injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve: encourage the patient to pronounce the voice after the operation, and after physical therapy for 3-6 months, it can be recovered

Injury to the suprascending laryngeal nerve: pay attention to the dietary aspects of care, encourage the patient to eat and eat. Supraglottis laryngeal nerve injury: pay attention to dietary care, encourage the patient to eat harder food, generally can recover after physical therapy

Hand-foot convulsions: observation: pay attention to the observation of the blood calcium concentration

Diet: appropriately limit the meat, dairy products and eggs and other foods containing high phosphorus

Calcium supplementation: oral calcium for the less severe cases; for the more severe cases, can be added to the vitamin D, foot-foot convulsions, the infusion of calcium gluconate 10%

4. > 4. Thyroid crisis: manifested in 12~36h after the operation, the patient appeared high fever, fast and weak pulse, sweating, restlessness, delirium, or even coma, often accompanied by vomiting and diarrhea. Emergency measures are:

Iodine: reduce circulating blood thyroxine levels

Hydrocortisone: antagonize the stress response

Adrenergic blockers: lisdexamfetamine, cardioplegia, to reduce the peripheral tissues of the adrenaline response

Sedation: sodium phenobarbital, etc.

Cooling therapy to maintain the body temperature at 37 ℃

Intravenous administration of large quantities of glucose solution to maintain body temperature at 37℃

Intravenous administration of glucose solution to maintain the body temperature at 37 ℃. p> Intravenous administration of large amounts of glucose solution

Oxygen intake to reduce tissue hypoxia

In heart failure, add digitalis preparations

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