Bridge engineering outlined in architectural engineering?

The following is the related contents of the bridge project summarized by Zhong Da Consulting for your reference.

Bridge engineering refers to the working process of bridge survey, design, construction, maintenance and verification, as well as the science and engineering technology to study this process. It is a branch of civil engineering.

The development of bridge engineering mainly depends on the needs of transportation. The ancient bridge is dominated by people and animals, with little load. The longitudinal slope of the bridge deck can be steep, and even steps can be laid. With the heavy-duty carriage, the load will gradually increase, and the longitudinal slope of the bridge deck must also be gentle. At this time, the bridge materials are still mainly wood and stone, and cast iron and wrought iron are rarely used.

Since the establishment of the railway, the load borne by the bridge has doubled, and the standard requirements of the slope and curve of the line are high. It is necessary to build a railway network to increase economic benefits. Therefore, in order to cross larger and deeper rivers and canyons, bridges are forced to develop in large spans. Stone, wood, cast iron, wrought iron and other bridge materials obviously do not meet the requirements, and the mass production of steel just meets this requirement.

In terms of technology, repairing bridges only by experience has caused many serious accidents of railway bridges in the 1980s and 1990s of 19. Since then, the developing theory of structural mechanics has been paid attention to. After its static analysis theory was completely established and widely popularized, the accidents caused by the lack of bridge strength have been greatly reduced.

Since the 20th century, highway traffic has developed greatly. Inland, it is necessary to build bridges over more rivers and canyons. In the city, at the intersection of various traffic lines, it is necessary to build overpasses. In coastal areas, it is necessary to build extra-long-span bridges in estuaries, bays and straits where large ships can sail, and to build long bridges between some islands and the mainland.

Bridges need to be built in large quantities, but manpower, material resources and financial resources are limited; Therefore, it has become the requirement of the times to continuously improve the technical level, introduce new materials, new processes and new bridges, conduct more accurate numerical analysis of structural behavior and use more accurate structural tests for verification, so as to continuously improve the economic benefits of bridge construction.

Bridge engineering mainly studies the design of bridge span, including the selection of bridge site, the determination of bridge aperture, the determination of deck elevation considering navigation and line requirements, the determination of foundation buried depth considering no scouring or frost heaving, and the design of diversion buildings. Bridge scheme design; Bridge structural design; Bridge construction; Bridge grade; Bridge testing; Bridge maintenance and so on.

In terms of bridge building materials, high strength, light weight and low cost are the main basis for selection. In the near future, traditional steel and concrete are still the main materials to improve their strength and durability. Brittle fracture mechanism of building steel, initial geometric defects and inelastic problems of concrete materials (shrinkage, creep and fatigue, etc.). ) will continue to fully study, so as to correctly control the stress and deformation of the structure. As for the wide application of carbon fiber plastics in bridges, it is only possible after reducing the cost.

In bridge survey and design, with the rapid development of transportation, long-span or complex bridge types will appear continuously. The development of expressway will also put forward new requirements for bridge design. In bridge scheme design, we can use the theory of structural optimization design and choose the best scheme with the help of computer.

In structural design and calculation, it is possible to analyze the overall stress of bridges by using space theory. The limit state design theory based on probability and statistics theory will be further embodied in the design code of bridges and culverts, thus ensuring the safety of bridge design scientifically and reasonably. As a reflection of the times and national culture in some aspects, bridge aesthetics will be paid more and more attention: the face of the bridge will be magnificent.

In bridge construction, the construction organization will make full use of computers for economic and effective management. In terms of construction technology, new technologies and high-efficiency and high-performance mechanical equipment are constantly introduced to improve quality, shorten construction period and reduce costs. For example, laser measurement is used to control the precise positioning of structures; Using jack-up water platform to overcome the difficulties of deep water foundation; Using remote control equipment to excavate the foundation in open caisson and caisson, so as to reduce labor intensity and avoid personal danger; By using high-quality welding technology, Site welding and others can be popularized. In addition, prefabricated bridges will be developed to realize the standardization and industrial production of structures and components.

In the aspect of bridge maintenance, it is required to establish a perfect management system of existing bridge technical files. In bridge maintenance inspection, new precision measuring instruments, such as acoustic measurement, are introduced to measure the defects and elastic modulus of structural materials; Check the crystal structure of steel with hand-held metallographic camera, so as to reinforce it as early as possible, prevent problems before they happen, and thus prolong the service life of the bridge.

Under the comprehensive influence of production development and all kinds of scientific and technological progress, bridge engineering has always been developing continuously, following the principles of applicability, safety, economy and beauty.

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