Jewish details

Hebrew is Yehudi or Yehudi.

A person who originally refers to the tribe of Judah (a tribe of Israel 12) or the kingdom of Judah (the state of Israel is divided and opposed to the kingdom of Israel established by the northern tribe 10). At first, all Jews were collectively called Hebrews, and they were also called Israelis from their occupation of Palestine to their exile in Babylon. After living in exile, only the people who originally belonged to the Kingdom of Judah maintained their own national characteristics, and other 10 tribes were dispersed and assimilated into other peoples after Assyria destroyed the northern kingdom in 72 1 BC. So the word Jew only refers to people who originally belonged to the kingdom of Judah. Jews of all factions admit that Jewish women are Jews, while reformers believe that Jews are Jews only if their parents are Jews. Generally speaking, from a purely religious point of view, a community that has lived in a non-Jewish environment for generations and retained many basic teachings of Judaism is regarded as a real Jew as a whole, but as an individual, such people cannot marry Jews at will.

Also known as Hebrews and Israelis. It belongs to the Mediterranean type of Europa race. Mainly distributed in the United States, Israel, Russia and Europe. The Jewish people in Israel take Hebrew as their national language and belong to the Semitic-Chinese family. American Jews speak English, and many people know Hebrew or Yiddish; The rest are in local languages. /kloc-Before the 0/9th century, Jews scattered around the world had certain differences in social culture, religious etiquette, living customs, etc. due to their isolation from each other, and thus formed three branches of Askin: Naz, Sefadin and Dongfang. Believing in Judaism, some people have converted to Christianity in history. Orthodox Christians are circumcised and it is forbidden to marry uncircumcised foreigners. Make Saturday a sabbath for not doing worldly things. Reformers don't obey religious rules. Some people came to China and gradually integrated with the local residents. Throughout the Middle Ages, in the Christian world, Jews were always accused of betraying Jesus and were hated and persecuted everywhere. During World War II, 6 million European Jews were killed innocently by Nazi Germany. Jews long for the revival of the country. 1948 in may, with the support of Britain and the United States, some Jews established the state of Israel in Palestine. Later, many Jews moved to Israel from all over the world, with more than 4.6 million people.

High IQ

The average IQ of human beings is between 90- 100, while the IQ of Jews is about 20-30 higher than that of human beings. Why Jews have different explanations for high IQ, and there is no unified conclusion. The main explanation is as follows.

1. Since then, Jews have scattered all over the world and intermarried with local people, objectively forming the role of distant relatives, and their descendants generally have higher reproductive IQ than their close relatives.

Second, the study of Talmud by Jews is enlightening to IQ.

Third, in medieval anti-Semitic Europe, Jews were forbidden to engage in agriculture and work in government departments, forcing Jews to engage in high IQ business and finance. In addition, Jews intermarry among Jews with high IQ, which accelerates the improvement of IQ of future generations.

Fourth, Jews must rely on intelligence to survive in a general anti-Semitic environment, so Jews attach importance to knowledge and wisdom.

Diversity of skin

After nearly 2000 years of wandering around the world and intermarriage with local people, the skin color of Jews has become diversified, including white Jews, yellow Jews, black Jews and sub-skin Jews in India and Latin America.

historical changes

The history of Jews in the Biblical era began in the first 500 years of the second millennium BC. The ancestors were Abraham, his son Isaac and his grandson Jacob. A famine throughout the country forced Jacob and his sons, the ancestors of twelve tribes in Israel, to move to Egypt, where their descendants became slaves. Centuries later, Moses led the people out of Egypt, out of slavery, towards freedom and finally back to Israel. They wandered in desert of sinai for 40 years, where they formed a country, accepted the laws of Moses, including the Ten Commandments, and the monotheism founded by their ancestors began to take shape.

Under Joshua's command, Israeli tribes conquered Israel and settled down, but they often only unite under the leadership of leaders called "judges" when they are threatened from outside. BC 1028, Sol established a monarchy; His successor David unified the tribes and established their capital in Jerusalem in 1000 BC. Solomon, the son of David, developed the kingdom into a prosperous commercial power and built the temple of monotheism in Israel in Jerusalem. Archaeological excavations have confirmed that during Solomon's reign, important city trade centers were established in some fortified towns, such as Xiasuo, Megiddo and Geji. After Solomon's death, the country split into two kingdoms: one is the kingdom of Israel, with its capital in Samaria; One is the Jewish kingdom with Jerusalem as its capital. The two kingdoms coexisted for two centuries, ruled by Jewish kings, and warned by prophets to safeguard social justice and abide by the law.

In 722 BC, the kingdom of Israel was occupied by Assyrians, and the people were forced into exile (known as the "lost ten tribes" in history). In 586 BC, the Jewish kingdom was conquered by the Babylonians. The invaders destroyed the temple in Jerusalem and sent most of the Jews to Babylon.

During the period of Jewish autonomy (538-60 BC), the Babylonian Empire was conquered by Persians in 539 BC. After that, many Jews returned to Judah (the homeland of Israel) to rebuild the temple in Jerusalem, and the Jewish way of life in their homeland was restored. In the next four centuries, Jews enjoyed a great degree of autonomy under the rule of Persians and ancient Greeks. The Seleuc dynasty in Syria took a series of measures to ban the religious belief of Jews, which led to the uprising led by the Macabies family in 168 BC, and then established an independent Jewish kingdom, which was ruled by the Jewish king of Haas Monic dynasty for about 80 years.

Foreign rule (60 BC-AD 1948) Since 60 BC, the country has been weakened by civil strife and increasingly controlled by Rome. In order to get rid of Roman rule, the Jews launched another uprising, the biggest one of which broke out in 66 AD. After four years of fighting, the Romans conquered Judea in 70 AD, burned down the Second Temple and exiled many Jews in China. The last resistance of Jews to Rome was that more than 1000 people were trapped in the castle on the top of Masaadeh. The rebellion ended in 73 AD with the collective suicide of the defenders. It became a symbol of the Jews' struggle for freedom in their own land.

Under the rule of Rome (70-3 13) and Byzantium (3 13-636), Jewish society continued to maintain and develop its own legal, educational and cultural systems in its own land. In the 2nd century A.D., Jewish law involved all aspects of life, and was compiled into the oral law "Missina Sutra", and then expanded into the Talmud Sutra in the 3rd-5th century A.D. ... Some of these laws were later revised according to the situation, and Jews who abide by the canon still abide by these laws.

Another attempt by Jews to regain national sovereignty was the Barkohba Uprising in A.D. 132, which led to the establishment of an independent Jewish enclave in Judea with Jerusalem as its capital. However, three years later, the Romans defeated Balkoba. In order to sever the ties between Jews and their homeland, they renamed Jerusalem Elijah capito Linna and renamed the country Balestina.

Since the 7th century, the country has been successively divided into Arabs (6 13- 109 1), Seljuks (1091-0/099), Crusaders (/kloc-0). The Ottoman Empire was ruled by Turks (1517-1917) and British (19 18- 1948). Rulers in different periods arbitrarily changed boundaries and names. The palace built by the conquerors is a historical testimony of their rule over this land.

Although there are fewer and fewer Jews because of thousands of years of alien rule, Jews have always maintained their presence in this homeland, and the Jewish population has been increasing with the return of Jews scattered in various countries. By the middle of19th century, the sparse Jewish population had surged.

For centuries, Zionism, hoping to return to Zion one day (Zion, traditionally synonymous with Jerusalem and Israel's homeland), has been the pillar of life for Jews scattered around the world. By the end of 19, Jews in eastern Europe were constantly oppressed and persecuted, while Jews in western Europe were increasingly disillusioned with formal liberation, which neither ended racial discrimination nor integrated Jews into their own society. Zionism came into being as a national liberation movement. From 65438 to 0897, theodor herzl held the first Zionist Congress in Basel. At the meeting, the Zionist movement became a formal political organization, calling on Jews to return to their homeland Israel and revive Jewish national life in their ancestral homeland.

Inspired by Zionism, thousands of Jews began to return home. At that time, this homeland was still a part of the Ottoman Empire, sparsely populated and ignored by the world. Early pioneers drained swamps, reclaimed wasteland, planted trees on bare mountains, established industries and built cities and villages here. They established community institutions and service facilities, and restored Hebrew, which had long been used only for worship and literature, to daily life.

One land, two nationalities.

Based on the consideration of "Jews have historical ties with Palestine (the homeland of Israel)" and "rebuilding Jewish homeland in that country", the League of Nations entrusted Britain to rule this homeland in 1922, and specifically charged Britain to "create various political, administrative and economic environments for this country to ensure the establishment of Jewish homeland."

In the same year, Britain established the Emirates of Jordan (today's Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan) outside Arabia on three-quarters of the territory of this trust territory, leaving only the area west of the Jordan River for the development of Jewish homes. Arab extremist leaders even oppose the establishment of Jewish homes in such a small area. They instigated attacks on the Jewish community and even attacked Arabs who advocated Arab-Jewish relations. British restrictions on Jewish immigration and settlement did not stop Arab militants, and violent incidents occurred frequently until the outbreak of World War II.

During World War II, the Nazis killed about 6 million European Jews, including 6.5438+0.5 million children. After the war, despite the urgent need to find refuge for Jews who survived the Nazi Holocaust, Britain did not cancel the Jewish immigration quota. To explain this stamp: Anna Frank and her family fled Nazi persecution in this house for two years in response to the British policy of restricting immigration. The native Jewish community, together with Jews all over the world, mobilized all human and material resources and organized an "illegal" immigration movement to transfer 85,000 refugees from Europe to their homeland.

Arabs oppose Jews settling in their homeland, while Jews insist on lifting the restrictions on Jewish immigration. Britain handed over the problem to the United Nations without mediation. 1On October 29th, the United Nations General Assembly voted to establish two countries in the West Bank: a Jewish state and an Arab state. The Jews accepted the partition plan, while the Arabs rejected it.

National status

1948 in may, the British trusteeship ended, and the Jews immediately announced the establishment of the state of Israel. Less than 24 hours later, the armies of five Arab countries invaded the new country. This war of Israeli independence has been going on and off for more than a year. 1in July, 949, an armistice agreement was signed with neighboring Arab countries based on the ceasefire line.

In the founding declaration, Israel stated that it would "extend a hand of peace and good neighborliness to all its neighbors and their peoples". Although successive Israeli prime ministers have repeatedly reiterated this call, it has always been rejected or ignored. Arab terrorists keep attacking Israeli population centers. Arab countries not only supported and encouraged the attacks, but also imposed economic and diplomatic boycotts, blocked Israel's international waterways and provoked a full-scale war. In 1956 and 1967, Israel launched a pre-emptive attack in response to deliberate provocation. 1973, Israel repelled the full-scale attack launched by Arab neighbors from three fronts at the same time. 1982, Israel took action to destroy the base of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) for terrorist activities in southern Lebanon due to repeated terrorist attacks on residents in northern Galilee.

From 65438 to 0977, Egyptian President Sadat visited Jerusalem at the invitation of Premier Beijing, thus breaking the deadlock of refusing peace. This visit led to negotiations between the two sides, which resulted in the signing of the Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty and the conclusion of the Camp David Agreement on March 26, 1979, including relevant provisions for achieving peace in the Middle East and arrangements for the future status of Judea, Samaria and Gaza administered by Israel since 1967. With the violent protests in these areas 1987, the focus of the Arab-Israeli conflict is on the Palestinian Arab side. Israel believes that the parties concerned can only solve the problem through direct negotiations. Therefore, it welcomes the opportunity for dialogue provided by the Middle East Peace Conference held in Madrid on130 October under the auspices of the United States and Russia. The meeting brought together Palestinian delegations from Israel, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan, which laid the foundation for Israel's subsequent bilateral negotiations with each Arab neighbor and multilateral talks to solve regional problems.

Jews call themselves "the nation of memory". Abraham's faith, the slave life in Egypt, the words and deeds of the prophet, the wisdom of sages, the history of the nation, and the relationship with the holy city of Jerusalem were inherited by Jews through "memory" and told their children what happened in the past. To say that Jews are a "nation of memory" means that they remember and inherit the heritage of history. In these memories, there are not only the great achievements and glory of the nation, but also those persecution, separation, pain and failure. Jews passed on these pains and lessons from generation to generation through memory to warn future generations.

History is actually a record of a nation's brand. One of the reasons why Jews carefully remember national history is to make Jews scattered around the world aware of Jewish unity in this way. But the greater role of history education is to inspire personality in all directions, which Jews also quite agree with. Therefore, the real sense of history education is not only to emphasize the glory of history, but also to face up to the failure, frustration, persecution and decline in history, and to reflect on and learn from it. In this sense, Jews try to define education as "painful education". They not only tell children that there are joys and happiness in life, but also tell them that there will be darkness and setbacks in life.

Purim Festival (also called Purim Festival) is a costume parade held in February or March every year. In ancient times, Esther, a Jew who became a princess, spared no effort to save the lives of Jews. This festival is to commemorate this period of history.

On Puling Festival, people will play flutes and ring bells, and children and adults will parade in the streets in disguise. Before this happy parade, children must understand the origin of this festival. Esther once gave her life to tell the king a plot to kill Jews. As a result, the principal conspirator was executed, and the Jews saved their lives at the critical moment. Expressing Jewish gratitude is the main purpose of Purim.

Every year1February, there is an 8-day dedication festival. In ancient times, in order to resist the tyranny of Greece, the Maccabees rebelled and restored Jewish autonomy. This festival is to commemorate the uprising. On this festival, people will learn about the history of the desecration of Jerusalem's temple and the denial of Jewish freedom of belief.

Also, two thousand years ago, the Greek army personally destroyed the temple in Jerusalem. To commemorate this event, every August, Jews will review history, hold a one-day hunger strike and pray for the reconstruction of the temple.

In addition, the Jews in Spain were exiled, and the Jews were squeezed by Christians and taxed excessively until the fascist massacre. No matter the size of the incident, as long as it is related to themselves, Jews will investigate it clearly, record it in detail and remember it clearly.

The mission chosen by the Jews is not to let these tragic history repeat itself. The pain of the past is a lesson for the future, so Jews will pass this mission on to the next generation, telling them that they can't adopt a comfortable attitude towards life; Have a sense of responsibility to the nation and the world; Learning history can't just stay in the past, but also open your mind to the future.

A nation has its own history, and so does a person, such as people's growth, experience, family, friends and hometown. Each kind of experience is linked with related history, forming a big historical plate. History is the product of individuals and their identities. Studying history is not to list past historical events, but to consider the relationship between these events and the present and its significance. For Jews, history is a challenge to the present and a question to the future.

For example, Jewish textbooks do not simply record how Jews were massacred by fascism, but ask: If you were yourself at that time, how would you respond? Students will be asked to refer to various articles written by their ancestors about life in concentration camps and imagine themselves as victims. Depending on the situation, some people who have relatives and friends who survived in the concentration camp can talk with them and listen to the most real experience.

Through this kind of study, students can understand history more intuitively, reflect on history and see the future direction. No matter how unforgivable the evil of fascist Germany is, it is necessary to establish friendly relations with the German people, which is the Jewish inductive attitude towards history. From failure, we can recognize good and evil, positive and negative things, and distinguish them. The most taboo for Jews is to ignore the facts and do everything across the board. Created by Liu Hongping.

During the second world war

The rise of Nazi Germany

In World War I, the Allies were defeated by the Allies. 191811.After the war, German emperor William II abdicated. 19 19 On June 28th, Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles. 1965438+On July 3, 20091day, the National Assembly adopted the Weimar Constitution in Weimar, a small town in southern Germany, and announced the establishment of the Weimar Republic. As France was badly hit by Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, after World War I, France hoped to retaliate against Germany economically and eventually weaken this powerful neighbor. The Treaty of Versailles imposed extremely severe economic and military sanctions on Germany. The German Empire lost 13% of its territory and 12% of its population, Germany was disarmed, the German Bundeswehr was controlled below 654.38+million, and it was forbidden to own an air force. Although Germany was finally defeated in World War I, the vitality of the German Empire was not greatly damaged, the industrial system was still intact, and Germany itself was not affected by the war. The Treaty of Versailles only considers the distribution of interests of the victorious countries, the unprecedented harshness and predation of the treaty, and the fact that Germany generally does not recognize military defeat. German nationals have strong resistance and disgust towards the Treaty of Versailles, which has aroused strong national revenge among ordinary Germans. After a short period of stability, the Weimar Republic, which could not rule out foreign aggression and solve internal problems, was hit hard by the global financial crisis of 1929. This fragile Republic is facing serious economic problems, on the verge of bankruptcy, and the life of the German people is very difficult, which provides a good opportunity for the rise of the extreme right-wing forces in Germany. The German National Socialist Workers' Party led by Adolf Hitler is one of them. He claimed that the root of Germany's predicament came from the harsh terms imposed on Germany after the war, the cowardly Weimar Republic and the Jews accused of holding the lifeline of the country's economy. His theory has been supported by more and more Germans. By 1933, the Nazi party had jumped from an insignificant small party to the largest party in Congress. 193365438+1On October 30th, President Hindenburg officially appointed Hitler as the Prime Minister of the Republic of China. At the same time, Hitler's government performed its official duties by exercising the special powers entrusted to the president by the Constitution in an emergency, which enabled Hitler to cross the federal parliament for actual dictatorship. At this time, the Weimar Republic came to the end of its political life and was replaced by the German Third Reich. In order to get rid of the bondage of Britain, France and other countries to the German Empire, Hitler announced his withdrawal from the international alliance controlled by Britain and France in June 1933 10 at the beginning of his coming to power, because the plan of expanding troops and preparing for war was restricted. After the death of Hindenburg 1934 on August 2nd, Hitler succeeded the President according to the Constitution and became the only leader of the Third Reich with real power, and was called "the head of state" in German.

Hitler was not a politician who only shouted empty words. After he came to power, he quickly rebuilt the order in Germany. With his foresight, the working class at the bottom of society could enjoy benefits that were not available in the past, so the German support rate for Hitler was greatly improved. Britain, France and other powers saw that it was no longer feasible to crush the German Empire through the Treaty of Versailles, and immediately changed their attitude and cooperated with Germany. At this time, the political situation of the German Empire was stable. After stabilizing the regime, the Nazis began to pay attention to diplomacy and took many risky actions.