World-famous oil paintings, murals and zenith paintings

Leonardo da Vinci is a symbol of human wisdom. He has infinite ideals like a god, trying to recreate the beauty of the world, measure the vastness of the world and explain the mystery of the world. But he only has ordinary life and strength. His ambition is to discover everything, study everything and create everything. His life is an endless road, full of lofty unfinished works. Before he died, he said sadly, "I have never finished a job in my life." Leonardo was born in the small town of Finch on the outskirts of Florence, so he was named Finch. At the age of five, he was able to draw a portrait of his mother on the beach from memory, and at the same time, he could improvise and sing with himself, which attracted the admiration of the people present. Father Antonio, as a lawyer, realized his son's painting ability and decided to send him to study in Rocchio Studio of Florence Artists Council. There, he was not only educated in painting, sculpture and architectural art, but also influenced by other sciences. Finch studied the relationship between light and shade of eggs in Rocchio's studio, and found the drawing method of gradual change of light and shade. He spent six years in Wei Rocchio's studio and grew into a model with modern scientific ideas and human wisdom. Finch can't display his talents in Florence. He is bent on bringing his art and wisdom into the real world and shining brilliantly. At the age of 3 1, he wrote a letter to ludovico sforza, the Grand Duke of Milan, in which he listed his various talents. Finally, he said that he could create a statue of the Grand Duke's father riding a horse and become an unprecedented giant statue in the world. The ceramic statue of the master who completed this masterpiece at the age of 4 1 was not completed because there were not enough copper castings, and it was destroyed when the French army invaded in 1499, otherwise it would be a miracle of the world. The archduke's reward for his genius and hard work was not gold coins, but gold words and jade words, which made Finch very uneasy. To comfort him, the Grand Duke asked him to draw a picture for the canteen of Gracie Temple in Milan. This is the last supper. If The Last Supper is the most famous religious painting in the world, the Mona Lisa painted by Finch when he returned to Florence from Milan at the age of 5/kloc-0 is undoubtedly the most famous and greatest portrait in the world. These two world-famous works make Leonardo da Vinci's name go down in history forever. Leonardo da vinci's unique artistic language is to use light and shadow to create a three-dimensional plane image. He once said: "The greatest miracle of painting is to make a flat painting look uneven." He used the principle of light change of a sphere to create the light-shade transfer method (also known as gradient light-shade method), that is, the transition from light to dark in an image is continuous, like smoke, without obvious boundaries. Mona Lisa is a model of this painting method. Vasari thinks that this kind of light and shadow painting is a turning point in painting art. Finch has been exploring the noble temperament of art all his life, and he can only be satisfied with the creation of beauty. /kloc-In the 5th century, Italy's pursuit and creation of science, rationality and beauty reached its peak because of Leonardo da Vinci. However, the master's talent was not valued and appreciated in his later years, and the Pope's indifference made him very sad. 15/kloc-When King Francois I of France reoccupied Milan in 0/5, he invited the master to settle in Crueburg, France, and applied to be a court painter. 15 19 Master died in a foreign country at the age of 67. His student Francisco mutch said, "The death of Finch is everyone's loss, and the creator can't create another person like him."

Mona Lisa (about 1503- 1506) (wood oil painting 77 x 53 cm)

It is said that the famous Louvre in France has three treasures: one is Aphrodite of Milos; The second is the goddess of victory in Samothrace; The third is the Mona Lisa. It is unknown who wrote the first two works, but the Mona Lisa was written by Leonardo da Vinci in the Italian Renaissance, but it is almost a household name. The magical and focused eyes, the soft and reddish cheeks, the touching lips and the implicit and ambiguous smile in Mona Lisa always confuse people. ...

According to historical records, Mona Lisa was the wife of Giocondo, a famous Florence banker at that time. In order to arouse her heartfelt feelings, Leonardo once invited a pianist to play for her and a clown to perform for her. However, this well-informed, indifferent and rational woman didn't let the painter get what he wanted to capture, so the painter had to postpone the painting intermittently for three years. One day, when the rich man was looking through the painter's sketch, he suddenly found a picture of a duck's foot on it, and she was puzzled. The painter said that he painted this for the research and design of aircraft, because of water flow and airflow; Water buoyancy and atmospheric buoyancy; There are some similarities between ducks gliding in the water and birds flying in the air. Duck's paw skiing is simple, but it hides some secrets of plane flight. When this indifferent and rational woman heard these words, she thought that once the plane was successfully designed, human beings could fly freely in the air ... It suddenly caused a great shock and showed a heartfelt smile. This rare heartfelt smile was immediately captured by Leonardo da Vinci and successfully shaped. In fact, this unforgettable "smile" written by leonardo da vinci is no longer a concrete expression of Mrs. Giocondo, but an abstract, universal and typical smile. It belongs to Mona Lisa, leonardo da vinci and something subtle in the human nature that we all share. Perhaps this is the great charm of Mona Lisa. Obviously, Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa inherited the solemnity, elegance, balance, stability, idealism and rationality of Greek classicism. However, it further broke through the limitations of Greek classical art in humanistic characteristics, and set an example for the later art to further move towards true, objective, deeper, more internal and more subtle performance.

Last Supper (about 1498) (mural 460 x 880 cm)

On the eve of celebrating Passover, Jesus and his twelve disciples sat at the table and had dinner to celebrate Passover. There are thirteen people at the table. This is the last time they have dinner together.

At the dinner table, Jesus suddenly felt very annoyed. He told his disciples that one of them would betray him. But Jesus didn't say he was Judas, and the disciples didn't know who would betray Jesus.

The Last Supper by the great Italian artist leonardo da vinci is the most famous of all works on this subject. He painted this picture directly on the dining room wall of a monastery in Milan. Twelve disciples sat at the table and divided into four groups. Jesus sat in the middle of the table. He spread out his hands and made a sad gesture, indicating that some of his disciples had betrayed him.

Most disciples jumped up with excitement, but the image of Jesus was so calm. We can see his clear outline against the window of the background wall. Through the window, we can see the quiet scenery. The blue sky is like a light wheel over Jesus.

In the group to the right of Jesus, we saw a dark face, leaning back, as if avoiding Jesus. He rested his elbow on the dining table and held a wallet in his hand. We know that he is Judas the traitor.

The purse in Judas' hand is his symbol, reminding us that he is the one who keeps money for Jesus and other disciples. The wallet contains the reward of selling Jesus' thirty silver coins.

Even if he doesn't have a wallet, we can identify the evil enemy Judas through Leonardo da Vinci's paintings.

Next to the silhouette of Judas is St. Peter, and we can also see his silvery white head and white hands. He leans towards young St. John. Peter held a knife hanging from his hip in his right hand, as if by accident, and the tip of the knife pointed at Judas' back. St John's head hangs down to Peter. Of all the disciples, he is Jesus' favorite. John is as calm as Jesus, and he has understood his master's words.

On the left of Jesus is little James. He tried to understand the terrible words he heard. He opened his hands and shouted.

Looking over Jacob's shoulder, we saw St. Thomas, the puzzled Thomas, whose suspicious eyes were expressed through his upright fingers.

On the other side of Jacob, St. Philip leaned over Jesus and put his hands on his chest as if to say, "You know my heart, and you know that I would never betray you." "His face was pained by love and loyalty.

The six disciples around Jesus are the center of the story.

Bartholomew and old Jacob leaned over to them. Old Andrew next to them didn't stand up, but he wanted to listen, so he raised his hand and seemed to ask for silence.

There are three disciples left on the right. They are discussing what Jesus said, and their fingers are pointing to the center of the table.

Everything they saw happened in this masterpiece, but every time we appreciate it, we will get new meaning from the feelings and character of our disciples.

Our rock lady (about 1503- 1506) (altar painting189.5x1kloc-0/9.5cm) is now in the National Gallery of London.

This painting was made at the request of a religious group for a chapel in the church of San Francisco in Milan. In this painting, the virgin lives in the center of the painting. She holds the infant St. John in her right hand, and sits the infant Jesus in her left hand. An angel forms a triangle behind Jesus and responds to each other with gestures. The background is a deep cave, dotted with flowers and plants, and the cave is completely exposed. Although this painting belongs to the traditional theme, its expression and composition layout show Leonardo da Vinci's profound artistic level. The exquisite depiction of characters and backgrounds, the use of smoky brushwork, scientific realism, perspective and restoration show that he has reached a new level in dealing with the dialectical relationship between realistic realism and artistic treatment. This painting marks the beginning of Leonardo da Vinci's creative period.

Da Vinci and his paintings.

Mona Lisa. Also known as LA GIOCONDA

The Last Supper

The Virgin and Saint Anne.

A woman with a fair

Rock virgin

Mother and child

Michelangelo (1475 ~ 1564)

Michelangelo

Sculptors, painters and architects in the Italian Renaissance. 1475 was born in Caprice, near arezzo, and 1564 died in Rome on February 8th. In his early years, he was an apprentice in the workshop of Florence painter D. Girandayo. Later, because of his love for sculpture, he moved to work in Medici Garden, where the oldest carving relics were preserved. His early works are the relief Madonna by the Stairs and the Battle of Centaure, which were created at the age of 65,438+07. They are simple and firm, quiet and solemn, and have won the essence of classical style, which shows that he has been pursuing human body expression in intense exercise from the beginning.

Michelangelo statue

From 1494 to 1499, Michelangelo's Goddess of Wine and Mourning Christ are so outstanding that it is hard for the whole Roman art world to believe that these masterpieces were written by him. 150 1 ~ 1505 At that time, it was mainly in Florence, and the statue of David, the murals in cassina and the holy family were all immortal works. Among them, the net height of David is 4. 1 m, which shows the story of David, a legendary Jewish young hero, defeating the enemy Goliath in a naked posture. David's body is strong and majestic, which means that he can resist power and defend the people of Florence, which has obvious political significance. This work was originally planned to be placed in the cathedral as a decorative sculpture, but because of its great success, the government decided to put it in front of the city hall as a symbol of the city. Later, in order to protect the original, it was moved to the Florence Museum of Fine Arts. 1505, Michelangelo was invited to Rome to design and make a mausoleum sculpture for Pope Julius II. Due to several changes in the plan, he could not finish the work intermittently for about 40 years, which was a great regret in his life.

1508 Michelangelo accepted the task of the Pope and the government to paint murals for the top wall of the Sistine Chapel. In order to complete this huge project, after many struggles, the Pope promised not to interfere in his work. After gaining full creative freedom, he devoted himself to his creation with great passion. The whole mural is framed by a magnificent architectural structure, and the roof of the whole rectangular hall is divided into a central part and a peripheral part, with the central part as the main body, and religious stories and figures are painted. In the center are nine paintings based on the story from the beginning of the world to the flood ark in the Bible, surrounded by 12 male and female prophets, Moses, David, etc. All the paintings have an area of over 500 square meters, and most of them have created 343 characters bigger than the real people. During the four years of painting, he refused to cooperate with his assistant and did everything by himself. Hard work was highly praised. After the veil was lifted, this mural was recognized as an unprecedented work. The art world even thinks that many characters he created with great boldness of vision, vigorous posture and strong will are the most perfect creations of art in the heyday of the Renaissance.

Top painting of Sistine Chapel

His architectural design boldly used classical columns, created a new style, and was good at highlighting the three-dimensional sense of column structure, which had a great influence on future Baroque architecture.

In his later years, Michelangelo was not only responsible for the construction of St. Peter's Cathedral, but also participated in the architectural design of Farnese Palace, Piamen and capito Square. Among them, the masterpiece is the big dome designed for the hall of St. Peter's Cathedral. The base of this large dome is decorated with classical style, and the eaves are carved with garlands, giving people a three-dimensional and rich feeling; The shape curve of the dome itself is full of vitality, which is a model of his majestic and powerful artistic style in architectural design and sets a model for the roof construction of cathedrals and government buildings in Europe and America in the future. Other important works include the altar painting "The Last Judgment" created in his later years and the sculpture for the tomb of Pope Julius II; Although the mausoleum has not yet been completed, many sculptures are his most mature works, such as Moses, the Dying Slave, and later sculptures made by Day and Night and Dan and Xi for medici family's mausoleum.

Raphael

Raphael

Raphael (1483 ~ 1520) Raphael Italian painter. 1483 was born in urbino on April 6th, and 1520 died in Rome on April 6th. Formerly known as Raphael St. George. He studied painting with his father (the court painter of the Duke of urbino) since childhood, then transferred to the school in perugino and started his career at 1500. Raphael's early works show extraordinary genius. The Wedding of the Virgin was painted at the age of 2 1 year, which not only shows that he fully absorbed the artistic essence of perugino, but also came from behind and made innovations in composition and image-building. In particular, the balance of the picture, the description of the background, and the dignified and elegant images of the Virgin Mary and her husband Yue Se are all rare in previous painters' works.

From 1504 to 1508, he lived in Florence, where he was restored and influenced by politics, democratic spirit and humanistic thought. At the same time, he carefully understood the artistic characteristics of the masters of various painting schools, learned from others, especially devoted himself to studying Leonardo da Vinci's composition techniques and Michelangelo's human body performance and heroic style, which made his beautiful style with unique classical spirit mature day by day, thus quickly achieving great achievements on par with Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. His series of portraits of the Virgin Mary are different from similar themes painted by medieval painters, and all of them embody humanistic thoughts with maternal warmth and youthful bodybuilding. Among them, Notre Dame de Orioles (Uffizi Art Museum in Florence), Notre Dame de Grasses (Vienna Museum of Art History) and Notre Dame de Gardens (Louvre Museum) are the most famous. 1512 ~1513 painted a large oil painting "The Sistine Madonna". The figures are similar in size to real people, and the triangle composed of the virgin and saints is solemn and balanced. The Madonna and Jesus are strong, showing the happiness and greatness of maternal love. The other, taller, is the statue of the Virgin of Frino in the form of an altar painting, as well as the statue of the Virgin of Chair and the Madonna of Alba later created, all of which are his perfect works.

After 1509, he was invited by Pope Julius II to paint the murals of the Vatican Palace, among which the murals of the signature hall were the most outstanding. These paintings all over the walls and roofs of the hall represent four aspects of human spiritual activities: theology, philosophy, poetics and law. In addition to his unique painting style, his works also pay special attention to the full harmony between painting expression and architectural decoration, giving people a solemn and rich feeling. Other important works in this period include: Eliodoro was banished from the Temple and Bolshenna Mass in Eliodoro Hall, Fire of Porgo by the Fire Department, and Victory of Galatia by Fanesina Villa. These works have reached a new level in image-building and the use of light color, and are regarded as the pinnacle of ancient and modern mural art. Raphael painted the Sistine Madonna at the age of 23, and his portraits have also achieved great success. Both form and spirit are full of charm. Most of them use the micro-side half-length posture to hide the background, and only the natural and friendly manner of the characters stands out in the picture. Representative works include The Image in Castiglio and The Image of a Woman in a Yarn. The former describes a scholar, personable, knowledgeable, and vividly displayed. The latter depicts a girl whose appearance is similar to the image of the Virgin in the author's works, but her elegant dress and strong figure appropriately represent the women in life. /kloc-in the spring of 0/520, he was seriously ill and was still painting the transfiguration of Christ. Although it was not completed, the part from his hand was still magnificent, indicating that he was still exploring, enriching and perfecting his own style at the last moment of his life.

Botticelli (1445 ~ 15 10)

Sandro Botticelli

Italian painter. One of the representatives of Florence School of Painting. Born in Florence, 15 10 may 17 died in the same place. Botticelli's original name is Alessandro di Mariano Filipepi, which is his nickname. He studied gold and silver crafts in his early years, then worked as an assistant in the studios of A Pollaiuolo and A Del verrocchio, and soon showed his talent for painting. 1470 opened his own studio. The works reflect the artistic level of the Renaissance in both content and form, and have obvious personal style. He used humanism to express religious content, which made religious paintings full of secular spirit. From 65438 to 2005, the works depicting the life of Christ and the portraits of saints and biblical figures were novel in composition and well appreciated by people. Later, his works were mainly customized by medici family. Among them, Spring, The Birth of Venus, Venus and Mars all emphasized the beauty and purity of the goddess, but their expressions were slightly sad and full of implicit beauty. They were the first batch of successful classical works of western art. In the 1980s, they were invited by the Pope to paint large murals for the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. He also explained Dante's Divine Comedy in one line, which showed his profound attainments in sketch. His elegant style, bright and gorgeous colors and smooth lines are unique among Renaissance masters, but they have not been recognized in the history of western art for a long time. It was not until/kloc-romanticism in the 0/9th century and the pre-Raphael movement in Britain that people began to know him and praised him as one of the masters in the early Renaissance.

Klimt

Austrian separatist painter Klimt, like Bocklin, has a strong sadness in his works, which has been criticized by some critics. However, as a psychological reflection of the social unrest in Europe at the end of 19, this is a general tendency.

Gustav? Gu Stav Nimt (1862—1918)186214 was born in a family of gold and silver jewelers in Vienna. The metalworking skills of the family had a profound influence on the painter's life. /kloc-When he was 0/5 years old, he entered Vienna Arts and Crafts School with his brother, where he received systematic painting skills training. After graduation, I joined the Vienna Architects Association, engaged in murals and architectural decoration. 1888 painted the mural "Drama History" for Vienna Castle Theatre, which was affirmed by the public. Later, he painted a mural "Athena, the patron saint of art" for the art museum, with clever and changeable composition. At this time, although Klimt used more decorative techniques, his style was still classical.

1897 The fresco of Vienna University is a great change in his style. This group of murals is drawn according to the three departments of medicine, law and philosophy of Vienna University. This painting depicts the suffering of the world in a symbolic way, with a gloomy tone of negative world-weariness. After the work was completed, it was criticized by the Association of University Academicians and rejected. During this period, Klimt and some radical young painters were separated from the artists' association controlled by classicism, which was called "Vienna Separatists". It, the Art Nouveau movement in southern Europe and the "youth style" in Germany all tend to pursue decoration and sense of form, and it is an important force to promote the cause of arts and crafts design in Europe.

1900, Klimt exhibited murals returned by Vienna University at the Paris World Expo, which were warmly praised by young artists. Thus established his leading position in Austrian painting. 1902 undertook the renovation of Beethoven Concert Hall with the sculptor klinger. The main statue of Beethoven was completed by klinger, and the decorative ribbon music on the back wall of the statue was created by Klimt, which was very successful. 1909, Klimt created the mural "Tree of Life" for the dining room of Stocklet apartment in Brussels, boldly and freely using various plane decorative patterns, forming an effect rich in oriental colors and mysterious artistic conception.

Although Klimt has never been to the East, he is interested in oriental art, especially China folk woodblock color printing New Year pictures. He collected many folk New Year pictures and copied them repeatedly. It is said that in his study, there is a "Door God" painting with a watermark of China's wooden board. He especially likes the strong colors of wooden New Year pictures. He once used the opera characters in New Year pictures as the background in many portrait works, which seems very interesting.

Oriental style combined with ancestral gold and silver jewelry technology has made Klimt's decorative art reach an unprecedented height. He boldly used some special techniques in his works, such as draining powder, pasting gold foil, embedding snail barium, pasting feathers, etc., and achieved special artistic effects. The "water snake -I" here is painted by various methods such as egg coloring, powder draining and gold pasting. In the painting, the light blue human body is intertwined with the snake body, and the golden and emerald water plants are interspersed among them, forming an almost abstract musical rhythm composed of points and lines. Another of his works, Water Snake -R, is a horizontal composition and an almost abstract decorative composition. These two series of water snakes show Klimt's tendency to pursue strangeness, deformity and pornography in his later years. This is mainly influenced by his friend, the famous psychoanalyst and psychiatrist Freud. Due to the influence of World War I, Austria's economy was depressed, and artists' lives were quite poor. 1965438+On February 6th, 2008, Klimt, who had a cold, died of typhoid fever. His major works were destroyed in the war during the Second World War, and few remain.

Modigliani

At the beginning of the 20th century, when masters of art and their schools emerged one after another, Modigliani's name was neither prominent nor loud. But looking back at that glorious history, he has a significance that cannot be ignored; He is a real loner, free from all fashionable art schools and closely related to new artistic concepts. The unique artistic style created by Modigliani does not live in a certain fashion, but transcends the limitations of time and space and becomes an unchanging form of beauty. His works depict various human personalities with the temperament of a poet and the vision of a sculptor, creating a special style. It is also those works with delicate lines, soft colors and vivid brushwork that laid and consolidated his position in the history of modern art.

Modigliani's life is like a radiant comet, fleeting. With the passage of time, Modigliani's name has not been forgotten by the world, but has become more dazzling. "Because, in this confusing early 20th century, his art successfully completed the mission of an artist, always telling the eternal sorrow of the soul that exists in human destiny.

Although Modigliani's works were influenced by neo-impressionism, cubism and primitive art, he did not become the flag bearer of the painting revolution visually like Picasso, Matisse, Braque or the tomb of Candice and Klee after the war, but seemed to stick to the traditional spirit of Italian art in the15th century. His unique poet temperament and sculptor's vision have profoundly created a special artistic style.

Religious territory

In the cultural landscape, the image of religious landscape is very distinct. Its influence is also far-reaching. However, each religion often has its own characteristics and is very different from each other. Generally speaking, the characteristics of religious landscape are temple architecture, cemetery layout, settlement structure and geographical characteristics.

(A) Temple architecture

Temple architecture plays an important role in religious landscape. This is a building dedicated to gods and believers. These buildings show their own characteristics in scale, style, decoration, materials and functions.

1. Christian church. In Christianity, for Roman Catholicism, the church is the residence of God, and the altar is the place where important religious ceremonies are held. To this end, the Catholic church tries its best to show its height and luxury in architecture in order to gain the joy of God and give its believers a solemn atmosphere. Catholic churches are generally located in the center of the community, and their architectural art and decorative style are impressive.

The Protestant church is obviously different from the Catholic church, forming a strong contrast. In the Protestant concept, the church is just a place where Christians gather to worship. Although God came to the church to meet Christians, he did not live in the church. At the same time, Protestants oppose the formalistic tendency of Catholicism to pursue luxury and pay attention to simplicity and practicality. The Protestant church is small and simple in decoration, but this humble church is more attractive to Protestants. This is because Protestants with more pious teachings believe that only through dedication and simple life can we achieve the goal of saving mankind. In order to embody this concept, Protestant churches do not pursue flashy appearance in design.

The architectural styles of churches are mainly Romanesque, Byzantine and Gothic. Romanesque church is a common architectural style adopted by some cathedrals after Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire. It is modeled after the Roman basilica and the early Christian "basilica" church. Basilica is a rectangular hall with two rows of columns separated by long corridors. The corridor in the middle is called the central hall, and the two sides are called the side corridors. The hall runs east-west, with a semicircular vault at the west end, a semicircular altar under it and an altar in front of it, which is the place where missionaries preside over ceremonies. Later, the vault was built at the eastern end, and the church door was opened at the western end. The towering altar represents the skull mountain where Jesus was crucified, and it is placed in the east to avoid changing its direction every time you pray for Jesus' crucifixion. With the increasing complexity of religious ceremonies, the horizontal space in front of the altar has expanded, and its height and width correspond to that of the main hall. So as to form a cross-shaped plane, which is short horizontally and long vertically, and the intersection point is close to the east end. This is called the Latin cross, which symbolizes the crucifixion of Jesus and strengthens the religious significance.

The main achievement and feature of Byzantine architecture is that the dome is on a square plane, and the construction and weight of the dome fall on four independent pillars, which is a great contribution to the development of European architecture. Hagia Sophia is a typical Byzantine building. Its hall base is rectangular like Romanesque, but the roof of the central part is composed of a huge circular vault and semi-circular vaults at the front and back. The characteristic of Orthodox Church is that the foundation is changed from rectangular to square, but it still retains Byzantine style in architectural art. The churches in Eastern Europe highlight the dome and raise the drum base, making the dome fuller. At present, Huaxi Blajin Inner Church in the Red Square of the Soviet Union is a famous church building in Byzantium. It is characterized by a large pier in the center and eight small piers arranged in a square around it. Each small pier has a dome of different sizes. This building is a treasure among the world's religious buildings.

Gothic architecture has developed all over France. 12-15th century, urban handicrafts and commercial guilds were quite developed, and the city practiced a certain degree of democracy. Citizens built churches with great enthusiasm and showed their cities by fighting for victory. Besides, at that time, the church was no longer a purely religious building. It has become the center of urban public life, the Great Hall of the Citizens, the public auditorium, and even used as a market and theater. On religious festivals, churches often become lively playgrounds.

Gothic architecture is characterized by towering spires. In the design, cross arches, flying tickets, slender columns and new frame structures are adopted to increase the strength of the supporting top, so that the whole building has a strong religious atmosphere in the church with its straight lines, majestic appearance and open space in the church, combined with long windows inlaid with colored glass. The plane of the church is basically a Latin cross, but a pair of tall towers are added on both sides of the west gate. Famous Gothic buildings include Notre Dame de Paris, Milan, Germany, Cologne and Westminster, England.

Protestant churches are different from each other. Generally speaking, church buildings are relatively simple, mostly rectangular auditoriums. Internally, due to the emphasis on preaching, the podium is generally placed in a prominent position. Protestant Calvinist churches don't even have icons, religious paintings, stained glass and altars. In recent years, the architectural art in Europe and America is diversified, and religious architecture has also got rid of the old traditional style and some new styles have emerged.

2. Islamic mosque. Islamic religious buildings are mainly mosques. Mosques are places for community gatherings. Different from the Catholic church, it is not a sanctuary, but a place for worshippers to worship collectively.

At the beginning, the mosque used basilica-style architecture, which was ready-made in Christianity. Because the pilgrimage needs to face the holy land of Mecca, the horizontal building is adopted, and the main hall has a small depth and a large width. There are cloisters in front of the main hall on three sides, all leading to the yard. Therefore, it is shaped like a quadrangle in China. The important feature of Islamic mosque building is the dome, which has become the main body of the whole building and its shape is very spectacular. Another feature is the pagoda. Every mosque has a pagoda with many small pavilions on it. It is used by imams to teach and summon believers to worship, so it is called Li Xuan Building. At first, the tower was located on the side of the front yard of the main hall. Later, as a decoration, it was built symmetrically and placed at the four corners. This tower is polygonal and tens of meters high. The circular dome is in sharp contrast with the sharp and towering towers, which has become a major feature of architectural art. Islam opposes idols, so mosques are simple and solemn compared with Catholic churches. Mosques have absorbed local architectural features, so the shapes and structures of different places are not completely consistent. The most famous mosque is the mosque in Mecca.

3. Buddhist temples. In Buddhist architecture, the most striking thing is the tower. It originated in India. India first built a tower for the house where the Buddha was buried. Pagodas around the world