Five historical concepts

Confucius' Five Concepts Confucius strongly advocated benevolence, righteousness, reason, wisdom, honesty, kindness, courtesy, frugality and harmony.

Now let's briefly explain the five concepts of these five words. "Wen" is absolutely gentle and peaceful in modern vocabulary.

"Good" is kindness and morality. "Gonggong" means respect and seriousness.

"Thrift" is not waste. "Let" means that everything is humble, friendly and rational, and put yourself last.

The above five words can also be said to be five conditions. Described the style, personality and accomplishment of Confucius.

These five words contain a lot, that is, Confucianism in China teaches people, as a person, to make great research on these five words and make more efforts. The five characters collude with the Five Classics to speak the words "Wen, Liang, Gong, frugality and concession", which in turn involves all the roots of China culture.

So we should first study a book-The Book of Rites. It is a treasure house of China culture.

Our idea of "Great Harmony" is a section in the chapter of "Li Yun" in the Book of Rites. To understand the philosophical basis of "Great Harmony", we must fully understand the article "Li Yun".

Therefore, The Book of Rites is a treasure house of our culture and constitutional spirit for thousands of years. It includes modern knowledge: politics, economy, philosophy, education, society, science, everything, even medicine, health and China people's past scientific concepts. Therefore, to understand the root of China culture, we must study the Book of Rites.

But in the Book of Rites, in other words, to understand the culture of China, the thoughts of Confucius and Mencius, and the fundamental origins of Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu and Confucius, we must also understand the other Five Classics. Speaking of the Five Classics, there is a classic interpretation in the Book of Rites, which makes a general comment on the Five Classics.

How can I put it? According to the present concept, it is the introduction of the Five Classics: criticizing poetry, calligraphy, change, ceremony, music and the Spring and Autumn Period in one or two sentences. "Jing Jie" said: "Confucius said: When you enter its country, you can know its teaching."

It means that when you go to a place and look at the social atmosphere, you can know its cultural and educational thoughts. "Jing Jie" went on to say: "He is also a human being, gentle and honest, and teaches poetry."

The so-called education in poetry is the gentleness and gentleness of raising people. When it comes to the word "Wen", we should pay attention to what Confucius called the spirit of poetry teaching.

At present, we are not biased in this respect, and only make a reference for the time being. ) "Far from being ignorant, books also teach."

The Classic, also known as Shangshu, is China's first history, which is not only about history, but also the first material of China's historical documents. Nowadays, westerners study history. Nowadays, most of our methods of studying history come from western concepts. )

It has entered the corner of history. It is specialized in studying history, with historical methods, historical annotations and historical influence on a certain era. In the past, scholars and writers were indistinguishable in China, and so were scholars and philosophers.

China people used to read history in order to understand life, politics, past and future. Therefore, it requires us to "keep our distance". After reading history, people expect us to be knowledgeable, understand the world and be ambitious.

Let me tell a recent story to illustrate this "sublime" truth. A friend who is a diplomat has gone abroad to take up his post. I sent him a pair of couplets, which copied a sentence from the ancients: "The world is in need of high clothes, and officials are tired of bowing their heads." Ordinary people should do this, and diplomats should be good at using it.

We should have a far-sighted view of the changes and future development of the world situation. "Official sentiment" is the modality of being an official. You should have personality, especially diplomats, who represent the national character and the personality of the whole people. You should have backbone, stand up, bow less, and don't hate "bow less"

If you can't do it, what should you do? In other words, knowing history-knowing its distance-is the educational spirit of Classic. "Wide and easy to be good, happy and educated."

Music includes music, art, literature and art, sports and so on. In our traditional culture, these are all contained in "music", and "one good" means changing from bad to good, simple and kind.

"By being quiet and subtle, it is easy to teach." I ching thought is the cultural crystallization left by our ancestors.

Before the invention of writing, our ancestors began to use gossip to write notes and express themselves. What do you mean by quiet? Is the sanctity of philosophy and religion; "Implicit" is scientific.

The thought of the Book of Changes is from science to philosophy. It is a combination of philosophy, science and religion.

Therefore, it is easy to teach by calming down and imperceptibly. As for "Gong Jian Zhuang Jing, Li Jiao also"

It is the cultivation of personality and the edification of personality. "It is a matter of rhetoric, which is taught in the Spring and Autumn Period."

The Spring and Autumn Annals was also written by Confucius, and it is also history. What is "subordinate words rather than things"? Understanding the history of Chunqiu can provide us with reference in diplomacy, politics and even other aspects of life.

Because the cause and effect of many things in the world are the same, it is often said that history is repetitive. This is a philosophical question. Will history repeat itself? No

Is it really impossible? Perhaps, because the ancients are human beings, so are we, China people are human beings, and foreigners are human beings. People have different forms, but their principles cannot be changed there, so history repeats itself. However, whether history repeats itself or not, especially China culture has a history of 5,000 years, and there are predecessors' experience in dealing with people everywhere.

Although the ancient social form is different from ours, the principle is the same. Therefore, after reading Spring and Autumn Annals, you will be knowledgeable and know that something has happened. The ancients once had such a thing, and its good and evil and handling methods are well known. This is called "analogy" and "Spring and Autumn Teaching". In the Five Classics, the essence of each book is expressed in only a few words.

Take the vernacular Chinese as an example, you can get several doctors in just a few words per sentence. Make a mountain out of a molehill! Although everything has been involved since the Renaissance in16th century, it can be seen that a doctoral thesis can be completed.

But in the eyes of the ancients, a few words are enough. There are good knowledge and evil knowledge.

Briefly describe three basic historical views: 1, and the historical view of civilization: regard the development of human history as the development of different civilizations and pay attention to the interconnection between different civilizations.

2. Global view of history: It is not to examine the historical development of a single region or country in isolation, but to regard the historical development of mankind as a whole and pay attention to the interrelationship of human activities between different regions.

3. Modern historical view (or modern historical view): regard the development of human history as a process of modernization. The so-called modernization means the transition from traditional society to modern society, which will cause all-round changes in social productive forces, economic system (marketization and industrialization), political system (democratization and legalization), ideological culture (scientificization and rationalization) and even people's social life, values and psychological attitudes.

4. Social historical view: The investigation of human historical activities is no longer based on major historical activities and historical celebrities, but mainly based on the daily life and social customs of ordinary people.

5. Historical materialism: based on Marxist historical materialism. It mainly highlights that economic activities are the main activities of human historical development, and emphasizes that the contradiction between productivity and production relations is the fundamental contradiction of human society (social evolution theory, contact and contradiction theory, mass creation theory, historical situation). The more the better, hope to adopt.

Summarize the status and relationship of history 1 five core qualities. Time and space view: the historical time and space view refers to the concept of observing and analyzing historical events under specific time and space conditions. Mastering the concept of time and space is the most basic requirement for students to learn history well and the basic way to cultivate students' thinking ability. In the process of studying history, teachers should train students to scientifically use concepts and terms related to time and space, ancient and modern maps, chronology of major events and so on to explain the progress of China and the world; According to the historical chronology and time series, the relationship between historical events, historical figures and historical phenomena is constructed; Obtain the required information from historical chronology and historical map; Consciously put major historical events and historical phenomena under a specific time and space framework for investigation.

2. Historical evidence: Historical evidence refers to the attitude and method of obtaining credible historical data through strict investigation and trying to reproduce the historical truth accordingly. History is a practical science, and the exploration of history is to seek truth and be realistic. On the basis of historical materials, through the analysis of historical materials, the materials that conform to historical facts are taken as evidence, and then a correct and objective understanding of history is formed. "Historical materials make sense, and words make sense." Historical materials are not only indispensable evidence for us to reveal the historical truth, but also the cornerstone for us to evaluate historical figures, historical phenomena and historical events. Therefore, "historical evidence" is not only an important method of historical study and research, but also an important embodiment of the ability to interpret and judge history. In the process of learning history, teachers should cultivate and develop students' ability to demonstrate by using historical materials, teach students how to collect, identify, select and use various historical materials, find clues and effective information in historical materials, and judge whether historical materials can be used as evidence through speculation and exploration; Guide students to identify historical materials by themselves according to the problems they study and explore, and investigate the credibility and use value of historical materials; Teach students to use relevant historical materials to form a new perspective of questions and construct their own historical narrative, so as to cultivate students' evidence consciousness of "history comes from evidence and theory comes from history"

3. Historical understanding: Historical understanding is to look at and understand what happened in the past as objectively and realistically as possible from the perspective of historical reality. In a sense, the key to constructing historical interpretation is to understand history. To truly understand history, teachers should first cultivate students' understanding and sympathy attitude, broad mind and rich imagination, so as to guide students to collect reliable historical materials as much as possible, break through the boundaries of time and space, and put themselves in the position of understanding and feeling all kinds of things that have happened in history; The occurrence, process and result of historical events, the words and deeds, contributions and status of historical figures, the appearance, state and consequences of historical phenomena, etc. They all investigate under historical conditions, make fair and appropriate explanations in a realistic way, thus constructing their own historical narrative in understanding history, thus enhancing students' historical thinking ability and forming a correct view of history.

4. Historical interpretation: Historical interpretation refers to the ability to rationally analyze and objectively judge historical things according to historical materials and historical understanding. History is the history of the past, which cannot be repeated or experimented. All historical narratives are essentially an explanation of the past, which not only includes the arrangement and combination of the narrator's description of historical events, but also reflects the narrator's position and concept of history. Cultivating and developing students' ability to explain history is to help students think about the importance of historical events, historical figures and historical phenomena in historical situations and contemporary backgrounds; Understand the relationship between historical narrative and historical interpretation; Understand different historical explanations in historical narrative from a fair perspective, and evaluate the causal relationship among historical events, historical figures and historical phenomena from a dialectical perspective; Judging the historical and practical problems of human society with an objective attitude, further revealing the significance and value of historical interpretation, thus cultivating students' ability to narrate history and form historical understanding.

5. Historical values: "Historical values" is a value orientation condensed from the pursuit of truth, communication and virtue in historical research, that is, exploring history aims to be closer to the truth of history; Reveal the trend of historical development with the saying "connecting the preceding with the following, becoming a family"; Rich in ideas, cultural traditions, emotional identity, etc. It provides historical experience, philosophy of life and human pursuit. To cultivate and develop students' historical values is to help students develop the consciousness and spirit of seeking truth from facts; Draw beneficial spiritual wealth from the historical development process and cultivate a positive and healthy outlook on life and values; Understand the specific national conditions of China from a historical perspective, form a sense of identity with the motherland and the Chinese nation, and care about the fate of the country; Understand the historical value and practical significance of Chinese civilization, and form the belief of inheriting and carrying forward Chinese excellent traditional culture; At the same time, it enables students to form a correct international awareness, respect, understand and tolerate the cultural traditions of all countries and nationalities in the world, and form an open mind and a world-oriented mind.

Briefly describe three basic historical views, which urgently need the relationship between historical views (two types) and historical views. The relationship between historical view and historical view is different from that between history and history.

Because historical view and historical view are both conceptual systems, but their scope and objects are different. Are essentially the products of reason. Nevertheless, rational dialectics makes itself irrational under certain conditions.

Therefore, the irrational view of history is also produced from the rational view of history. It is only because we do not completely adhere to our own rational principles that rationality is distorted, thus producing irrational conclusions in a rational way.

This is the relationship between irrational view of history and rational view of history. Rational historical view and irrational historical view do not directly correspond to materialistic historical view and idealistic historical view.

In other words, materialism in the historical view cannot guarantee the absolute emergence of rationalism in the historical view. Similarly, irrationalism in the historical view is not only the inevitable product of idealism in the historical view. A rational view of history can be achieved as long as it has a conscience.

Make historical idealism have realistic, objective and critical creative vitality. On the contrary, if the irrational view of history dominates, then historical materialism will become a dogmatic, mechanical and rigid model, lacking any vivid and powerful ideological insight.

In other words, whether it is idealism or materialism, if it is set as an absolute transcendental premise, then the historical view is irrational. On the contrary, if the historical view (or idealism or materialism) is set as an equal theoretical system, which is proved by thought and tested by reality, then the historical view is rational.

This is just about the general relationship between two historical views and two historical views. If we make a concrete analysis, we can see that the relationship between historical view and historical view is more complicated and vague.

First of all, from the common sense, the historical view came into being earlier than the historical view, just as from the experience, the existence of nature is earlier than human society, but in essence, this kind of