Composting production technology

Materials used for composting can usually be divided into three categories according to their properties:

The first category: basic materials are substances that are not easy to decompose, such as various crop straws, weeds, fallen leaves, vines, peat, garbage, vegetable garbage, kitchen waste and so on.

The second category: the substances that promote decomposition are generally substances that contain more nitrogen and are rich in thermophilic cellulolytic bacteria, such as human and animal urine, sewage, silkworm excrement, horse manure, sheep manure, old compost, plant ash and lime.

The third category: adding a small amount of peat, fine soil and a small amount of calcium superphosphate or phosphate rock powder during the accumulation of absorbent substances can prevent and reduce the volatilization of ammonia and improve the fertilizer efficiency of compost. In order to accelerate decomposition, different materials should be treated before composting.

(1) Classify municipal wastes, remove broken glass, stones, tiles, plastics and other sundries, especially to prevent heavy metals and toxic organic and inorganic substances from entering.

(2) In principle, all kinds of accumulated materials should be crushed. Increasing the contact area is beneficial to decomposition, but it consumes more energy and manpower and is difficult to popularize. Generally, it is better to cut all kinds of stacking materials into 2-5 inches.

(3) For hard and waxy materials, such as corn, sorghum and other materials with low water absorption, it is best to crush the materials and soak them in sewage or 2% lime water to destroy the waxy layer on the surface of the straw and promote decomposition through water absorption.

(4) Aquatic weeds should be slightly dried before stacking due to excessive water content. 1, moisture. Maintaining proper water content is the primary condition to promote microbial activity and compost fermentation. Generally, 60% ~ 75% of the maximum water holding capacity of compost material is appropriate.

2. Ventilation. Maintaining proper air in the reactor is beneficial to the reproduction and activity of aerobic microorganisms and promotes the decomposition of organic matter. When composting at high temperature, more attention should be paid to the compactness of the pile to facilitate ventilation.

3. Maintain a neutral or slightly alkaline environment. Appropriate amount of lime or calcareous soil can be added to neutralize and adjust acidity and promote microbial reproduction and activity.

4. Carbon-nitrogen ratio. The ratio of carbon to nitrogen for normal decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms is 25∶ 1. The carbon-nitrogen ratio of leguminous green manure is15 ~ 25:1,weeds are 25 ~ 45:1,and gramineous crops are 60 ~100:1. Therefore, according to the types of compost materials, appropriate substances with high nitrogen content are added to reduce the carbon-nitrogen ratio and promote microbial activity. Compost maturity is a comprehensive index to identify compost quality. It can be judged according to its color, smell, straw hardness, compost leachate, compost volume, carbon-nitrogen ratio, humification coefficient and so on.

(1) From the color and smell, the decomposed compost straw turns brown or dark brown, with black juice and ammonia smell. The use of ammonium reagent significantly increased the content of ammonium nitrogen.

(2) When holding compost, the hardness of straw is soft and elastic; When it is dry, it is fragile and easily broken, and the organic matter loses its elasticity.

(3) Leaching solution of compost: take the decomposed compost, add clear water, stir (the ratio of fertilizer to water is 1: 5- 10), and stand for 3-5 minutes, and the leaching solution will be light yellow.

(4) The volume of compost is reduced by 2/3- 1/2 compared with that when it was just piled.

(5) Carbonitriding, generally 20-30: 1 (25: 1 best).

(6) Humification coefficient is about 30%.

The compost reaching the above indexes is a kind of high-quality compost with good fertilizer efficiency, which can be applied to various soils and crops. Persisting in long-term application can not only achieve high yield, but also improve soil fertility.