Ten classic residential ancient buildings in China and their corresponding provinces

1, Fujian Tulou, Hakka Tulou, also known as Fujian Hakka Tulou, is independent of the world's residential architecture art forest because of its long history, unique style, large scale and exquisite structure. The caste social characteristics and architectural characteristics of Tulou folk houses are closely related to the history of Hakka people. Wherever Hakkas go, their surnames always live together. Besides, most Hakkas live in remote mountainous areas or dense mountainous areas. At that time, not only building materials were scarce, wolves, tigers and leopards were noisy, but also they were afraid of local people's harassment, so Hakka people created "defensive" castle-style building houses. In this way, the unique architectural form of Hakka dwellings-tulou was formed. Tulou is mainly distributed in Longyan, Zhangzhou and other areas in Fujian Province.

2. Beijing quadrangle

The quadrangle in Beijing is a kind of quadrangle. The so-called courtyard is a courtyard surrounded by houses, with four houses and a yard in the middle. This is the yard. One household and one house, each house has several courtyards. The courtyard runs through the central axis, the north room is the main room, the houses in the east and west directions are wing rooms, and the south gate opens to the north, so it is called inverted seat. When a family is rich or has a large population, they can build front and back yards.

3. Dwellings in southern Anhui

Southern Anhui is a distinctive local traditional residential building with a long history and profound cultural accumulation, which has preserved a large number of traditional buildings and villages with similar forms and distinctive features. The ancient villages in southern Anhui are not only ingeniously combined with topography, landforms and mountains and rivers, but also with the strong economic strength of Huizhou merchants in Ming and Qing Dynasties, culture and education are increasingly prosperous. After returning home, those Huizhou merchants conceived to build houses with elegant, cultured, lofty and detached mentality, which enriched the cultural environment of ancient villages and made the village landscape more prominent. Ancient villages represented by Xidi and Hongcun.

4. Shaanxi caves

Cave dwelling is the product of the Loess Plateau, and it is a unique form of folk houses with strong folk customs and local flavor. There are many types of caves, but according to the main categories, there are basically three types:

One is a cave in Zhuang Ming. Also known as Yazhuang Kiln. Generally, the cliff surface is cut first, and then the village is built to dig holes. There are three kilns and five kilns in one village, and there are also more than five kilns.

The second type is sunken cave dwelling. These caves are all built in large depressions in the plain. First dig a rectangular pit, usually 5 to 8 meters deep, cut all four sides of the pit into cliffs, and then dig caves around the cliffs. And build a long ramp or inclined hole on one side, which goes straight to the tableland as a sidewalk. This cave is actually a basement, and the characteristics of warm in winter and cool in summer are more obvious.

The third type is hoop kiln. Ring kilns are generally made of adobe and wheat straw yellow mud, and the top of the kiln is arched. The top of the kiln is filled with a double-sided slope, which looks like a house from a distance and a kiln from a distance. Many people also put tiles on the hoop kiln to protect the top of the kiln from rain and make the hoop kiln last longer. Brick hoop kiln has appeared in recent years, which is more durable than clay hoop kiln.

5. Mongolian yurts

Mongolian yurt is a kind of house where Mongolian herders live. Convenient construction and relocation, suitable for animal husbandry production and nomadic life. In ancient times, Mongolian yurts were called vaults, "felt bags" or "felt tents". With the development of animal husbandry economy and the improvement of herdsmen's living standards, domes or felt tents are gradually replaced by yurts. The yurt has a circular spire, and the top and periphery are covered with a thick layer or two of felt. Ordinary yurts have a top height of 10- 15 feet, a wall height of about 5 feet, and a door facing south or southeast. The four major structures in the bag are Hana (Mongolian yurt fence support), skylight (Mongolian "brain cover"), rafters and doors.

6. Dry-column residence

Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou and other ethnic minority areas in China are basically located in tropical rain forest areas, and most of their traditional houses are dry-column to adapt to the environment. Trunk houses are basically built of wood.

The so-called dry fence is to divide the house into two floors, the upper floor is inhabited by people, and the lower floor has no walls for people and no walls for raising livestock.

7. Kaiping Diaolou

In the fields of Kaiping City, Guangdong Province, the small foreign buildings with European classical style are intertwined with the traditional earthen houses in the southern rural areas of China, forming a unique rural scenery in China. The diaolou combines Chinese and western styles, blending the essence of various architectural styles. These towers are the crystallization of the initiative of overseas Chinese and villagers in Kaiping in the last century to combine foreign architectural culture with local architectural culture. With a large number, exquisite architecture and diverse styles, it can be called the largest "Diaolou Museum" in the world.

The defense function is fully embodied in the building structure. Narrow doors and windows, heavy steel windows and iron gates, gun holes around the top floor, watchtowers, searchlights and alarms on the roof have made great contributions to protecting the lives and property of villagers in history.

8. Tibetan carving workshop

Tibetan dwellings are very distinctive. Bunkers in southern Tibet Valley, accounting rooms in pastoral areas in northern Tibet, and wooden buildings in forest areas in Yarlung Zangbo River Valley all have their own characteristics. Among them, the most northern style is the mink house. Bunkers are mostly buildings with more than three floors. The ground floor is for livestock pens and miscellaneous uses, the second floor is for bedrooms and bedrooms, and the third floor is for Buddhist temples and terraces. The surrounding walls are made of gravel, with few windows and stairs inside, which are easy to defend but difficult to attack, similar to blockhouses. Most of the windows are trapezoidal, painted black window covers, and eaves are built along the upper edge of the windows.

9. Hani mushroom house

The mushroom house of Hani nationality is shaped like a mushroom and consists of earth walls, bamboo frames and thatched roofs. The roof has four slopes. The house is layered: cows and horses are closed at the bottom and farm tools are piled up; The middle floor is paved with wooden boards and divided into three rooms: left, middle and right. There is a fire pond in the middle, and fireworks are constantly on.

10, Yinke, Yunnan

"One Seal" residential building is a "characteristic brand" created by Han and Yi ancestors, which was first popularized in Kunming. The basic rule of Indian residential architecture is "three rooms, two ears and eight feet". The plane is almost square, with three main rooms and two floors, which are higher, and the hatchback is short, thus forming a quadrangle with a small courtyard in the middle and a porch called inverted seat, which is eight feet deep, so it is called "inverted eight feet". The whole square is like a seal, so it is called "one seal" type.