Enterprise Management System

Chapter 1

Management, planning, organizing, leading, controlling, enterprise, business management

Overview of management: the process by which a manager, or a management body, rationally allocates and efficiently uses the resources possessed by an organization within a certain scope, through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling, in order to achieve the organization's predetermined goals.

Cause of management: the fundamental reason for the emergence of management lies in the contradiction between the infinity of human desires and the finiteness of the resources (time, money, information, technology, etc.) possessed by human beings.

1, the main elements of the duality of management?

Management has twofold attributes - natural and social.

Natural attributes: management is the objective needs of human social activities, is a special function of the social labor process arising from the social division of labor; management is a productive force, its natural attributes are not subject to the will of the people, nor due to the different ideologies of the social system and change, it is an objective existence.

Social attributes: management is a reflection of the relations of production in a certain society, it serves the ruling class, the occupier of the means of production.

2. What are the functions of management?

Planning functions, organizational functions, leadership functions, control functions

3. The main ideas of scientific management theory?

The essence of scientific management is a complete revolution of labor and management

The fundamental purpose of scientific management is to seek the highest efficiency

The central problem of scientific management is to improve the productivity of labor

The means of scientific management is to replace the old empirical management with the scientific management method

4. The main content of the general management theory?

Distilled from the business activities of management activities

Proposed five management functions: planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, controlling

Proposed fourteen management principles

5, Weber's three types of power?

(1) traditional rights, based on the inviolability of customs and ancient traditions;

(2) charismatic rights, based on personal admiration for a hero or a person of divinely endowed qualities;

(3) juridical rights, which are rights to a position or status determined by law. obedience.

6. What are the main elements of the doctrine of human relations?

1) Employees are "social beings" rather than "economic beings";

2) There are "informal organizations" in business;

3) The focus of leadership should be on improving the quality of life of the people. Leaders should focus on improving employee satisfaction.

7. What is the main purpose of business existence?

Profitability, social responsibility, development of employees

8. The main tasks of business management?

1) rational organization of productive forces; 2) maintenance and continuous improvement of social relations of production.

9, the future development trend of business management?

Innovative management, flexible management, power change management, emotional management, professional management, "three centers", "two directions": openness, cooperation

Chapter 2

Corporate enterprise, limited liability company, Ltd., management range, management level, organizational structure, learning organization, centralization, decentralization, organizational change

Organizational structure: the way in which the various organic components of the organization interact with each other, also known as the framework of the organization's elements are interlinked.

1. What are the legal forms of business? What are the characteristics of each?

Individual enterprise: the right to operate and ownership of the enterprise are combined into one; the profit and loss is fully borne by the individual; unlimited liability for the debts of the enterprise;

is an enterprise of natural persons.

Partnership: the partners share the income of the enterprise, and business losses **** the same responsibility; partners have unlimited joint and several liability for enterprise debt; natural person enterprise.

Cooperative enterprises: outsiders are not allowed to hold shares; the property rights of the enterprise belong to the enterprise employees and cooperative members; the combination of distribution according to labor and distribution according to the capital stock; the combination of workers and owners.

Corporate enterprises: the company is a legal person; limited liability for debts with legal person property; separation of ownership and operation; is a legal person enterprise.

2. Advantages and disadvantages of the linear system?

Advantages: simple structure, clear authority and responsibility, order unity

Disadvantages: high demand for leadership skills, the leadership is easy to get caught up in the work of business affairs, can not concentrate on solving the major problems of the enterprise. Adaptation object: small enterprises, individual business

3, linear - the advantages and disadvantages of the functional system?

Advantages: not only to ensure the unity of command, but also to play the role of the professional management bodies.

Disadvantages: low efficiency, increasing the workload of higher management.

Adaptation object: medium-sized enterprises

4, the advantages and disadvantages of the business unit system?

Advantages: the company is conducive to the senior management to concentrate on the company's strategic decisions; fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the business unit; improve the flexibility of the organization's operations and adaptability; conducive to the company's cultivation of talent.

Disadvantages: overlapping of functional organizations, increased management costs; serious localism, poor integrity, poor internal communication and exchange.

Targets: large enterprises with independent products and markets, multinational corporations, and diversified enterprises

5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the analog decentralization system?

Advantages: mobilize the enthusiasm of the production units, to solve the problem of the enterprise is too large and difficult to manage.

Disadvantages: difficult to determine the goal, difficult to assess; information communication, decision-making deficiencies.

Scope of application: large chemical industry, raw materials industry and other enterprises and banks, pharmaceuticals and other service industries.

6, matrix system advantages and disadvantages?

Advantages: up and down, centralization and decentralization to achieve an effective combination of departments to strengthen cooperation and information exchange; concentration of knowledge and skills to solve the problem; to avoid duplication of work in various departments, to strengthen the organization as a whole; with the beginning and end of the project and the formation or withdrawal of the project team, increasing the mobility and flexibility of the organization.

Disadvantages: organizational complexity, two-way leadership, the need for close cooperation between the project leader and the original department head.

Chapter 3

Strategy, Strategic Management, Overall Strategy, Competitive Strategy, Low-Cost Strategy, Differentiation Strategy, Decision-Making

Enterprise Strategy: the enterprise according to its external environment and its own conditions for the survival and development of the enterprise, for the enterprise's development goals to achieve the ways and means of the overall planning. It is the concentrated expression of business ideas, but also the basis for the development of business planning and planning

Strategic management

Strategic management: the enterprise to determine its mission, according to the organization's external environment and internal conditions to set strategic goals, to ensure the correct implementation of the objectives and achieve the planning, and rely on the internal capacity of the enterprise to plan and solve the implementation of this planning and solution to put into practice, as well as in the implementation of a dynamic management process of control. A dynamic management process of control.

Enterprise strategy can be divided into three levels: corporate strategy, business strategy and functional strategy

Common corporate strategy: stable development strategy, development strategy, defense strategy

Business decision-making: in order to achieve the predetermined decision-making goals, from two or more feasible options to choose a solution to the process of analysis and judgment.

1, the characteristics of strategy? The main process of strategic management?

Global, long-term, programmatic, competitive, risky

2, the advantages and disadvantages of various strategies?

The main content of strategic analysis, the use of Swot analysis?

Strategy development is an analytical work. It cannot be accomplished solely by a manager's personal opinion, good intuition and creative thinking. The judgment of the enterprise to develop and implement the strategy must come directly from the external environment and internal situation of the enterprise's realistic analysis. Factors affecting the formulation of corporate strategy are divided into two parts: external factors: macro-environmental analysis, the competitive environment and the overall attractiveness of the industry, the enterprise's market opportunities and external threats

Internal factors: the enterprise's resource advantages, capabilities and competitiveness, the manager's personal ambition, business philosophy and ethical credo

***Values and culture of the enterprise

SWOT analysis: the enterprise's external environment, good intuition and creative thinking. Analysis: An analytical tool for analyzing the external environment and internal conditions of a company to find the best possible strategic combination of the two.

Among them:

S-Strengths W-Weaknesses

O-Opportunity T-Threats

3. Factors to be considered in strategy development?The use of BCG matrix?

The dependence of the company on the external environment, the attitude of managers to risk, the influence of the company's past strategy, the influence of power relations in the company, the influence of middle management and functional staff

4. What are the stages of the decision-making process?

Presenting the problem, determining the decision-making objectives, exploring the formulation of feasible options, evaluation and comparison of options, selecting the reasonable option, implementing the decision-making plan, organization, checking and tracking

5. Requirement to be able to choose a business strategy based on the analysis of the environment.

The key to the analysis of the internal environment of the enterprise is to determine the core competencies of the enterprise, the main features of the core competencies include: the ability to bring great value to the user, the ability to support a variety of core products, competitors are difficult to replicate or imitate

External factors: macro-environmental analysis, the competitive environment and the overall attractiveness of the industry, the enterprise's market opportunities and external threats

Internal factors: the enterprise's resource advantages, capabilities and competitiveness, managers' personal ambitions, business philosophy and ethical credo, *** have values and corporate culture

Competitor analysis, industrial environment analysis, macro-environmental analysis

Chapter 4

Markets, Marketing, Market Segmentation, Target Markets, Market Positioning, Marketing Management

Marketing Mix Strategies: Product Strategies

1. Meaning of Marketing: Marketing is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups satisfy needs and wants by creating, offering for sale, and exchanging products and values with others.

What are the criteria for market segmentation? In what ways are market segments evaluated?

It is important to achieve sub-segment aggregation. The segmented submarkets should have sufficient buying potential. The segmented submarket has to be approachable.

The market segmentation has to be measurable. Market segmentation should be relatively stable.

① Market size and growth potential.

② Attractiveness of the market segment.

③ The company's own objectives and resources.

What are the factors affecting the choice of target market?

The strength of the company. The natural attributes of the product. The magnitude of market differentiation. The stage of the economic life cycle in which the product is located. Competitor status.

What are the target market strategies?

Non-differentiated market strategy, differentiated market strategy concentrated market strategy

The overall product concept and its basic significance?

It reflects the marketing concept centered on consumer demand, the establishment of a complete product concept, improve the level of marketing

Clearly define the relationship between the product and the marketing strategy of the enterprise , pointing out the characteristics of the product, to broaden the field of development of new products

What are the factors that affect the pricing of the product?

Enterprise pricing objectives, market demand and changes , the state of competition in the market , the degree of government intervention , the characteristics of the goods

Enterprise conditions

What are the basic elements affecting the design of the enterprise's distribution channels?

Product conditions, market conditions, the company's own conditions, the company's product mix, marketing mix

Chapter 5

Corporate capital cycle, assets, liabilities, and owners' equity

Thinking questions: What information is disclosed in each of the balance sheet, income statement, and statement of cash flows?

I, the object of study of enterprise financial management

Financial activities: the business process, the movement of funds constitutes a relatively independent aspect of business activities, which is the enterprise's financial activities

Two, the enterprise's capital movements and funding

Enterprise capital cycle

1, the concept of: the enterprise funds in the business process from the monetary capital Start, after a number of stages, in turn transformed its form, and then back to the process of monetary funds called the capital cycle.

2, content: fund-raising; funds put into use; funds spent; income acquisition and distribution

2, the enterprise's capital campaign and fund-raising

3, financial relations: the enterprise's capital cycle is bound to be in the movement of the economic relationship with the parties concerned.

Including: financial relations between enterprises and investors, enterprises and creditors, financial relations between enterprises and the state financial relations between enterprises and other units of the relationship between enterprises and internal financial relations.

Three, assets, liabilities and owners' equity

Basic concepts

Assets are resources formed by past transactions, events and owned or controlled by the enterprise, the resource is expected to bring economic benefits to the enterprise.

Liabilities are debts assumed by the enterprise that can be measured in money and will be repaid with assets or services.

Owners' equity is the ownership of the net assets of a business by its investors.

The total value of a business's assets is equal to the sum of the business's liabilities and the owner's investment in the business.

Balance Sheet: A financial statement that reflects the financial position of a business at a specific date (e.g., year-end, quarter-end, month-end). The table consists of assets, liabilities and owner's equity, is a static reflection of the financial position of the enterprise at a certain point in time financial statements.

Its structural principle is "assets = liabilities + owner's equity"

Four, liquid assets management

Current assets: the enterprise can be realized in one year or more than one year of a business cycle or the use of assets, is an essential part of the enterprise's assets

Cash: the enterprise can be used as a means of payment of assets, in the case of the enterprise's assets, the enterprise's assets can be used as a means of payment of assets, in the case of the enterprise's assets, the enterprise can be used as a means of payment of assets. As a means of payment of assets, in all assets owned by the enterprise, cash liquidity is the largest.

Marketable securities

Accounts receivable: the enterprise because of the credit sale of goods or services and the formation of receivables

Inventory: the enterprise in the process of production and operation for the sale or consumption of materials in reserve, including a variety of raw materials, in-process products, finished goods

Five, fixed asset management

Concept: the period of use of more than one year, the value of the unit in the prescribed standards, and in the process of use to maintain the original physical form of the assets. In the process of maintaining the original physical form of assets, including housing and buildings, machinery and equipment, transportation equipment, tools and appliances.

Management content: fixed asset classification, fixed asset depreciation, fixed asset repair, balance sheet

The role of the balance sheet

Comprehensively reflect the assets owned by the enterprise and the distribution and structure of assets

Reflect the composition of the enterprise's sources of funds, understand the structure of the enterprise's liabilities and owners' rights to understand the enterprise's solvency

Forecasting the financial trends of the enterprise

Section II: Financial Processes

I. Profit and Loss Account

Concept: reflecting the results of the enterprise in a certain period of time in a large financial statements, by the enterprise's revenue, expenses and profits of the three accounting elements, is a dynamic reflection of the movement of funds in the accounting statements.

Its main principle: profit = income - expenses

Income statement role

Reflects the results of business operations. Provide an important basis for predicting the profitability of the enterprise. For business managers to determine the basis for future business decisions

Second, the cash flow statement

Concept: reflecting the enterprise in a certain accounting period cash income and expenditure of a kind of accounting statements

Role: the enterprise's cash flow status, the ability to pay, the liquidity of the enterprise's assets

Third, the relationship between the financial flows of the enterprise and the stock of

The balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement three accounting statements. And cash flow statement three accounting statements can basically reflect the entire financial process of the enterprise in the accounting period, showing the dynamic and static business activities in the associated activities and their results.

Specifically:

Balance Sheet: A statement that reflects the static financial position of the enterprise at the point in time during an accounting period.

Income statement and cash flow statement: a statement reflecting the dynamic flows of the enterprise at a certain accounting period.

Four, financial statement analysis

Financial analysis: accounting and reporting information and other relevant information as the basis for a series of specialized analytical techniques and methods, such as enterprises and other economic organizations in the past and now related to fund-raising activities, investment activities, business activities to analyze and evaluate for the enterprise's investors, creditors, operators, and other organizations or individuals concerned about the enterprise to understand the enterprise's past, evaluate the status of the enterprise, predict the enterprise's future, and forecast the future of the enterprise. It is a discipline of economic application that provides accurate information or basis for investors, creditors, operators and other organizations or individuals concerned with the enterprise to understand the enterprise's past, evaluate the enterprise's current situation, predict the enterprise's future, and make correct decisions.

The main content of financial analysis

Solvency analysis (such as asset-liability ratio, current ratio, etc.)

Operating capacity analysis (such as inventory turnover, accounts receivable turnover, etc.)

Profitability analysis (such as sales margins, return on total assets, etc.)

The significance of financial analysis: evaluation of the financial situation, an important basis for measuring business performance, tapping the potential to improve the work and achieve financial goals.

The main methods of financial analysis: trend analysis, ratio analysis, comparative analysis, factor analysis, special analysis

Chapter 6

Nouns: human resources, human resources management, job analysis, employee recruitment, performance appraisal, employee training

Section I Overview of Human Resource Management

1, the concept of human resources

Can promote the development of productive forces and create social wealth can carry out intellectual and physical labor of the people of the general term.

2, the characteristics of human resources: dynamic, dual, high value-added, timeliness, regeneration, social

2, human resources management functions and content

1, the concept of human resources management

In order to achieve the established goals of human resources, such as acquisition, development, retention and use of planning, organization, command, control, supervision, incentives and a series of activities. In order to achieve the set goal of human resources acquisition, development, maintenance and utilization of planning, organization, command, control, supervision, incentives and a series of activities.

Three, the basic role of human resources management

1, acquisition: to solve the problem of human resources from scratch 2, integration: to solve the problem of human resources from outside to inside 3, maintenance and incentive: to solve the problem of human resources behavior initiative 4, control and adjustment: to solve the problem of the direction of the behavior of the development of: to solve the problem of human resources, the quality of the quantity of human resources

Four: human resources management or content: human resources planning, human resources planning, development, control, supervision, incentive and a series of activities. Resource management segments or content: human resource planning. Job analysis and design. Employee recruitment performance appraisal. Salary management. Employee motivation. Training and development. Career Planning. Labor relations management.

I. Connotation of Human Resource Planning

Human resource planning, also known as human resource planning.

The so-called human resources planning refers to the changes in the internal and external environment and conditions of the enterprise, the use of scientific methods to predict the demand and supply of human resources, and formulate appropriate policies and measures to achieve a balance between the supply and demand for human resources to achieve a reasonable allocation of human resources, and effectively motivate the staff of the process. The main work is to develop the necessary human resources policies and measures.

Human resources planning must be based on the organization's overall development strategy.

Human resources planning must be based on the internal and external environment of the organization.

The purpose of human resource planning is to ensure that the organization has the required number of employees with the appropriate skills at the required time.

The human resource planning process is very rich.

Section III Job Analysis and Job Evaluation

I. Job Analysis: Job Analysis: Job Analysis, also known as Job Analysis, is the process of describing and researching the content and job specifications of a job in an organization.

Job analysis includes two aspects:

On the work side: analyze the nature of the work, the content of the work, the work of the responsibilities set out, as well as the working conditions and environmental conditions;

On the staff side: the quality of employees engaged in the work, the level of skill, the ability to complete the work independently, as well as in the work of the degree of autonomy and so on the description.

Job analysis is the foundation of human resources management

The job description includes two parts: job description and job specification

Second, job evaluation

On the basis of job analysis, in accordance with a certain objective standard of measurement, the job tasks, complexity and difficulty of the degree of responsibility, the size of the required qualifications and other aspects of systematic evaluation and valuation.

The center is "things" rather than people. It is the process of measuring the relative value of various positions in the enterprise. It can be used as the basis for employee compensation & job design.

Section 4: Human Resource Management

Methods of Employee Selection

The channels and methods of employee recruitment can be divided into two categories, i.e., internal channels and methods and external channels and methods.

There are five main types of internal recruitment channels and methods, i.e., internal promotion, job transfer, job rotation, transfer training, and counter-offer or re-employment.

There are 7 main external recruitment channels and methods, i.e., placing job advertisements, job fairs, campus recruitment, employment agencies, headhunters, referrals, and online recruitment.

Principles of employee recruitment: selecting people for the job; openness; equal competition; using people for what they are good at; and; methods of employee selection

Two, Performance Appraisal

1. Performance and Performance Appraisal

Performance is the results and performance of employees' work in relation to the strategic goals of the organization. Employee performance depends on their contribution to the organization (including the number of outputs, the quality of outputs, the timeliness of outputs, financial performance, behavioral performance, etc. )

Performance appraisal: is the enterprise according to the employee's job description, the employee's work performance (including work behavior and work effect) to examine and assess.

2, the principles and methods of performance appraisal

Principles - scientific and objective; fair and open; the principle of difference; the principle of feedback

Commonly used methods - the method of mutual comparison; the scale assessment method

Salary is the money paid to the employee by the enterprise for the use of the employee's labor, or the money paid to the employee for the use of the employee's labor. Compensation is the money or goods paid to employees for the use of their labor.

Factors affecting remuneration: external factors: changes in demand and supply and competition in the labor market: state intervention: local standard of living - consumer price index: collective bargaining

Internal factors: the organization's remuneration policy (lead, follow, lag strategy), the value of the work, the relative value of employees, the organization's ability to pay

Principles of compensation system design: 1. strategy-oriented principle 2. economic principle 3. reflecting the principle of employee value 4. motivational role of the original 5. relative fairness (internal consistency) principle 6. the principle of external competitiveness

Basic wage system: hourly wage system; piece-rate wage system 'job wage system; skill wage system; performance wage system; contractual wage system. Wage system; performance wage system; contractual wage (negotiated wage) system

Four, staff training and development

Staff training content: ideological education, institutional training, knowledge training, skills training, attitude training

5. Career and management

Career a person's life to engage in the occupation of a full course of events

Career management: is the organization and the individual's career management. refers to the process of planning, developing and evaluating the career of an organization and an individual, including both individual and organizational management.

Chapter 7

Production Management, Quality Management, Logistics, Logistics Management, Third Party Logistics

1.2 Concept of Production Management:Production management is the management of the process of designing, operating, and maintaining a production operation system

1.3 Contents of Production Management

Design of a production operation system- -includes product or service selection and design, location selection of production operation facilities, layout of production operation facilities, design of service delivery systems, and work design

Operation of production operation systems -includes planning, organizing, and controlling production

Maintenance and improvement of production systems --Including equipment maintenance management, total quality management, system optimization and improvement

2, the production process: from raw material inputs to the finished product out of the whole process, usually including the process, inspection process, transportation process, waiting for the storage process and the natural process. (The process is the most basic part of the production process.)

2.2 The composition of the production process

2.2.1 Production technology preparation process: products in the production of a variety of production technology before the preparatory work. For example, product design, process design, tooling design and manufacturing, standardization work, quota work, labor organization, equipment layout, new product identification and other work

2.2.2 Basic production process: directly for the completion of the enterprise's basic products for the production activities, which represents the basic characteristics of the enterprise and professional direction. For example, spinning and weaving in textile enterprises; forging, processing and assembly in machinery manufacturing enterprises

2.2.3 Auxiliary production process: to ensure that the basic production process is carried out normally and engaged in a variety of auxiliary activities. For example, machinery manufacturing enterprises in the power production, tool manufacturing, equipment maintenance and other work

2.2.4 production service process: for the normal conduct of the basic production process and engaged in a variety of production service activities. Such as raw materials, semi-finished products and tools, storage, supply, transportation, testing and physical and chemical inspection, as well as packaging and shipping work

2.2.5 Subsidiary production process: the enterprise according to its own conditions and market demand for the production of some non-enterprise professional direction of the process of products. For example, machinery factories use some of the corner remnants of the manufacture of small hardware products and other work

2.3 Principles of the organization of the production process

(1) the principle of technological specialization: according to the characteristics of the process to set up the production unit.

Is the completion of the same process of equipment and workers concentrated in a production unit, a variety of different parts for the same process. Such as forging plants, foundries, heat treatment plants, turning sections, grinding machine groups.

(2) the principle of object specialization: the product (parts or components) as the object to set the production unit.

It is the production of a product (parts) required by different types of equipment, tooling and workers are concentrated in a production unit to complete all or most of the process of the product (parts).

Such as engine plant, connecting rod workshop, gearbox workshop, water pump section, etc..

2.4 Reasonable organization of the basic requirements of the production process

(1) the continuity of the production process (2) the parallelism of the production process (3) the proportion of the production process (4) the balance of the production process (5) the flexibility of the production process (6) the punctuality of the production process

3, production type: production type is the production category according to a certain sign, it is an important factor affecting the organization of the production process. The important factors affecting the organization of the production process.

In accordance with the degree of continuity of production can be divided into - continuous production: is the continuous production of products, the process is often manifested in the use of chemical rather than physical methods, such as the production of biochemical products; discrete production: is the production of a single item, the input of the various elements of the production process is intermittent inputs, such as The production of household appliances

In accordance with the degree of specialization by product or service and the size of the output of the same variety and the degree of repetition to measure

Mass production: a single variety, large output, high degree of production repetition.

Piece production: a variety of varieties, each variety of production is very small, the degree of repetition of production is low.

Batch production: between the above two, the variety is not single, each has a certain degree of heaviness. Can be further divided into a large number of large, medium and small batches

Section II Quality Management

Quality Management (Quality Management) concept

ISO9000-2000 definition: in the quality of command and control of the organization's coordinated activities. Including the development of quality policy and quality objectives and quality planning, quality control, quality assurance and quality improvement.

Second, the development of quality management process

(a) product quality inspection stage (the early 20th century - the 20th century 40)

(b) statistical quality control stage (the 1940s - the 1950s)

(c) the stage of total quality management (the 1960s - to the present)

(a) product quality inspection stage

(a) product quality inspection stage

(a) product quality inspection stage

(a) product quality inspection stage

(a) product quality inspection stage

Main features: according to the specified technical requirements, the completed product quality inspection;

Center content: through the quality inspection of the nature of the after-the-fact gatekeeper, the products that have been produced for screening, to separate the qualified and substandard products, to ensure that the substandard products will not be allowed to leave the factory or transferred to the next process.

(ii) statistical quality control stage

Features: the combination of mathematical and statistical methods and quality management.

Main features: in the guiding ideology, from after the fact gatekeeper to prevent beforehand; in the management method, a wide range of in-depth application of statistical thinking methods and statistical inspection methods.

(C) total quality management stage

Total Quality Control (TQC) stage: the emergence of TQC is the inevitable product of the development of modern science and technology and modern industry; is the emergence of the "protection of consumer rights and interests" movement and the development of the enterprise put forward by the higher requirements. In 1961, by the United States General Electric Company Feigenbaum proposed .

Characteristics of total quality management: total quality management: quality of work + product quality; quality management of the whole process; full participation in the management; the whole society to promote quality management

Principles of quality management

(a) customer as the focus of attention: the organization should understand the customer's current and future needs, to meet the customer's requirements and strive to exceed the customer's expectations.

(ii) Leadership: Leaders establish a unified purpose and direction for the organization. They should create and maintain an internal environment that enables employees to participate fully in achieving the organization's goals.

(iii) Involvement of all staff: People at all levels are the foundation of the organization, and it is only through their full involvement that their talents can be brought to bear for the benefit of the group.

(iv) Process Approach: Managing activities and associated resources as a process can lead to desired results more efficiently.

(v) Systems approach to management: identifying, understanding, and managing interrelated processes as systems helps an organization to be more effective and efficient in achieving its goals.

(vi) Continuous Improvement: Continuous improvement of overall performance should be a constant goal of the organization.

(vii) Fact-based approach to decision-making: effective decision-making is based on the analysis of data and information.

(viii) Mutually beneficial relationships with suppliers: organizations and suppliers are interdependent, and mutually beneficial relationships enhance the ability of both to create value.

What is PDCA? What is the key?P (PLAN) plan. D (DO) execute, C (CHECK) check, A (ACTION) process. The key to the cycle is in the A phase.

1, the concept of logistics

The evolution of the concept of logistics - three stages

The first stage: the gestation stage. Two references:

One is the United States Major Chauncey. Baker (Chauncey B. Baker) in 1905 called Logistics (logistics) logistics concept. He was proposed from the perspective of military logistics.

Second, the American marketing scholar Archie. Xiao (Arch W. Shaw) in 1915 called Physical Distribution (entity distribution) of the logistics concept. He was proposed from the perspective of market distribution.

The second stage: distribution logistics (Physical Distribution)

is the development of the concept of distribution logistics Physical Distribution and dominated.

The third stage: modern logistics (Logistics)

integrated logistics within the enterprise since the mid-eighties

nineties supply chain theory.

2, logistics classification

Categorized by role: supply logistics, production logistics, sales logistics, recycling logistics, waste logistics

Spatial classification: regional logistics, domestic logistics, international logistics

Classified according to the nature of the system: social logistics, industry logistics, enterprise logistics

Composition of enterprise logistics: supply logistics, production logistics, sales logistics, recycling, waste logistics. logistics, sales logistics, recycling, waste flow

Basic points

Entity concept logistics is the flow of material entities

Flow direction to determine the flow of logistics is the flow of goods from the place of supply to the place of acceptance

Functional description of logistics, including transportation, storage, loading and unloading, handling, packaging, distribution processing and information processing, and other basic functional activities

Value Creation of logistics, including the spatial location of the movement (spatial value), temporal location of movement (spatial value), the movement of time position (time value) and the shape of the change in nature (processing value)

4, a number of important points in the field of logistics

Third-party logistics

Third-party logistics refers to the goods related to the consignor and consignee of the consignor and consignee of the third party outside of the professional enterprises, that is, third-party logistics enterprises to undertake the logistics activities of the enterprise of a logistics form.

Logistics and business flow, information flow, capital flow